List of Polish monarchs

Monarchy of Poland

Stanisław II August
Details
Style Royal Majesty (HRM)[1]
Wasza Królewska Mość
Serene Reigning Majesty
Jaśnie Panujący Mości[2]
Grace (HG)
Wasza Miłość
Highness (HH)
Wasza Wysokość
First monarch Mieszko I[3]
Last monarch Stanisław II
Formation ca. 960
Abolition 7 January 1795
Residence Wawel Castle
Warsaw Castle
Wilanów Palace
Appointer Hereditary
Elective[4]
Pretender(s) none
Ruediger, Margrave of Meissen (disputed)
This list concerns the historical monarchs of Poland, from the Middle Ages to 1795. For presidents and other heads of state of Poland during the 20th and 21st centuries, see List of heads of state of Poland.

Poland was ruled at various times either by dukes (the 9th–14th century) or by kings (the 11th-18th century). The longest-reigning dynasties were the Piasts (ca. 960–1370) and Jagiellonians (1386–1572). Intervening and subsequent monarchs were often rulers of foreign countries or princes recruited from foreign dynasties.

During the latter period, a tradition of free election of monarchs made it a uniquely electable position in Europe (16th–18th centuries). Polish independence ended with the Third Partition of Poland (1795) and was restored at the end of World War I (1918) on a republican basis.

Poland in the Early Middle Ages

See: Poland in the Early Middle Ages

Legendary rulers

Name
Lifespan
Reign start
Reign end
Notes
Family
Image
Lech I
6th century 6th century 6th century Legendary founder of the Polish nation Lechites (Tribe)
Krakus I
  • Krak
8th century 8th century 8th century Legendary founder of Kraków Lechites (Tribe)
Krakus II
  • Krak II
8th century 8th century 8th century Legendary son and successor of Krakus Lechites (Tribe)
Lech II
8th century 8th century 8th century Legendary son of Krakus and successor of Krakus II Lechites (Tribe)
Wanda
  • Wąda
8th century 8th century 8th century Legendary daughter of Krakus Lechites (Tribe)

Semi-legendary rulers of the western Polans (Greater Poland)

Name
Lifespan
Reign start
Reign end
Notes
Family
Image
Leszko I
  • Leszek I
  • Duke
7th / 8th centuries 7th / 8th centuries 7th[5] / 8th centuries A semi-legendary ruler of the West Slavic ("proto-Polish") tribe of Goplans and Polans Goplans and Polans (Tribes)
Leszko II
  • Leszek II
  • Duke
8th century 8th century 8th century A semi-legendary ruler of the West Slavic ("proto-Polish") tribe of Goplans and Polans Popielids
Leszko III
  • Leszek III
  • Duke
8th century 8th century 8th century A semi-legendary ruler of the West Slavic ("proto-Polish") tribe of Goplans and Polans Popielids
Popiel I
  • Duke
8th century 8th century 8th century A semi-legendary ruler of the West Slavic ("proto-Polish") tribe of Goplans and Polans Popielids
Popiel II
  • Duke
9th century 9th century 9th century A semi-legendary ruler of the West Slavic ("proto-Polish") tribe of Goplans and Polans Popielids

Piast Dynasty (Dukes of the Polans)

Name
Lifespan
Reign start
Reign end
Notes
Family
Image
Piast the Wheelwright
  • Polish: Piast Kołodziej
    Latin:
    Past Ckosisconis, Pazt filius Chosisconisu
  • Duke
9th century 9th century 9th century A legendary ruler of the Polans
Son of Chościsko, father of Siemowit
Founder of the Piast dynasty
Piast
Siemowit
  • Ziemowit
  • Duke
9th century 9th century 9th century Son of Piast the Wheelwright and Rzepicha Piast
Lestek
  • Leszek, Lestko
  • Duke
9th / 10th centuries 9th / 10th centuries 9th / 10th centuries Son of Siemowit Piast
Siemomysł
  • Ziemomysł
  • Duke
10th century 10th century 10th century Son of Lestek Piast

