Physical presence test

In international taxation, a physical presence test is a rule used to determine tax residence of a natural or legal person. It may rely on having a place of business in the jurisdiction (for legal persons), or remaining in or out of the jurisdiction for a certain number of days each year (for natural persons).

Australia

The "physical presence in Australia test" is one of the three tests under Australian law through which a charitable institution can be entitled to income tax exempt charity endorsement, along with the "deductible gift recipient test" and the "prescribed by law" test. The two elements of the test are whether the institution has a physical presence in Australia (either wholly or through a division, branch, or subdivision), and whether or not the expenditures of institution are incurred principally in Australia. An institution may still qualify even if its expenditure is not incurred principally in Australia, if the amounts expended elsewhere are less than "disregarded amounts" (comprising gifts, proceeds from fundraising activities, and government grants).^[1]

South Africa

The South Africa Income Tax Act (No. 58 of 1962) in Section 1 defines a natural person as a "tax resident" if he is either ordinarily resident in South Africa, or meets the physical presence test. A natural person meets the physical presence test if he is present for more than 91 days during the year of assessment as well as a more than 91 days in each of the five preceding years, or if he was present for more than 915 days in aggregate in the preceding five years. ^[2] However, a person who is absent from South Africa for more than 330 days following his previous day of presence will be deemed not to have been a tax resident since that day. Furthermore, a person who meets the physical presence test may still be deemed not to be a tax resident of South Africa if he is a tax resident of a country with which South Africa has a tax treaty for the avoidance of double taxation.^[3]

United States

The United States uses a physical presence test both when determining eligibility of US citizens and permanent residents for favorable tax treatment due to not being present physical present in the US, and conversely when determining when people who are not citizens or permanent residents are subject to US taxation. The former are covered in this section; the latter are covered in the Substantial Presence Test article.

Overview

One of the ways for U.S. taxpayers to qualify for the foreign earned income exclusion is by passing the "physical presence test".^[4] Meeting this test requires the taxpayer to reside in another country, living or working, for more than 329 full (24-hour) days in a 12-month period, including days spent in other foreign countries. An exception is available in the event of war or civil unrest that causes the taxpayer to leave.

A less-than-24-hour visit to the U.S. while traveling between two points outside the U.S. does not count as a break in a foreign stay.

Determination of 12-month period

Four rules determine a 12-month period for the purposes of the physical presence test^[5]

1. A 12-month period must be made up of consecutive months.
2. A 12-month period can begin on any day of any month.
3. The period does not begin until the first full day abroad.
4. 12-month periods can overlap.

A person who is present in the United States rather than abroad may still meet the physical presence test under the war and civil unrest exception. The Internal Revenue Service publishes a list of countries that qualify under the war/civil unrest exception, as well as the respective dates during which the waiver applies.

Conversely, days spent in a foreign country by a person who is present there in violation of a U.S. ban on travel to that country do not qualify for meeting the physical presence test (or the bona fide residence test); income earned there does not qualify for the foreign earned income exclusion, and housing expenditures incurred there do not qualify for the foreign housing deduction. As of 2010 the only country in this category was Cuba (except the Guantanamo Bay corrections facility.)

Foreign earned income

Income earned abroad may qualify for the foreign earned income exclusion, the foreign housing exclusion or deduction, as long as the income is earned in the taxpayer's tax home and the taxpayer meets either the bona fide resident test or the physical presence test.^[6]

The income requirements for U.S. Citizens and resident aliens living abroad are the same. However, foreign earned income may qualify for some amount of exclusion. Subtract the amounts you estimate from foreign earned income exclusion. Tax obligations can be reduced by subtracting the foreign housing exclusion, but only from non-excluded income using tax rates that would apply were the income not excluded.

References