Púca

"Pooka" redirects here. For other uses, see Pooka (disambiguation).

The púca (Irish for spirit/ghost), pooka, phouka, phooka, phooca, puca or púka, is primarily a creature of Irish folklore.[1] Considered to be bringers both of good and bad fortune, they could either help or hinder rural and marine communities. The creatures were said to be shape changers which could take the appearance of black horses, goats and rabbits. They may also take a human form, which includes various animal features, such as ears or a tail.

The púca has counterparts throughout the Celtic cultures of Northwest Europe. For instance, in Welsh mythology it is named the pwca and in Cornish the Bucca.[2] In the Channel Islands, the pouque were said to be fairies who lived near ancient stones; in Channel Island French a cromlech is referred to as a pouquelée or pouquelay(e); poulpiquet and polpegan are corresponding terms in Brittany.[3][4]

Etymology

The origin of the name may have come from the Old Norse term pook or puki, which refers to a "nature spirit".[5] In Germanic languages, such as Frisian or English, this became pucel, pook or puck.

Malevolent or benevolent nature

The pooka may be regarded as being either menacing or beneficent. Fairy mythologist Thomas Keightley said "notions respecting it are very vague," and in a brief description gives an account collected by Croker from a boy living near Killarney that "old people used to say that the Pookas were very numerous...long ago..., were wicked-minded, black-looking, bad things...that would come in the form of wild colts, with chains hanging about them." and that did much to harm unwary travellers.[6] Also, children were warned not to eat overripe blackberries, because this was a sign that the pooka has befouled them.

In contrast, the phouka is represented as being helpful to farmers by Lady Wilde, who relates the following tale. A farmer's son named Phadraig one day noticed the invisible presence of the phouka brushing by, and called out to him, offering a coat. The phouka appeared in the guise of a young bull, and told him to come to the old mill at night. From that time onward, the phoukas came secretly at night and performed all the work of milling the sacks of corn into flour. Phadraig fell asleep the first time, but later concealed himself in a chest to catch sight of them, and later made a present of a fine silk suit. This unexpectedly caused the phoukas to go off to "see a little of the world" and cease their work. But by then the farmer's wealth allowed him to retire and give his son an education. Later, at Phadraic's wedding, the phouka left a gift of a golden cup filled with drink that evidently ensured their happiness.[7][8]

There are stories of some phooka being blood-thirsty and vampire-like creatures. Other stories even say some are man eating beings, hunting down, killing, and eating their victims.

Morphology and physiology

According to legend, the púca is a deft shapeshifter, capable of assuming a variety of terrifying or pleasing forms. It can take a human form, but will often have animal features, such as ears or a tail.[9] As an animal, the púca will most commonly appear as a horse, cat, rabbit, goat, goblin, or dog. No matter what shape the púca takes, its fur is almost always dark. It most commonly takes the form of a sleek black horse with a flowing mane and luminescent golden eyes.[10] (The Manx glashtyn also takes on human form, but he usually betrays his horse's ears and is analogous to the each uisce[11])

If a human is enticed onto a púca's back, it has been known to give them a wild ride; however, unlike a kelpie, which will take its rider and dive into the nearest stream or lake to drown and devour him/her, the púca will do its rider no real harm. Pooka are also known as great chefs, but only operate in their own village. However according to some folklorists the only man ever to ride the púca was Brian Boru, High King of Ireland, by using a special bridle incorporating three hairs of the púca's tail.[5] The púca has the power of human speech, and has been known to give advice and lead people away from harm. Though the púca enjoys confusing and often terrifying humans, it is considered to be benevolent.

Agricultural traditions

Certain agricultural traditions surround the púca. It is a creature associated with Samhain, a Goidelic harvest festival, when the last of the crops are brought in. Anything remaining in the fields is considered "puka", or fairy-blasted, and hence inedible. In some locales, reapers leave a small share of the crop, the "púca's share", to placate the hungry creature. Nonetheless, 1 November is the púca's day, and the one day of the year when it can be expected to behave civilly.

At the beginning of November, the púca was known—in some locales—to either defecate or spit on the wild fruits rendering them inedible and unsafe thenceforth.[12]

Regional variations

In some regions, the púca is spoken of with considerably more respect than fear; if treated with deference, it may actually be beneficial to those who encounter it. The púca is a creature of the mountains and hills, and in those regions there are stories of it appearing on November Day and providing prophecies and warnings to those who consult it.

In some parts of County Down, the púca is manifested as a short, disfigured goblin who demands a share of the harvest; in County Laois, it appears as a monstrous bogeyman, while in Waterford and Wexford the púca appears as an eagle with a huge wingspan and in Roscommon as a black goat.[5]

Popular culture

In the 1950 film Harvey with Jimmy Stewart, Stewart has a 6 foot tall rabbit as a companion named Harvey, whom he refers to as a "pooka".[13] The film is based on a Pulitzer prize winning play of the same name by Mary Chase.

Pookas appear in popular children's television programme Knightmare. They are presented as a threat, either malevolent or mindless, and appear as floating green entities with swivelling eyes and prominent cheeks. These pookas have plants growing from their head and generally appear in wild areas such as woodland or overgrown ruins.

In the movie Donnie Darko actor Jake Gyllenhaal is "haunted" by an aspect of a rabbit which exhibits many traits of a pooka, most notably, the paranormal aspect of being the harbinger of both good fortune and bad fortune. Due to the appearance of the rabbit-humminoid the character, Donnie, is able to go back in time, thereby resurrecting his dead lover, at the expense of his own life.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Koch, John T.: Encyclopedia of Celtic Culture, page 729. ABC-Clio, 2006
  2. ↑ Mackillop 1998, under pooka
  3. ↑ Thomas Price (Carnhuanawc) (1830), "A Tour through Brittany" (Google), Cambrian quarterly magazine and Celtic repertory 2: 23–43, p.23–24 "These cromlechs, or kistvaens,.. are called in Jersey poquelays, and in Brittany policans & poulpiquets, &c."
  4. ↑ Loth, J. (1894). "le Nain de Kerhuiton" (Google). Annales de Bretagne (in French) 10: 78–80.
  5. 1 2 3 Curran (1997), A Field Guide to Irish Fairies, Appletree Press, ISBN 0-86281-634-3
  6. ↑ Keightley 1880, Fairy Mythology, p.371
  7. ↑ Wilde 1887, Ancient Tales, p.48
  8. ↑ The contrast between Croker's and Wilde's notions are taken from Mackillop 1998 under "pooka", except mention could not be found in Croker's body of works as Mackillop states, but only via Keightley.
  9. ↑ http://www.bellaterreno.com/art/irish/fairy/irishpookas.aspx
  10. ↑ Yeats, W.B.: "Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry", in A Treasury of Irish Myth, Legend, and Folklore, p 94, ISBN 0-517-48904-X.
  11. ↑ Mackillop 1998, under glashtin
  12. ↑ Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí: The Lore of Ireland, page 270. The Boydell Press, 2006.
  13. ↑ "Harvey". IMDB. 1950.

Bibliography

External links

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