Muzzle brake

The muzzle brake of the 105 mm gun on an AMX 10 RC fighting vehicle
The muzzle brake of an M198 howitzer venting propellant gas sideways
AKM slant cut muzzle brake
The S&W Model 500 features a muzzle brake
The muzzle brake of a 30 mm Mauser autocannon
Arrowhead shaped reactive muzzle brake on the Barrett M82 anti-materiel rifle
Prominent muzzle brake of the PGM Hecate II

A muzzle brake or recoil compensator is a device connected to the muzzle of a firearm or cannon that redirects propellant gases to counter recoil and unwanted rising of the barrel during rapid fire.[1] The concept was introduced for artillery and was a common feature on many anti-tank guns, especially those in tanks, in order to reduce the area needed to take up the recoil stroke. They have been used in various forms for rifles and pistols to help control recoil and the rising of the barrel that normally occurs after firing. They are used on pistols for practical pistol competitions, and are usually called compensators in this context.[2]

Rationale

Illustration of forces in muzzle rise. Projectile and propellant gases act on barrel along barrel center line A. The shooter resists the forces by contact with the gun at grips and stock B. The height difference between barrel centerline and average point of contact is height C. The forces A and B operating over moment arm / height C create torque or moment D, which rotates the firearm's muzzle up as illustrated at E

The interchangeable terms muzzle rise, muzzle flip, or muzzle climb refer to the tendency of a handheld firearm's front end (the muzzle end of the barrel) to rise after firing. Firearms with less height from the grip line to the barrel centerline tend to experience less muzzle rise.[3]

The muzzle rises primarily because, for most firearms, the centerline of the barrel is above the center of contact between the shooter and the firearms' grips and stock. The reactive forces from the fired bullet and propellant gases exiting the muzzle act directly down the centerline of the barrel.[3] If that line of force is above the center of the contact points, this creates a moment or torque rotational force that makes the firearm rotate and the muzzle end rise upwards. The M1946 Sieg automatic rifle had an unusual muzzle brake that made the rifle climb downwards, but enabled the user to fire it with one hand in full automatic.[4]

Design and construction

Muzzle brakes are simple in concept, such as the one employed on the 90 mm M3 gun used on the M47 Patton tank. This consists of a small length of tubing mounted at right angles to the end of the barrel. Brakes most often utilize slots, vents, holes, baffles, and similar devices. The strategy of a muzzle brake is to redirect and control the burst of combustion gases that follows the departure of a projectile.

All muzzle brake designs share a basic principle: they partially divert combustion gases at a generally sideways angle, away from the muzzle end of the bore. The momentum of the diverted gases thus doesn't add to the recoil. The angle toward which the gases are directed will fundamentally affect how the brake behaves. If gases are directed upwards, they will exert a downward force and counteract muzzle rise. Any device that is attached to the end of the muzzle will also add mass, increasing its inertia and moving its center of mass forward; the former will reduce recoil and the latter will reduce muzzle rise.

Construction of a muzzle brake or compensator can be as simple as a diagonal cut at the muzzle end of the barrel to direct some of the escaping gas upwards. On the AKM assault rifle, the brake also angles slightly to the right to counteract the sideways movement of the rifle under recoil.

Another simple method is porting, where holes or slots are machined into the barrel near the muzzle to allow the gas to escape.[5]

More advanced designs use baffles and expansion chambers to slow escaping gases. This is the basic principle behind a linear compensator. Ports are often added to the expansion chambers, producing the long, multi-chambered recoil compensators often seen on IPSC raceguns.[2]

Venting direction

Springfield-Armory Custom XD-40 V-10, showing the ported barrel and slide

Most linear compensators redirect the gases forward.[6][7][8] Since that is where the bullet is going, they typically work by allowing the gases to expand into the compensator, which surrounds the muzzle but only has holes facing forward; like any device which allows the gases to expand before leaving the firearm; they are effectively a type of muzzle shroud. They reduce muzzle rise similarly to the mechanism by which a sideways brake does: since all the gas is escaping in the same direction, any muzzle rise would need to alter the velocity of the gas, which costs kinetic energy. When the brake redirects the gases directly backwards, instead, the effect is similar to the reverse thrust system on an aircraft jet engine; any blast energy coming back at the shooter is pushing "against" the recoil, effectively reducing the actual amount of recoil on the shooter. Of course, this also means the gases are directed towards the shooter.

Brakes with vent left and right reduce twist, since they give the vented gas a more specific velocity when escaping the firearm perpendicular to the ballistic motion (rather than every direction), and have gas vent through a part of the firearm, the net effect of which is that twisting the firearm during the shot would change the velocity of the escaping gases, unlike a brakeless muzzle, where twist would have no effect, as velocity includes direction. They reduce rise in a similar fashion.