Kingdom of Poland, 966–1569

Piast dukes and kings

Name
Lifespan
Reign start
Reign end
Notes
Family
Image
Mieszko I of Poland
  • Duke
ca. 940 – 25 May 992 ca. 960 992 Son of Siemomysł
First Christian Polish monarch
Misico, dux Wandalorum
Piast
Bolesław I the Brave
  • Bolesław I the Great
    Polish:
    Bolesław I Chrobry (Wielki)
  • King
967 – 17 June 1025 Duke: 992
King: 18 April 1025
Duke: 18 April 1025
King: 17 June 1025
Son of Mieszko I and Dobrawa of Bohemia
First to be crowned king
Regnum Sclavorum, Gothorum sive Polonorum
Piast
Mieszko II Lambert
  • King
ca. 990 – 10/11 May 1034 1025 1031 Son of Bolesław I and Emnilda of Lusatia Piast
Bezprym
  • Duke
ca. 986–1032 1031 1032 Son of Bolesław I and Judith of Hungary (disputed) Piast
Otto Bolesławowic
  • Duke
1000–1033 1032 1032 Son of Bolesław I and Emnilda Piast
Dytryk
  • Theoderick
  • Duke
after 992 – after 1032 1032 1032 /1033 Grandson of Mieszko I and Oda of Haldensleben Piast
Mieszko II Lambert
  • Duke
ca. 990 – 10/11 May 1034 1032 1034 Restored Piast
Bolesław the Forgotten
  • Polish: Bolesław Zapomniany
  • Duke
before 1016 – 1038 or 1039 1034 1038 /1039 Semi-legendary, existence disputed Piast
Casimir I the Restorer
  • Polish: Kazimierz I Odnowiciel
  • Duke
(1016-06-25)25 June 1016 – 28 November 1058(1058-11-28) (aged 42) 1039 1058 Son of Mieszko II and Richeza of Lotharingia Piast
Bolesław II the Bold
  • Polish: Bolesław II Szczodry / Śmiały
  • King
ca. 1041 or 1042 – 2 or 3 April 1081 or 1082 Duke: 1058
King: 1076
Duke: 1076
King: 1079
Son of Kazimierz I and Maria Dobroniega of Kiev Piast
Władysław I Herman
  • Duke
ca. 1044 – 4 June 1102 1079 1102 Son of Kazimierz I and Maria Dobroniega Piast
Zbigniew
  • Zbygniew
  • Duke
ca. 1073 – 8 July 1113 1102 1107 Son of Władysław I and Przecława of Prawdzic coat of arms (disputed)
First jointly with Władysław I 1098-1102
Piast
Bolesław III Wrymouth
  • Polish: Bolesław III Krzywousty
  • Duke
(1086-08-20)20 August 1086 – 28 October 1138(1138-10-28) (aged 52) 1107 1138 Son of Władysław I and Judith of Bohemia
First jointly with Władysław 1098-1102
Introduced senioral principle
Piast

Fragmentation of the Kingdom of Poland, 1138–1314

See also: Fragmentation of the realm and Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth

