Platelet-rich plasma

Platelet-rich plasma
Intervention
MeSH D053657

Platelet-rich plasma (Abbreviation: PRP) is blood plasma that has been enriched with platelets. As a concentrated source of autologous platelets, PRP contains (and releases through degranulation) several different growth factors and other cytokines that stimulate healing of bone and soft tissue.

History

PRP was first developed in the 1970s and first used in Italy in 1987 in an open heart surgery procedure. PRP therapy began gaining popularity in the mid 1990s. It has since been applied to many different medical fields such as cosmetic surgery, dentistry, sports medicine and pain management.

Components

Whole blood placed in Centrifuge prior to two stage centrifugation

The efficacy of certain growth factors in healing various injuries and the concentrations of these growth factors found within PRP are the theoretical basis for the use of PRP in tissue repair.[1] The platelets collected in PRP are activated by the addition of thrombin and calcium chloride, which induces the release of the mentioned factors from alpha granules. The growth factors and other cytokines present in PRP include:[1][2]

Preparation

Blood drawn from patient
Removal of PRP after double centrifugation
PRP is Injected into area of injury via ultrasound guidance

There are, at present, two methods of PRP preparation approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.[3] Both processes involve the collection of the patient's whole blood (that is anticoagulated with citrate dextrose) before undergoing two stages of centrifugation (TruPRP) (Harvest) designed to separate the PRP aliquot from platelet-poor plasma and red blood cells.[3] In humans, the typical baseline blood platelet count is approximately 200,000 per µL; therapeutic PRP concentrates the platelets by roughly five-fold.[4] There is, however, broad variability in the production of PRP by various concentrating equipment and techniques.[5][6][7]

Clinical applications

In humans, PRP has been investigated and used as a clinical tool for several types of medical treatments, including nerve injury,[2] tendinitis,[8][9] osteoarthritis,[10] cardiac muscle injury,[11] bone repair and regeneration,[12] plastic surgery,[13] and oral surgery.[14] PRP has also received attention in the popular media as a result of its use in treating sports injuries in professional athletes.[15][16][17][18]

Hair regrowth

PRP may be used as a treatment for hair regrowth caused by androgenic alopecia.[19][20] A 2013 review stated more evidence is needed to determine the effectiveness of PRP for hair regrowth.[21]

Clinical validity

Results of basic science and preclinical trials have not yet been confirmed in large-scale controlled clinical trials. For example, clinical use of PRP for nerve injury and sports medicine has produced "promising" but "inconsistent" results in early trials.[2][22] A 2009 systematic review of the scientific literature stated that there are few controlled clinical trials that have adequately evaluated the safety and efficacy of PRP treatments and concluded that PRP is "a promising, but not proven, treatment option for joint, tendon, ligament, and muscle injuries".[22]

Proponents of PRP therapy argue that negative clinical results are associated with poor quality PRP produced by inadequate single spin devices. The fact that most gathering devices capture a percentage of a given thrombocyte count is a bias, since there is significant inter-individual variability in the platelet concentration of human plasma. More is not necessarily better in this case.[4] The variability in platelet concentrating techniques may alter platelet degranulation characteristics that could affect clinical outcomes.[2]

A 2010 Cochrane analysis found no evidence that PRP offered any benefit when used for sinus lifts during dental implant placement.[14]

A 2014 Cochrane analysis found very weak (very low quality) evidence for a decrease in pain in those treated with platlet-rich therapies (PRT) from musculoskeletal injuries in the short term (up to three months). However, pooled data did not show a difference in function in the short, medium or long term. There was weak evidence that suggested that adverse events (harms) occurred at comparable, low rates in people treated with PRT and people not treated with PRT.[23]

Use in horses

Platelet-rich plasma is used in horses for treatment of equine lameness. Uses include tendon and ligament injury, wounds, fractures, bone cysts, and osteoarthritis.

