Premindra Singh Bhagat

Lieutenant General Premindra Singh Bhagat VC, PVSM
Lt. Gen. P.S. Bhagat, VC, PVSM
Born	(1918-10-13)13 October 1918 Gorakhpur, United Provinces, British Raj
Died	23 May 1975(1975-05-23) (aged 56) Kolkata, India
Allegiance	British India (1939-1947) India (1947-1974)
Service/branch	British Indian Army Indian Army
Years of service	1939–1974
Rank	Lieutenant-General
Unit	Corps of Engineers
Commands held	Northern Army Central Army Commandant, Indian Military Academy 165 Infantry Brigade Corps of Engineers
Battles/wars	World War II Indo-Pakistan War of 1947 Sino-Indian War Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 Indo-Pakistan War of 1971
Awards	Victoria Cross Param Vishisht Seva Medal
Other work	Chairman of the Damodar Valley Corporation (1974-1975)

Lieutenant General Premindra Singh Bhagat, VC, PVSM (14 October 1918 – 23 May 1975) was a General officer in the Indian Army and an Indian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. The Victoria Cross was conferred on him for his actions in the Sudan theatre during World War II. General Bhagat is an alumnus of the famous Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College, Dehradun.

Early life

Bhagat was born on 13 October 1918 in Gorakhpur, British India to Surendra Singh Bhagat, an executive engineer in the provincial government of the then United Provinces. His mother died in 1927. In 1930, he entered the Royal Indian Military College, a military school in Dehradun, where he was an average student. In June 1937, he entered the Indian Military Academy. As a gentleman cadet, Bhagat captained the academy tennis and squash teams. While noted by his instructors as an intelligent all-round sportsman, he was also described as a careless student.^[1]^:286 In January 1938, Surendra Singh Bhagat died in a riding accident in Varanasi. Bhagat applied himself to his studies in his final year and was commissioned in the British Indian Army on 15 July 1939 as a Second lieutenant (2Lt.) in the Royal Bombay Sappers and Miners. He was posted to the 21 Field Company of Engineers at Pune in September, shortly after war began in Europe.^[2]

Wartime service and the Victoria Cross

On 23 September 1940, Bhagat's company was sent to East Africa as part of the 10th Indian Infantry Brigade, 5th Indian Division, Sudan Defence Force under the overall command of Lieutenant General William Platt. The 10th Infantry Brigade was commanded by Brigadier William Slim, MC (later Field Marshal the Viscount Slim). On 6 November, Brig. Slim launched an attack on the fort of Gallabat, with the assault spearheaded by the 3rd Royal Garhwal Rifles under Lieutenant-Colonel S.E. Taylor. While Gallabat was captured, an enemy counter-attack forced the brigade to withdraw. The Sappers were tasked with obstructing the enemy to prevent them from following too closely. At one stage, two broken-down tanks were filled with explosives and placed on a culvert to collapse it and halt the enemy. The charges were detonated, but one tank failed to explode and the culvert did not collapse. With the enemy closing in, 2Lt. Bhagat dashed out from under cover and with bullets flying all around him, detonated the remaining explosives and collapsed the culvert.^[1] For his heroism, he was recommended for a Military Cross, but this was downgraded to a Mentioned in dispatches.^[3] After the brigade was relieved by 9th Indian Infantry Brigade in mid-November, it readied for the Battle of Keren.

On 31 January 1941, a mobile column of 3/12 Royal Frontier Force Rifles, including a detachment of 21 Field Company under Second Lieutenant Bhagat, was sent on a reconnaissance mission towards Metemma. Bhagat's Bren carrier passed through a heavily mined stretch of road and detonated two mines, the second of which destroyed the carrier and killed the driver and a sapper. Bhagat then continued in another carrier, defusing mines by hand as the column moved down the road. Under close enemy fire and without food or rest, he worked for four days, clearing a total of 15 minefields over a distance of 55 miles.^[1]^:286 After having another Bren carrier blown up under him on 2 February, which resulted in punctured eardrums, he was relieved of further duties and evacuated to Khartoum for treatment. He was decorated with the Victoria Cross later that month, presented with the ribbon by General Wavell (later Field Marshal the Earl Wavell), the Commander-in-Chief, India in June at Asmara, and formally invested with the decoration by the Viceroy of India, Lord Linlithgow, at Viceroy's House in Delhi on 10 November.^[1]