Piast high dukes

Name
Lifespan
Reign start
Reign end
Notes
Family
Image
Władysław II the Exile
  • Polish: Władysław II Wygnaniec
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
1105 – 30 May 1159 1138 1146 Son of Bolesław III and Zbyslava of Kiev
Also Duke of Silesia
Exiled by his brothers
Piast
Bolesław IV the Curly
  • Polish: Bolesław Kędzierzawy
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1125 – 5 January 1173 1146 1173 Son of Bolesław III and Salomea of Berg
Also Duke of Masovia
Piast
Mieszko III the Old
  • Polish: Mieszko III Stary
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1127 – 13 March 1202 1173 1177 Son of Bolesław III and Salomea
Also Duke of Greater Poland
Piast
Casimir II the Just
  • Polish: Kazimierz II Sprawiedliwy
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1138 – 5 May 1194 1177 1190 Son of Bolesław III and Salomea
Also Duke of Wiślica and Sandomierz
Piast
Mieszko III the Old
  • Polish: Mieszko III Stary
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1127 – 13 March 1202 1190 1190 Restored Piast
Casimir II the Just
  • Polish: Kazimierz II Sprawiedliwy
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1138 – 5 May 1194 1190 1194 Restored Piast
Leszek I the White
  • Polish: Leszek Biały
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1186 – 24 November 1227 1194 1198 Son of Casimir II and Helen of Znojmo
Also Duke of Sandomierz
Piast
Mieszko III the Old
  • Polish: Mieszko III Stary
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1127 – 13 March 1202 1198 1199 Restored Piast
Leszek I the White
  • Polish: Leszek Biały
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1186 – 24 November 1227 1199 1199 Restored Piast
Mieszko III the Old
  • Polish: Mieszko III Stary
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1127 – 13 March 1202 1199 1202 Restored Piast
Władysław III Spindleshanks
  • Polish: Władysław III Laskonogi
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1161/66 – 3 November 1231 1202 1202 Son of Mieszko III and Eudoxia of Kiev
Also Duke of Greater Poland
Piast
Leszek I the White
  • Polish: Leszek Biały
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1186 – 24 November 1227 1202 1210 Restored Piast
Mieszko IV Tanglefoot
  • Polish: Mieszko I Plątonogi
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1130 – 16 May 1211 1210 1211 Son of Władysław II and Agnes of Babenberg
Also Duke of Silesia
Piast
Leszek I the White
  • Polish: Leszek Biały
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1186 – 24 November 1227 1211 1225 Restored Piast
Henryk I the Bearded
  • Polish: Henryk I Brodaty
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1165 – 19 March 1238 1225 1225 Grandson of Władysław II, son of Bolesław I the Tall and Krystyna
Also Duke of Silesia
Piast
Leszek I the White
  • Polish: Leszek Biały
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1186 – 24 November 1227 1225 1227 Restored
Assassinated
Piast
Władysław III Spindleshanks
  • Polish: Władysław III Laskonogi
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1161/66 – 3 November 1231 1227 1229 Restored Piast
Konrad I of Masovia
  • Polish: Konrad I Mazowiecki
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1187/88 – 31 August 1247 1229 1232 Son of Kazimierz II and Helen of Znojmo
Also Duke of Masovia
Piast
Henryk I the Bearded
  • Polish: Henryk I Brodaty
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1165 – 19 March 1238 1232 1238 Restored Piast
Henryk II the Pious
  • Polish: Henryk II Pobożny
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1196 – 9 April 1241 1238 1241 Son of Henry I and Saint Hedwig of Andechs (Saint Hedwig of Silesia)
Slso Duke of Wroclaw and Greater Poland
Fell at Battle of Legnica
Piast
Bolesław II Rogatka
  • Bolesław II the Horned
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1220–1225 1241 1241 Son of Henry II and Anne of Bohemia
Also Duke of Silesia
Piast
Konrad I of Masovia
  • Polish: Konrad I Mazowiecki
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1187/88 – 31 August 1247 1241 1243 Restored Piast
Bolesław V the Chaste
  • Polish: Bolesław Wstydliwy
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
21 June 1226 – 7 December 1279 1243 1279 Son of Leszek the White and Grzymislawa of Luck Piast
Leszek II the Black
  • Polish: Leszek Czarny
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1241 – 30 September 1288 1279 1288 Paternal grandson of Konrad I of Masovia
Maternal grandson of Henry II
Son of Casimir I of Kuyavia and Constance of Wrocław
Piast
Bolesław II of Masovia
  • Boleslaw II of Płock
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1251 – 20 April 1313 1288 1288 Grandson of Konrad I of Masovia
Duke of Masovia
Piast
Henryk IV Probus
  • Polish: Henryk IV Prawy
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1257/58 – 23 June 1290 1288 1289 Paternal grandson of Henryk II
Maternal grandson of Konrad I
Son of Henry III the White and Judyta of Masovia
Duke of Lower Silesia
Piast
Bolesław II of Masovia
  • Boleslaw II of Płock
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1251 – 20 April 1313 1289 1289 Restored Piast
Władysław I the Elbow-high
  • Polish: Władysław I Łokietek
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
1261 – 2 March 1333 1289 1289 Grandson of Konrad I of Masovia
Son of Kazimierz I of Kujawia and Euphrosyne of Opole
Piast
Henryk IV Probus
  • Polish: Henryk IV Prawy
  • High Duke
    Supreme Prince
ca. 1257/58 – 23 June 1290 1289 1290 Restored Piast