When the primary direction the gases are redirected upward, the braking is referred to as porting. Porting typically involves precision-drilled ports or holes in the forward dorsal part of the barrel (and slide on pistols and shotguns). These holes divert a portion of the gases expelled prior to the departure of the bullet in the direction that reduces the tendency of the firearm to rise.[9] The concept applies Newton's third law: the exhaust directed upward causes a reciprocal force downward. This is why firearms are virtually never ported on the bottom of the barrel, as that would primarily serve to exacerbate muzzle rise, rather than mitigate it. Even single shots of magnum-strength loads are uncomfortable for all but the most seasoned shooters. Porting has the generally undesired consequence of shortening the effective barrel length, reducing muzzle velocity, where a regular muzzle brake is an extension added to the barrel, and does not reduce muzzle velocities. Porting has obvious advantages for faster follow-up shots, especially for 3-round burst operation.

Effectiveness

Though there are numerous ways to measure the energy of a recoil impulse, in general a 10% to 50% reduction can be measured. Some muzzle brake manufacturers claim greater recoil reduction percentages. Muzzle brakes need sufficient propellant gas volume and high gas pressure at the muzzle of the gun to achieve good measured recoil reduction percentages. This means cartridges with a large bore area to case volume ratio combined with a high operating pressure benefit more from recoil reduction with muzzle brakes than smaller standard cartridges.

Besides reducing felt recoil, one of the primary advantages of a muzzle brake is the reduction of muzzle rise. This lets a shooter realign a weapon's sights more quickly. This is relevant for fully automatic weapons. Muzzle rise can theoretically be eliminated by an efficient design. Because the rifle moves rearward less, the shooter has little to compensate for. Muzzle brakes benefit rapid-fire, fully automatic fire, and large-bore hunting rifles. They are also common on small-bore vermin rifles, where reducing the muzzle rise lets the shooter see the bullet impact through a telescopic sight. A reduction in recoil also reduces the chance of undesired (painful) contacts between the shooter's head and the ocular of a telescopic sight or other aiming components that must be positioned near the shooter's eye (often referred to as "scope eye"). Another advantage of a muzzle brake is a reduction of recoil fatigue during extended practice sessions, enabling the shooter to consecutively fire more rounds accurately. Further, flinch (involuntary pre-trigger-release anxiety behaviour resulting in inaccurate aiming and shooting) caused by excessive recoil may be reduced or eliminated.

Disadvantages

There are advantages and disadvantages to muzzle brakes. Recoil may be perceived by different shooters as pain, movement of the sight line, rearward thrust, or some combination of the three. Recoil energy can be sharp if the impulse is fast or may be considered soft if the impulse is slower, even if the same total energy is transferred.[10]

The advantages of brakes and compensators are not without downsides, however. The shooter, gun crew, or close bystanders may perceive an increase in sound pressure level as well as an increase in muzzle blast and lead exposure. This occurs because the sound, flash, pressure waves, and lead loaded smoke plume normally projected away from the shooter are now partially redirected outwards to the side or sometimes at partially backward angles towards the shooter or gun crew. Standard eye and ear protection, important for all shooters, may not be adequate to avoid hearing damage with the muzzle blast partially vectored back towards the gun crew or spotters by arrowhead shaped reactive muzzle brakes found on sniper team fired anti-materiel rifles like the Barrett M82.[11]

Measurements indicate that on a rifle, a muzzle brake adds 5 to 10 dB to the normal noise level perceived by the shooter, increasing total noise levels up to 160 dB(A) +/- 3 dB.[12] Painful discomfort occurs at approximately 120 to 125 dB(A),[13] with some references claiming 133 dB(A) for the threshold of pain.[14] Active ear muffs are available with electronic noise cancellation that can reduce direct path ear canal noise by approximately 17–33 dB, depending on the low, medium, or high frequency at which attenuation is measured.[15] Passive ear plugs vary in their measured attenuation, ranging from 20 dB to 30 dB, depending on whether they are properly used,[16] and if low pass mechanical filters are also being used. Using both ear muffs (whether passive or active) and ear plugs simultaneously results in maximum protection, but the efficacy of such combined protection relative to preventing permanent ear damage is inconclusive, with evidence indicating that a combined noise reduction ratio (NRR) of only 36 dB (C-weighted) is the maximum possible using ear muffs and ear plugs simultaneously, equating to only a 36 - 7 = 29 dB(A) protection.[14] Some high-end, passive, custom-molded earplugs also have a mechanical filter inserted into the center of the earmolded plug, with a small opening facing to the outside; this design permits being able to hear range commands at a gun range, while still having full rating impulse noise protection. Such custom molded earplugs with low pass filter and mechanical valve typically have a +85 dB(A) mechanical clamp, in addition to having a lowpass filter response, thereby providing typically 30-31 dB attenuation to loud impulse noises, with only a 21 dB reduction under low noise conditions across the human voice audible frequency range (300–4000 Hz) (thereby providing low attenuation between shots being fired), to permit hearing range commands. Similar functions are also available in standardized ear plugs that are not custom molded.[17] But, relative to a noise level of 160 dB(A), this means that even using ear muffs and ear plugs simultaneously cannot protect a shooter against permanent ear damage when using a muzzle brake, through leaving a shooter exposed to noise levels of approximately 131 dB(A) that is 11 dB above the point where permanent ear damage occurs.