Implications for doping

Some concern exists as to whether PRP treatments violate anti-doping rules, such as those maintained by the World Anti-Doping Agency.[1] It is not clear if local injections of PRP can have a systemic impact on circulating cytokine levels, in turn affecting doping tests; it is also not clear whether PRP treatments have systemic anabolic effects or affect performance.[1] In January 2011, the World Anti-Doping Agency removed intramuscular injections of PRP from its prohibitions after determining that there is a "lack of any current evidence concerning the use of these methods for purposes of performance enhancement".[24] In April 2014, Orioles first baseman Chris Davis, 28, underwent two PRP injections to speed the healing and recovery of an oblique injury. Left-hander Zach Britton had the procedure in his left shoulder in March 2012, according to the Baltimore Sun, and right-hander Dylan Bundy had the procedure last April before undergoing Tommy John surgery in June.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Borrione P, Gianfrancesco AD, Pereira MT, Pigozzi F (2010). "Platelet-rich plasma in muscle healing". Am J Phys Med Rehabil 89 (10): 854–61. doi:10.1097/PHM.0b013e3181f1c1c7. PMID 20855985.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Yu W, Wang J, Yin J (2011). "Platelet-Rich Plasma: A Promising Product for Treatment of Peripheral Nerve Regeneration After Nerve Injury". Int J Neurosci 121 (4): 176–180. doi:10.3109/00207454.2010.544432. PMID 21244302.
  3. 1 2 Arora NS, Ramanayake T, Ren YF, Romanos GE (2009). "Platelet-rich plasma: a literature review". Implant Dent 18 (4): 303–10. doi:10.1097/ID.0b013e31819e8ec6. PMID 19667818.
  4. 1 2 Marx RE (2004). "Platelet-rich plasma: evidence to support its use" (PDF). Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 62 (4): 489–96. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2003.12.003. PMID 15085519.
  5. ↑ Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Rasmusson L, Albrektsson T (2009). "Classification of platelet concentrates: from pure platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP) to leucocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF)". Trends in Biotechnology 27 (3): 158–67. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.11.009. PMID 19187989.
  6. ↑ Gonshor A (2002). "Technique for producing platelet-rich plasma and platelet concentrate: background and process". The International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry 22 (6): 547–57. PMID 12516826.
  7. ↑ Weibrich G, Kleis WK, Hafner G, Hitzler WE, Wagner W (2003). "Comparison of platelet, leukocyte, and growth factor levels in point-of-care platelet-enriched plasma, prepared using a modified Curasan kit, with preparations received from a local blood bank". Clinical Oral Implants Research 14 (3): 357–62. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0501.2003.00810.x. PMID 12755786.
  8. ↑ Mishra A, Pavelko T (2006). "Treatment of chronic elbow tendinosis with buffered platelet-rich plasma". The American Journal of Sports Medicine 34 (11): 1774–8. doi:10.1177/0363546506288850. PMID 16735582.
  9. ↑ Mishra A, Woodall J, Vieira A (2009). "Treatment of tendon and muscle using platelet-rich plasma". Clinics in Sports Medicine 28 (1): 113–25. doi:10.1016/j.csm.2008.08.007. PMID 19064169.
  10. ↑ Andia I, Sanchez M, Maffulli N (2012). "joint pathology and platelet-rich plasma therapies". Expert Opinion in Biological Therapies 12 (1): 7–22. doi:10.1517/14712598.2012.632765. PMID 22171664.
  11. ↑ Mishra A, Velotta J, Brinton TJ, et al. (2010). "RevaTen platelet-rich plasma improves cardiac function after myocardial injury". Cardiovasc Revasc Med 12 (3): 158–63. doi:10.1016/j.carrev.2010.08.005. PMID 21122486.
  12. ↑ Griffin XL, Smith CM, Costa ML (2009). "The clinical use of platelet-rich plasma in the promotion of bone healing: a systematic review". Injury 40 (2): 158–62. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2008.06.025. PMID 19084836.
  13. ↑ Por YC, Shi L, Samuel M, Song C, Yeow VK (2009). "Use of tissue sealants in face-lifts: a metaanalysis". Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 33 (3): 336–9. doi:10.1007/s00266-008-9280-1. PMID 19089492.
  14. 1 2 Esposito M (Spring 2010). "Effectiveness of sinus lift procedures for dental implant rehabilitation: a Cochrane systematic review.". Eur J Oral Implantol. 3 (1): 7–26. PMID 20467595.
  15. ↑ Alan Schwarz (2009-02-16). "A Promising Treatment for Athletes, in Blood". New York Times (New York).
  16. ↑ Gretchen Reynolds (2011-01-26). "Phys Ed: Does Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy Really Work?". New York Times.
  17. ↑ Carina Storrs (2009-12-18). "Is Platelet-Rich Plasma an Effective Healing Therapy?". Scientific American.
  18. ↑ Gina Kolata (2010-01-12). "Popular Blood Therapy May Not Work". New York Times.
  19. ↑ Khatu, Swapna S; More, Yuvraj E; Gokhale, Neeta R; Chavhan, Dipali C; Bendsure, Nitin (2014). "Platelet-Rich Plasma in Androgenic Alopecia: Myth or an Effective Tool". Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery 7 (2): 107–110. doi:10.4103/0974-2077.138352. ISSN 0974-2077. PMC 4134641. PMID 25136212.
  20. ↑ Chaudhari, Nitin D; Sharma, Yugal K; Dash, Kedar; Deshmukh, Palak (2012). "Role of Platelet-rich Plasma in the Management of Androgenetic Alopecia". International Journal of Trichology 4 (4): 291–292. doi:10.4103/0974-7753.111222. ISSN 0974-7753. PMC 3681120. PMID 23766623.
  21. ↑ Valente Duarte de Sousa, Isabel Cristina; Tosti, Antonella (May 2013). "New investigational drugs for androgenetic alopecia". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 22 (5): 573–589. doi:10.1517/13543784.2013.784743. ISSN 1744-7658. PMID 23550739.
  22. 1 2 Foster TE, Puskas BL, Mandelbaum BR, Gerhardt MB, Rodeo SA (2009). "Platelet-rich plasma: from basic science to clinical applications". Am J Sports Med 37 (11): 2259–72. doi:10.1177/0363546509349921. PMID 19875361.
  23. ↑ Moraes VY (April 2014). "Platelet-rich therapies for musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 29 (4): CD010071. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010071.pub3.
  24. ↑ "World Anti-Doping Agency announces changes to Prohibited List". Irish Medical Times. 2011-01-10.
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