Reunification attempts in the Kingdom of Poland 1232–1305

Piast kings
Name
Lifespan
Reign start
Reign end
Notes
Family
Image
Przemysł II
  • Premyslas, Premislaus
  • King
(1257-10-14)14 October 1257 – 8 February 1296(1296-02-08) (aged 38) High Duke: 1290
King: 1295
High Duke: 1291
King: 1296
Grandson of Henryk II
Son of Przemysł I and Elisabeth of Wrocław
Also Duke of Poznań, Greater Poland and Pomerania
Piast
Přemyslid kings
Name
Lifespan
Reign start
Reign end
Notes
Family
Image
Wenceslaus II of Bohemia
  • Polish: Wacław II Czeski
  • King
(1271-09-27)27 September 1271 – 21 June 1305(1305-06-21) (aged 33) High Duke: 1291
King: 1300
High Duke: 1300
King: 1305
Son of Ottokar II of Bohemia and Kunigunda of Slavonia
Married Przemysł II's daughter Elisabeth Richeza of Poland
Also King of Bohemia
Přemyslid
Wenceslaus III of Bohemia
(1289-10-06)6 October 1289 – 4 August 1306(1306-08-04) (aged 16) 1305 1306 Son of Wenceslaus II and Judith of Habsburg
Uncrowned
Assassinated
Přemyslid

Reunited Kingdom of Poland, 1314–1569

Piast kings

Name
Lifespan
Reign start
Reign end
Notes
Family
Image
Władysław I the Elbow-high
  • Polish: Władysław I Łokietek
  • King
1261 – 2 March 1333 1320 1333 Restored
Re-united the Kingdom of Poland
Piast
Casimir III the Great
  • Polish: Kazimierz III Wielki
  • King
(1310-04-30)30 April 1310 – 5 November 1370(1370-11-05) (aged 60) 1333 1370 Son of Władysław I the Elbow-high and Jadwiga of Kalisz
Regarded as one of the greatest Polish monarchs
Piast

Angevin kings

Name
Lifespan
Reign start
Reign end
Notes
Family
Image
Louis I of Hungary
  • Polish: Ludwik Węgierski
  • King
(1326-03-05)5 March 1326 – 10 September 1382(1382-09-10) (aged 56) 1370 1382 Son of Charles I of Hungary and Elizabeth of Poland
Nephew of Casimir III
Elected king and crowned on 17 November
Also King of Hungary
Anjou
Jadwiga of Poland
1373/4 – 17 July 1399 16 October 1384 17 July 1399 Daughter of Louis I and Elizabeth of Bosnia
Crowned "king", 1384
Reigned jointly with her husband
Władysław II Jagiełło from 1386
Anjou