Brakes and compensators also add length, diameter, and mass to the muzzle end of a firearm, where it most influences its handling and may interfere with accuracy as muzzle rise will occur when the brake is removed and shooting without the brake can throw off the strike of the round.[11]

Another problem can occur when saboted ammunition is used as the sabot tends to break up inside the brake. The problem is particularly pronounced when armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding-sabot (APFSDS) , a type of long-rod penetrator (LRP) are used.[18] Since these APFSDS rounds are the most common armour-piercing ammunition currently, virtually no modern main battle tank guns have muzzle brakes.

A serious tactical disadvantage of muzzle brakes on both small arms and artillery is that, depending on their designs, they may cause escaping gases to throw up dust and debris clouds that impair visibility and reveal one's position, not to mention posing a hazard to individuals without eye protection.[19] Troops often wet the ground in front of antitank guns in defensive emplacements to prevent this, and snipers are specially trained in techniques for suppressing or concealing the magnified effects of lateral muzzle blast when firing rifles with such brakes.[20] Linear compensators and suppressors do not have the disadvantages of a redirected muzzle blast; they actually reduce the blast by venting high pressure gas forward at reduced velocity.

The redirection of larger amounts escaping high pressure gas can cause discomfort caused by blast-induced sinus cavity concussion. Such discomfort can especially become a problem for anti-materiel rifle shooters due to the bigger than normal cartridges with accompanying large case capacities and propellant volumes these rifles use and can be a reason for promoting accelerated shooter fatigue and flinching. Furthermore, the redirected blast may direct pressure waves toward the eye, potentially leading to retinal detachment when repeated shooting is performed with anti-materiel and large caliber weapons.[21]

Legislation and regulation

The State of California outlaws flash suppressors on semiautomatic rifles with detachable magazines, but allows muzzle brakes to be used instead.[22]

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) made a regulatory determination in 2013 that a firearm manufacturer's muzzle brake was intended as part of a suppressor (silencer). SIG Sauer, the rifle's maker, sued the ATF in 2014 to have the designation overturned.[23]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Muzzle brake in the NRA Firearms Glossary
  2. 1 2 STI article on Limcat Undergas Bypass Turbo System recoil compensator
  3. 1 2 Sweeney, Patrick (2012). The Gun Digest Book of the AR-15. Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books. pp. 269–269. ISBN 1-4402-2868-X.
  4. ↑ Paulsen, Gary (2008). The Rifle. Paw Prints. p. 277. ISBN 978-1-4395-1757-4.
  5. ↑ Mag-Na-Port handgun porting information
  6. ↑ LeVang linear compensator
  7. ↑ http://www.joeboboutfitters.com/KIES_Blast_Master_Linear_Compensator_p/kies-blst%20mstr22.htm KIES linear compensator
  8. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PY4-fmql19w HERA ARMS linear compensator
  9. ↑ "Jump Is Taken Out Of Guns By Cylinders On Muzzle" Popular Mechanics, August 1932
  10. ↑ A muzzle brake manufacturer on pros and cons and recoil reduction of muzzle brakes
  11. 1 2 Wieland, Terry (15 October 2009). Dangerous-Game Rifles. Down East Books. p. 550. ISBN 978-0-89272-902-9.
  12. ↑ Summary of a Finnish government report (1992) on silencers, muzzle brakes and noise levels
  13. ↑ (German) and (English) Schalldämpfer = Gehörschützer für Jäger, data collected on noise levels
  14. 1 2 Hearing Protection Basics
  15. ↑ Peltor Active Muffs data sheet
  16. ↑ Finnish Research paper
  17. ↑ Sonic Valve II
  18. ↑ Tilstra, Russell C. (2011). Small Arms for Urban Combat: A Review of Modern Handguns, Submachine Guns, Personal Defense Weapons, Carbines, Assault Rifles, Sniper Rifles, Anti-Materiel Rifles, Machine Guns, Combat Shotguns, Grenade Launchers and Other Weapons Systems. McFarland. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-7864-8875-9.
  19. ↑ Carlucci, Donald E.; Jacobson, Sidney S. (11 December 2007). Ballistics: Theory and Design of Guns and Ammunition. CRC Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-4200-6619-7.
  20. ↑ Press, Paladin; Navy, U S (1992). Seal Sniper Training Program. Paladin Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-87364-683-3.
  21. ↑ Boatman, Robert H. (2004). Living with the Big .50: The Shooter's Guide to the World's Most Powerful Rifle. Paladin Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-58160-440-5.
  22. ↑ "Department of Justice Regulations for Assault Weapons and Large Capacity Magazines" (PDF). California Department of Justice. 1999. “flash suppressor” means any device that reduces or conceals the visible light or flash created when a firearm is fired. This definition includes flash hiders, but does not include compensators and muzzle brakes (devices attached to or integral with the muzzle barrel to utilize propelling gasses for counter-recoil).
  23. ↑ Dinan, Elizabeth (10 April 2014). "SIG Sauer sues ATF for calling its 'muzzle brake' a gun silencer". Seacoastonline.com. Retrieved 29 December 2014.

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