Political consulting

Political consulting is a specific industry that has grown up around advising and assisting political campaigns. This article deals primarily with the development and nature of management consulting and political consulting in the world. Though their most important role is arguably in the development and production of mass media (largely television and direct mail), political consultants advise campaigns on virtually all of their activities, from opposition research and voter polling, to field strategy and get out the vote efforts.

Origins

President William McKinley's closest political adviser Mark Hanna is sometimes described as the first political consultant.

Whitaker and Baxter established the first true political consulting firm, Campaigns, Inc.,^[1] which focused exclusively on political campaigns in California in the 1930s - 1950s.^[2] However, political consulting blossomed with the increasing use of television advertising for campaign communications^[3] in the 1960s.^[4]

Joseph Napolitan was the first person to describe himself as a political consultant;^[5] The New York Times newspaper described him in a 1968 profile as “that newest American phenomenon, the professional campaign manager” and a "pioneering campaign consultant".^[6]

In the subsequent years, political consulting has grown in importance in the world and influence and has extended its reach to campaigns at all levels of government. Many consultants work not only for campaigns, but also for parties and political action committees, while some focus on public relations and research work.

Nature of the work

Political consultants sometimes acting as political strategists,^[7] a senior political consultant who promote the election of certain candidates or the interests of certain groups. This is achieved by planning campaign strategies, coordinating campaign staffs, and arranging meetings to publicize candidates or causes.^[8]

Political consultants act as public relations specialists, salespeople and managers. By using many forms of media, including advertising and press releases, political consultants make voters aware of their candidates' party platform.^[9]

The political consulting career has expanding throughout the world, journalists has talked about how political consultants has influenced candidates, voters, presidents and governments of different nations.^[10] Well-known American political consultants,^[11] as James Carville, Joseph Napolitan and David H. Sayers,^[12] had traveled to other Continents acting as a consultants to several political campaigns and head of states. For example, Napolitan acted as a consultant of French President Válery Giscard d’Estaing, several Venezuelan presidents, and Costa Rica’s Óscar Arias Sánchez,^[13] and Dick Morris "has consulted for candidates in other countries of the western hemisphere, including the campaigns of Fernando de la Rua for President of Argentina, Jorge Batlle for President of Uruguay, Vicente Fox for President of Mexico, and Raphael Trotman for President of Guyana."^[14] On the other hand, Latin American political consultants have not just led political campaigns in the countries of their birth, but in the whole Continent as well.^[15] That's the case of the Brazilian political consultant João Santana, who simultaneously running three winning presidential campaigns in Latin America: Danilo Medina, in the Dominican Republic; Hugo Chávez, in Venezuela; and José Eduardo dos Santos, in Angola, in the African continent.^[16] Or the Venezuelan political strategist JJ Rendon (who lives in United States),^[17] and his associates, who has been ranked as one of the top five most prominent Latin American consultants by the U.S.-based publication Campaigns & Elections^[18] (Latin American edition)^[19] and who is winner 2014 of The Victory Awards^[20] for his work as the lead strategist of successful presidential campaigns of Juan Manuel Santos in Colombia (including his reelection campaign in 2014),^[21] Porfirio Lobo and Juan Orlando Hernández in Honduras^[22] and Enrique Peña Nieto in Mexico, among others. João Santana has been described by the news magazine Veja as “capable of mapping out the weaknesses of adversaries with an acupuncturist’s precision." While Rendon, has been described by Miami New Times as the "Latin America's Karl Rove".^[23]

Criticisms

Scandals

As political consulting became more prevalent, they were thrust into the spotlight scandals with journalists devoting considerable attention to their activities. Many successful political consultants, such as James Carville and Newt Gingrich, capitalize on their fame to become professional pundits. Such political consultants routinely appear on television news programs, write books and are treated as social media celebrities.^[24]

There are people who accuse political consultants of putting their own interests and images ahead of their clients.^[25] Some consultants allege that too many put their financial interests ahead of the campaigns they are hired to serve, taking on many clients, but focusing too much energy on building their own reputations.^[26]

Criticism

Critics of political consulting blame them for a variety of ills of the modern election process,^[27][28] Because broadcast media consultants are often paid on commission, they are blamed specifically for the rising cost of political campaigns,^[29] and the increasing reliance on paid media. "Critics of consulting's influence on politics say that changes to the campaign landscape have further entrenched certain consultants, regardless of their track records".^[30] A successful candidate running a low-budget campaign would be a serious economic threat to the political consulting field.^[31]

Activist groups charge that political consultants are a major obstacle to participatory democracy and election reform; in a much-publicized e-mail on December 9, 2004, the online activist group MoveOn.org wrote, "For years, the Party has been led by elite Washington insiders who are closer to corporate lobbyists than they are to the Democratic base. But we can't afford four more years of leadership by a consulting class of professional election losers".^[32]

Lastly, there is growing professional -as the American writer Marc A. Thiessen- talking about what is called a cookie cutter campaign^[33] (campaigns "engineered by political consultants who run virtually identical campaigns in different jurisdictions".)^[34]

Social media in modern campaigns

Social media have dramatically changed the way in which modern political campaigns are run.^[35][36] With younger people entering into the voting population, social media are the platforms on which the politicians need to establish themselves and engage. In a digital age, social media will be more important than traditional media.^[37][38]

For example, in Australia 86% of Australians access the Internet, and with a 17,048,864 voting age population (according to IDEA),^[39] around 14,662,023 voting population has access to Internet, and 65% of them use social media, which means 9,530,314 Australian voters use social media (The 2013 Yellow™ Social Media Report found that among internet users 65% of Australians use social media, up from 62% last year).^[40]

Trade organizations

The American Association of Political Consultants is the major trade association for political consultants in the United States, with thousands of members. Like similar professional organizations, it propagates a code of ethics and gives out awards.

• International Association of Political Consultants
• Asia Pacific Association of Political Consultants
• Association of Latin American Political Consultants
• European Association of Political Consultants
• Russian Association of Political Consultants
• Latin American Political Consultant Organization
• Canadian Association of Political Consultants
• Brazilian Association of Political Consultants

Magazine of record

The political consulting industry's trade publication is Campaigns & Elections.

See also

• Category:Political consultants
• Category:Political consulting firms
• Political campaign staff

References

Further reading

• Sabato, Larry J. The Rise of Political Consultants. New York: Basic Books, 1981. xvi, 376 p. ISBN 0-465-07039-6
• Wesslau, Fredrik, The Political Adviser's Handbook 2013, ISBN 978-91-979688-7-4

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Political consultants.

• "Choosing a Political Consultant - Learn from the Experts."
• "How to Choose the Right Political Consultant"
• Politics Magazine
• "PoliticalConsulting.info - Informational site on the field of political consulting."
• DataStrategy: targeting hispanic voters