Jagiellonian kings

Name
Lifespan
Reign start
Reign end
Notes
Family
Image
Władysław II Jagiełło
  • King
ca. 1351/1362 – 1 June 1434(1434-06-01) 4 March 1386 1 June 1434 Son of Algirdas of Lithuania and Uliana of Tver
Grand Duke of Lithuania, 1377-1434
Reigned jointly with his wife Jadwiga till 1399
The longest-reigning King of Poland
Jagiellonian
Władysław III of Poland
  • Władysław III of Varna, Władysław Warneńczyk
  • King
(1424-10-31)31 October 1424 - 10 November 1444(1444-11-10) (aged 20) 25 July 1434 10 November 1444 Son of Władysław II Jagiełło and Sophia of Halshany
Also king of Hungary, as Ulászló I
Fell at Battle of Varna, in Bulgaria, hence called "of Varna"
Jagiellonian
Casimir IV Jagiellon
  • Kazimierz IV Jagiellończyk
  • King
(1427-11-30)30 November 1427 - 7 June 1492(1492-06-07) (aged 64) 25 June 1447 7 June 1492 Son of Władysław II and Sophia of Halshany
Also Grand Duke of Lithuania, 1440–92
His successful reign ended in the final destruction of the Teutonic Knights
Jagiellonian
John I Olbracht
  • Jan I Olbracht
  • King
(1459-12-27)27 December 1459 - 17 June 1501(1501-06-17) (aged 41) 23 September 1492 16 June 1501 Son of Casimir IV and Elisabeth of Austria Jagiellonian
Alexander I Jagiellon
  • Aleksander I Jagiellończyk
  • King
(1461-08-05)5 August 1461 - 19 August 1506(1506-08-19) (aged 45) 12 December 1501 19 August 1506 Son of Casimir IV and Elisabeth of Austria
Also Grand Duke of Lithuania 1492-1506
Jagiellonian
Sigismund I the Old
  • Zygmunt I Stary
  • King
(1467-01-01)1 January 1467 – 1 April 1548(1548-04-01) (aged 81) 8 December 1506 1 April 1548 Son of Casimir IV and Elisabeth of Austria
Also Grand Duke of Lithuania
Forced Prussian Homage in 1525
Annexed Duchy of Masovia in 1526
Entered alliance with Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Jagiellonian
Sigismund II Augustus
  • Zygmunt II August
  • King
(1520-08-01)1 August 1520 – 7 July 1572(1572-07-07) (aged 51) 1 April 1548 7 July 1572 Son of Sigismund I and Bona Sforza
Also Grand Duke of Lithuania
Replaced the personal union of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with a real union and an elective monarchy (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) in 1569
Jagiellonian

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1569–1795

See also: Rzeczpospolita

See also: History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648) and History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1648–1764) and History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1764–95)

