Plasmodium species infecting birds

Species in six subgenera of Plasmodium infect birds - Bennettinia, Giovannolaia, Haemamoeba, Huffia, Novyella and Papernaia.[1] Giovannolaia appears to be a polyphytic group and may be sudivided in the future.[2]

Plasmodium accipiteris
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Apicomplexa
Class: Aconoidasida
Order: Haemosporida
Family: Plasmodiidae
Genus: Plasmodium
Species

Plasmodium accipiteris
Plasmodium alaudae
Plasmodium alloelongatum
Plasmodium anasum
Plasmodium ashfordi
Plasmodium bambusicolai
Plasmodium beaucournui
Plasmodium bertii
Plasmodium bioccai
Plasmodium bigueti
Plasmodium biziurae
Plasmodium buteonis
Plasmodium caloti
Plasmodium cathemerium
Plasmodium circumflexum
Plasmodium coggeshalli
Plasmodium columbae
Plasmodium coluzzii
Plasmodium corradettii
Plasmodium coturnix
Plasmodium dherteae
Plasmodium dissanaikei
Plasmodium dorsti
Plasmodium durae
Plasmodium elongatum
Plasmodium fallax
Plasmodium formosanum
Plasmodium forresteri
Plasmodium gabaldoni
Plasmodium gallinacium
Plasmodium garnhami
Plasmodium ghadiriani
Plasmodium ginsburgi
Plasmodium giovannolai
Plasmodium globularis
Plasmodium golvani
Plasmodium griffithsi
Plasmodium gundersi
Plasmodium guangdong
Plasmodium hegneri
Plasmodium hermani
Plasmodium hexamerium
Plasmodium huffi
Plasmodium jeanriouxi
Plasmodium jiangi
Plasmodium juxtanucleare
Plasmodium kempi
Plasmodium lenoblei
Plasmodium lophurae
Plasmodium lutzi
Plasmodium matutinum
Plasmodium megaglobularis
Plasmodium merulae
Plasmodium mohammedi
Plasmodium nucleophilum
Plasmodium pachysomum
Plasmodium papernai
Plasmodium paranucleophilum
Plasmodium parvulum
Plasmodium pediocetti
Plasmodium paddae
Plasmodium pfefferi
Plasmodium pinotti
Plasmodium polare
Plasmodium polymorphum
Plasmodium relictum
Plasmodium reniai
Plasmodium rouxi
Plasmodium sergentorum
Plasmodium snounoui
Plasmodium stellatum
Plasmodium tenue
Plasmodium tejerai
Plasmodium tumbayaensis
Plasmodium valkiunasi
Plasmodium vaughani

Avian host records

Subspecies of avian malaria

Interrelatedness

Vectors of avian malaria



Notes:

Sporogeny of P. circumflexum but not transmission has been recorded in Mansonia perturbans.

Avian malaria notes

A number of additional species have been described in birds - P. centropi, P. chloropsidis, P. gallinuae, P. herodialis, P. heroni, P. mornony, P. pericorcoti and P. ploceii - but the suggested speciation was based at least in part on the idea - 'one host - one species'. It has not been possible to reconcile the descriptions with any of the currently recognised species, and these are not currently regarded as valid species. As further investigations are made into this genus these species may be resurrected.

A species P. japonicum has been reported[15] but this appears to be the only report of this species and should therefore be regarded of dubious validity.

References

  1. Wiersch S.C., Maier W.A., Kampen H. (2005) Plasmodium (Haemamoeba) cathemerium gene sequences for phylogenetic analysis of malaria parasites. Parasitol. Res. 96(2): 90-94
  2. Martinsen E.S.,Waite J.L.,Schall J.J. Morphologically defined subgenera of Plasmodium from avian hosts: test of monophyly by phylogenetic analysis of two mitochondrial genes (2006) Parasitol. 1-8
  3. Valkiūnas G., Zehtindjiev P., Hellgren O., Ilieva M., Iezhova T.A., Bensch S. (2007) Linkage between mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages and morphospecies of two avian malaria parasites, with a description of Plasmodium (Novyella) ashfordi sp. nov. Parasitol. Res.
  4. Landau I, Chabaud AG, Bertani S, and Snounou G. (2003) Parassitologia. 45(3-4):119-123 Taxonomic status and re-description of Plasmodium relictum (Grassi et Feletti, 1891), Plasmodium maior Raffaele, 1931, and description of P. bigueti n. sp. in sparrows.
  5. Kirkpatrick CE, Lauer DM. (1985) Hematozoa of raptors from southern New Jersey and adjacent areas. J Wildl. Dis. 21(1):1-6.
  6. Earle RA, Horak IG, Huchzermeyer FW, Bennett GF, Braack LE, Penzhorn BL. (1991) The prevalence of blood parasites in helmeted guineafowls, Numida meleagris, in the Kruger National Park. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 58(3):145-147.
  7. Valkiūnas G., Zehtindjiev P., Dimitrov D., Krizanauskiene A., Iezhova T.A., Bensch S. (2008) Polymerase chain reaction-based identification of Plasmodium (Huffia) elongatum, with remarks on species identity of haemosporidian lineages deposited in GenBank. Parasitol. Res. 102(6):1185-1193.
  8. 1 2 Baillie SM, Brunton DH (2011) Diversity, distribution and biogeographical origins of Plasmodium parasites from the New Zealand bellbird (Anthornis melanura). Parasitology 9:1-9
  9. Murata K., Nii R., Sasaki E., Ishikawa S., Sato Y., Sawabe K., Tsuda Y., Matsumoto R., Suda A., Ueda M. (2008) Plasmodium (Bennettinia) juxtanucleare infection in a captive white eared-pheasant (Crossoptilon crossoptilon) at a Japanese zoo. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 70(2):203-205
  10. Christensen B.M., Barnes H.J., Rowley W.A. (1983) Vertebrate host specificity and experimental vectors of Plasmodium (Novyella) kempi sp. n. from the eastern wild turkey in Iowa. J. Wildl. Dis. 19(3):204-213
  11. Manwell R.D. (1968) Plasmodium octamerium n. sp., an avian malaria parasite from the pintail whydah bird Vidua macroura. J. Protozool. 15(4):680-685
  12. Valkiunas G., Iezhova T.A. (2001) A comparison of the blood parasites in three subspecies of the yellow wagtail Motacilla flava. J. Parasitol. 87(4):930-934.
  13. Zehtindjiev P, Križanauskienė A, Bensch S, Palinauskas V, Asghar M, Dimitrov D, Scebba S, Valkiunas G (2012) A new morphologically distinct avian malaria parasite that fails detection by established PCR-based protocols for amplification of the cytochrome B gene. J Parasitol
  14. Poinar G. (2005) Plasmodium dominicana n. sp. (Plasmodiidae: Haemospororida) from Tertiary Dominican amber. Systematic Parasitol. 61 (1) 47-52
  15. Manwell R.D. (1966) Plasmodium japonicum, P. juxtanucleare and P. nucleophilum in the Far East. J. Protozool. 13(1):8-11.
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