Now a war hero, Bhagat was made an acting captain and substantive lieutenant. He married Mohini Bhandari (b. 1923), the daughter of a colonel in the Indian Army Medical Corps, on 24 February 1942 in Pune. Bhagat spent the remainder of the war away from the front, first as a successful recruiting officer for the Bombay Sappers and subsequently as the CO of 484 Field Company. In mid-1943, the unit was posted to Chhindwara in the Central Provinces for training in jungle warfare for the war in Burma. In January 1945, Bhagat was nominated to attend a course at Camberley Staff College, becoming one of the first two Indian officers to attend Staff College in the UK. At the end of the war in August 1945, Bhagat returned to India and attended a course at the School of Military Engineering at Roorkee. He then returned to England in June 1946 to complete a further engineering course, returning to India as a major in June 1947.^[1]

Indian Army officer

Following his return to India, Major Bhagat was assigned to the Punjab Boundary Force under Maj. Gen. T.W. Rees, trying to maintain law and order in the chaotic region following Indian independence and partition in August. On 1 September, after the dissolution of the Punjab Boundary Force, Bhagat was promoted to temporary lieutenant-colonel and appointed CO of the Royal Engineers, 4th Infantry Division. Promoted to lieutenant-colonel in July 1948, Bhagat was posted as GSO 1 at the Armed Forces Academy. On 15 February 1949, he was appointed Commandant of the Bombay Sappers at Pune. In 1954, he was promoted to Colonel and assigned as the Chief Instructor (Army Wing) at the Defence Services Staff College at Wellington. He was promoted to Brigadier in March 1957 and assigned command of 165 Infantry Brigade at Ramgarh.^[1]^:272–274

He was posted to Army HQ in August 1959 as Director, Military Intelligence. During his tenure, Bhagat completed a thorough assessment of the Chinese threat to India, but his report was not heeded before the Sino-Indian War of 1962. From June 1961 to May 1962, Bhagat took the National Defence College course, and was posted as Commandant of the Indian Military Academy (IMA) after he had finished. As Commandant of the IMA, he co-authored (with Lt. Gen. Henderson Brooks) the Henderson Brooks-Bhagat Report, an incisive Operations Review of the Indian Army in the Sino-Indian War. The report, though initially suppressed and classified top-secret, soon led to sweeping changes in the army.^[1]^:279-282

He was later promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General and took over as the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) of the Central Command. In June 1972, he became as the first GOC-in-C of the re-established Northern Command, in Udhampur, Jammu and Kashmir.^[1]^:286 He was also awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal (PVSM).

In January 1973, the then Chief of the Army Staff, Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw was to relinquish office. Although Field Marshal Manekshaw's choice of successor was Lt. Gen. Bhagat, Prime Minister Gandhi was under tremendous pressure from the Minister of Defence, Y B Chavan to appoint Lt. Gen. Bewoor as the next COAS. This effectively ended his army career.^[4]

In July 1974, he became Chairman of the Damodar Valley Corporation, a major electric utility company. He arranged to remain in army service while heading DVC. During his tenure, DVC increased its power production from 45MW to 700MW, and organization morale and productivity improved greatly. ^[5]^[6]

However, after only ten months at DVC, General Bhagat died of pneumonia on 23 May 1975.

The Victoria Cross

He was 22 years old, and a Second Lieutenant (King's Commissioned Indian Officer) in the Corps of Indian Engineers, Indian Army, attd. Royal Bombay Sappers and Miners during the Second World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

War Office, 10th June, 1941
His Majesty The KING has been graciously pleased to approve of the award of the Victoria Cross to the undermentioned officer: —

Second-Lieutenant Premindra Singh Bhagat, Corps of Indian Engineers (serving with Royal Bombay Sappers and Miners).

For most conspicuous gallantry on active service in the Middle East. During the pursuit of the enemy following the capture of Metemma on the night 31 January – 1 February 1941, Second-Lieutenant Bhagat was in command of a section of a Field Company, Sappers and Miners, detailed to accompany the leading mobile troops (Bren Carriers) to clear the road and adjacent areas of mines. For a period of four days and over a distance of 55 miles this officer in the leading carrier led the Column. During this period, he himself detected and personally supervised the clearing of no less than 15 minefields of varying dimensions. Speed being essential, he worked at high pressure from dawn to dusk each day. On two occasions when his carrier was blown up with casualties to others, and on a third occasion when ambushed and under close enemy fire he himself carried straight on with his task. He refused relief when worn out with strain and fatigue and with one eardrum punctured by an explosion, on the grounds that he was now better qualified to continue his task to the end.

His coolness, persistence over a period of 96 hours, and gallantry, not only in battle, but throughout the long period when the safety of the Column and the speed at which it could advance were dependent on his personal efforts, were of the highest order. — London Gazette: 10 June 1941^[7]^[8]