Name
Lifespan
Reign start
Reign end
Notes
Family
Image
Henry de Valois
  • Henryk Walezy
  • King
(1551-09-19)19 September 1551 – 2 August 1589(1589-08-02) (aged 37) 21 February 1574 12 May 1575 Son of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici
Abandoned the Polish throne three months after his coronation in order to become King of France
Valois
Anna
  • Anna Jagiellonka
  • King[8]
(1523-10-18)18 October 1523 – 9 September 1596(1596-09-09) (aged 72) 15 December 1575 12 December 1586 Daughter of Sigismund I and Bona Sforza
Reigned together with her husband Stephen Báthory
Jagiellonian
Stephen Báthory
  • Stefan Batory
  • King
(1533-09-27)27 September 1533 – 12 December 1586(1586-12-12) (aged 53) 15 December 1575 12 December 1586 Son of Stephen VIII Báthory and Catherine Telegdi
Prince of Transylvania
Reigned together with his wife Anna
Báthory
Sigismund III
  • Zygmunt III Waza
  • King
20 June 1566 – 30 April 1632(1632-04-30) (aged 65) 18 September 1587 19 April 1632 Grandson of Sigismund I
Son of John III of Sweden and Catherine Jagellon
Also King of Sweden 1592-1599, titular King 1599–1632
Moved capital from Kraków to Warsaw
Vasa
Władysław IV
  • Władysław IV Waza
  • King
9 June 1595 – 20 May 1648(1648-05-20) (aged 52) 8 November 1632 20 May 1648 Son of Sigismund III and Anne of Austria
Titular Tsar of Russia 1610–1634, titular King of Sweden 1632–1648
Vasa
John II Casimir
  • Jan II Kazimierz
  • King
(1609-03-22)22 March 1609 – 16 December 1672(1672-12-16) (aged 63) 20 November 1648 16 September 1668 Son of Sigismund III and Constance of Austria
Titular King of Sweden 1648-1660
Abdicated
Vasa
Michael I
  • Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
  • King
(1640-05-31)May 31, 1640 – November 10, 1673(1673-11-10) (aged 33) 19 June 1669 10 November 1673 Son of a successful but controversial military commander, Jeremi Wiśniowiecki, and Gryzelda Konstancja Zamoyska Wiśniowiecki
John III
  • Jan III Sobieski
  • King
(1629-08-17)17 August 1629 – 17 June 1696(1696-06-17) (aged 66) 21 May 1674 17 June 1696 Son of Jakub Sobieski and Zofia Teofillia Daniłowicz
Most famous for his brilliant victory over the Turks at the Battle of Vienna in 1683
Sobieski
Augustus II the Strong
  • August II Mocny
  • King
(1670-05-12)12 May 1670 – 1 February 1733(1733-02-01) (aged 62) 15 September 1697 16 February 1704 (deposed)
24 September 1706 (abdicates)
Son of John George III and Anna Sophie of Denmark
Elector of Saxony as Frederick Augustus I, 1694–1733
Wettin
Stanisław I
  • Stanisław I Leszczyński
  • King
(1677-10-20)20 October 1677 – 23 February 1766(1766-02-23) (aged 88) 4 October 1705 8 August 1709 Son of Rafał Leszczyński and Anna Jabłonowska
Yielded to Augustus II
Leszczyński
Augustus II the Strong
  • August II Mocny
  • King
(1670-05-12)12 May 1670 – 1 February 1733(1733-02-01) (aged 62) 8 August 1709 1 February 1733 Restored Wettin
Stanisław I
  • Stanisław I Leszczyński
  • King
(1677-10-20)20 October 1677 – 23 February 1766(1766-02-23) (aged 88) 12 September 1733 30 June 1734
(deposed)
27 January 1736
(abdicates)
Restored
Defeated in War of the Polish Succession
Became Duke of Lorraine until his death
Leszczyński
Augustus III
  • August III Sas
  • King
17 October 1696 – 5 October 1763(1763-10-05) (aged 66) 17 January 1734
(in opposition)
30 June 1734
(effectively)
5 October 1763 Son of Augustus II and Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth Wettin
Stanisław II August
  • Stanisław August Poniatowski
  • King
(1732-01-17)17 January 1732 – 12 February 1798(1798-02-12) (aged 66) 25 November 1764 7 January 1795 Son of Stanisław Poniatowski and Konstancja Czartoryska
Forced to abdicate when the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (the Polish Republic since May 3, 1791) ceased to exist
Poniatowski

Duchy of Warsaw, 1807–1815

See also: Duchy of Warsaw
Name
Lifespan
Reign start
Reign end
Notes
Family
Image
Frederick Augustus I
  • Fryderyk August I
  • Duke
(1750-12-23)23 December 1750 – 5 May 1827(1827-05-05) 9 June 1807 22 May 1815 Son of Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony and Duchess Maria Antonia of Bavaria
Duke of Warsaw
Wettin

Pretenders to the Polish throne

Part of a series on the
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Jagiellonian period 13851572
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Partitioned Poland 17951918
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Bibliography

References

  1. It was not allowed to use abbreviations and acronyms
  2. In the 17th century and later Poland was usually known as the Most Serene Republic of Poland (Polish: Najjaśniejsza Rzeczpospolita Polska, Latin: Serenissima Res Publica Poloniae).
  3. first Christian monarch
  4. Since 1574
  5. dated around 700 by Marcin Bielski
  6. Uncrowned - also considered titular King of Poland
  7. Jadwiga was crowned King of Poland — Hedvig Rex Poloniæ, not Hedvig Regina Poloniæ. Polish law had no provision for a female ruler (queen regnant), but did not specify that the monarch had to be male. The masculine gender of her title was also meant to emphasize that she was monarch in her own right, not a queen consort.
  8. Anna was crowned King of Poland
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