Oxime

An oxime is a chemical compound belonging to the imines, with the general formula R¹R²C=N O H, where R¹ is an organic side-chain and R² may be hydrogen, forming an aldoxime, or another organic group, forming a ketoxime. O-substituted oximes form a closely related family of compounds. Amidoximes are oximes of amides with general structure RC(=NOH)(NRR').

Oximes are usually generated by the reaction of hydroxylamine and aldehydes or ketones. The term oxime dates back to the 19th century, a combination of the words oxygen and imine.^[1]

Structure and properties

Oximes exist as two geometric stereoisomers: a syn isomer and an anti isomer. Aldoximes, except for aromatic aldoximes, which exist only as anti isomers, and ketoximes can be separated almost completely and obtained as a syn isomer and an anti isomer.

Oximes have three characteristic bands in the infrared spectrum, at wavenumbers 3600 (O-H), 1665 (C=N) and 945 (N-O).^[2]

In aqueous solution, aliphatic oximes are 10²- to 10³-fold more resistant to hydrolysis than analogous hydrazones.^[3]

Preparation

Oximes can be synthesized by condensation of an aldehyde or a ketone with hydroxylamine. The condensation of aldehydes with hydroxylamine gives aldoxime, and ketoxime is produced from ketones and hydroxylamine. In general, oximes exist as colorless crystals and are poorly soluble in water. Therefore, oximes can be used for the identification of ketone or aldehyde.

Oximes can also be obtained from reaction of nitrites such as isoamyl nitrite with compounds containing an acidic hydrogen atom. Examples are the reaction of ethyl acetoacetate and sodium nitrite in acetic acid,^[4][5] the reaction of methyl ethyl ketone with ethyl nitrite in hydrochloric acid.^[6] and a similar reaction with propiophenone,^[7] the reaction of phenacyl chloride,^[8] the reaction of malononitrile with sodium nitrite in acetic acid^[9]

A conceptually related reaction is the Japp–Klingemann reaction.

Reactions

The hydrolysis of oximes proceeds easily by heating in the presence of various inorganic acids, and the oximes decompose into the corresponding ketones or aldehydes, and hydroxylamines. The reduction of oximes by sodium metal,^[10] sodium amalgam, hydrogenation, or reaction with hydride reagents produces amines.^[11] Typically the reduction of aldoximes gives both primary amines and secondary amines; however, reaction conditions can be altered (such as the addition of potassium hydroxide in a 1/30 molar ratio) to yield solely primary amines.^[12]

In general, oximes can be changed to the corresponding amide derivatives by treatment with various acids. This reaction is called Beckmann rearrangement. In this reaction, a hydroxyl group is exchanged with the group that is in the anti position of the hydroxyl group. The amide derivatives that are obtained by Beckmann rearrangement can be transformed into a carboxylic acid by means of hydrolysis (base or acid catalyzed). And an amine by hoffman degradation of the amide in the presence of alkali hypoclorites at 80 degrees Celsius, the degradation is itself prone to side reactions, namely the formation of biurets or cyanate polymers., To avoid this side-reaction, strict temperature control is necessary; the reaction must be conducted at sufficient temperature to isomerise the cyanate to the isocyante. Also, good solvation is also crucial to be successful. Beckmann rearrangement is used for the industrial synthesis of caprolactam (see applications below).

The Ponzio reaction (1906)^[13] concerning the conversion of m-nitrobenzaldoxime to m-nitrophenyldinitromethane with dinitrogen tetroxide was the result of research into TNT-like high explosives:^[14]

In the Neber rearrangement certain oximes are converted to the corresponding alpha-amino ketones.

Certain amidoximes react with benzenesulfonyl chloride to substituted ureas in the Tiemann rearrangement^[15][16]

Uses

In their largest application, an oxime is an intermediate in the industrial production of caprolactam, a precursor to Nylon 6. About half of the world's supply of cyclohexanone, more than a billion kilograms annually, is converted to the oxime. In the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst, the oxime undergoes the Beckmann rearrangement to give the cyclic amide caprolactam:

Other applications

• Dimethylglyoxime (dmgH₂) is a reagent for the analysis of nickel and a popular ligand in its own right. In the typical reaction, a metal reacts with two equivalents of dmgH₂ concomitant with ionization of one proton.

Figure. Structure of Ni(dmgH)₂.

• Oxime compounds are used as antidotes for nerve agents. A nerve agent inactivates acetylcholinesterase molecules by phosphorylation of the molecule. Oxime compounds can reactivate acetylcholinesterase by attaching to the phosphorus atom and forming an oxime-phosphonate, which then splits away from the acetylcholinesterase molecule. The most effective oxime nerve-agent antidotes are pralidoxime (also known as 2-PAM), obidoxime, methoxime, HI-6, Hlo-7, and TMB-4.^[17] The effectiveness of the oxime treatment depends on the particular nerve agent used.^[18]
• Perillartine, the oxime of perillaldehyde is used as an artificial sweetener in Japan, as it is 2000 times sweeter than sucrose.
• Salicylaldoxime is a chelator.
• Glyoxime, produced via the condensation of glyoxal with hydroxylamine,^[19] forms highly energetic copper, lead and silver salts (copper, lead, and silver glyoximate, respectively).^[20] However these compounds are too unstable to be of any commercial value.
• Diaminoglyoxime, a glyoxime derivative, is a key synthetic precursor, used to prepare various compounds, containing the highly reactive furazan ring.
• Methyl ethyl ketoxime is a skin-preventing additive in many oil-based paints.
• Some amidoximes like polyacrylamidoxime can be used to capture trace amounts of uranium from sea water^[21][22]

See also

• Acetone oxime

References