Nisoish languages
| Nisoish | |
|---|---|
| Southeastern Loloish | |
| Ethnicity: | Yi people, Phula people |
| Geographic distribution: | Southern China, Vietnam |
| Linguistic classification: |
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| |
| Glottolog: | sout3212[1] |
The Nisoish languages, also known in reduced scope as Southeastern Loloish, are a branch of the Loloish languages in recent classifications. It was established by Bradley (2002) from Southern Loloish, and further refined by Pelkey (2011) and Lama (2012), who includes several of Thurgood's Northern Loloish languages.
Languages
Pelkey (2011)
Jamin Pelkey (2011) calls the clade Southeastern Loloish (or Southeastern Ngwi). Within it he lists:
- Nisu: Nyisu; Northern Nisu, Southern Nisu
- Sani–Azha: Sani, Axi; Azhe; Azha [+ Samei]
- Highland Phula:
- Muji:
- Core Muji: Northern Muji, Qila Muji, Southern Muji, Bokha–Phuma; Muzi; Laghuu
- Thopho
- Moji
- Phowa:
- Muji:
- Riverine Phula:
Pelkey (2011:353)[2] specifically excludes Pholo, noting that although it has been closely associated with speakers of Southeastern Ngwi languages historically, it does not share the defining features of the branch. Also, Pelkey (2011) notes that Southeastern Ngwi may be most closely related to Northern Ngwi (including Nosu and Nasu), which is in line with Lama's (2012) proposal of a Nisoish clade.
Pelkey (2011) lists the following sound changes from Proto-Ngwi as Southeastern Ngwi innovations.
- *ʔ-k and *ʔ-ɡl merge as /tɬ/
- *pl/j and *ʔ-kl merge as /tɬʰ/
- *bl/j and *ɡl merge as /dɮ/
- *m-pl/j and *m-bl/j merge as /ndɮ/
Lama (2012)
Lama calls the clade Nisoish. He adds a couple northern languages such as Nuosu and Nasu which were not included in Pelkey, but does not directly classify many languages which are acknowledged to be closely related to ones which are included. The languages he does address he classifies into three groups, Nisoid, Axioid, and Puoi, and arranges as follows:
| Nisoish |
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Other languages:
Four of the six Yi languages (fangyan 方言) officially recognized by the Chinese government belong to Lama's Nisoish clade.
However, the remaining two of the six officially recognized Yi languages belong to Lama's Lisoish clade.
Lama (2012) lists the following changes from Proto-Loloish as innovations among various branches and languages of Nisoish.
- *NC- > NCʰ (Nasu and Gepu)
- *s- > ɕ- (Zuoke and Polo)
- *xl- > ɬ-, h- (Sani, Axi, Azhe, Azha)
- *plh- > tʰ- (Nisoid)
- *ŋg- > (n)dz-, dz- (Nisoid)
Chen (2010)
Chen (2010) recognizes three separate regional macro-languages (Chinese: fangyan 方言), Nosu (Northern Yi), Nasu (Eastern Yi), and Nesu (Southern Yi). Chen's Nosu and Nasu roughly correspond with Lama's Nisoid branch, and Nesu roughly corresponds with Lama's Axi–Puoid. Also listed are the counties where each respective dialect is spoken.
- Nosu 诺苏方言 (See)
- Nasu 纳苏方言
- Nàsū 纳苏次方言
- Nàsū 纳苏 (na̱˧su˧pʰo˥): 400,000 speakers in Luquan, Wuding, Xundian, Huize, Dongchuan, Songming, etc.
- Naso, Nàsuǒ 纳索 (na̱˧so˧pʰo˥): 300,000 speakers in Zhaotong, Ludian, Yiliang, Daguan, Yanjin, Suijiang, Yongshan, Qiaojia, Huize, etc.
- Alo, Āluó 阿罗 (a̱˥lɒ˧): 100,000 speakers in Wuding, Fumin, Lufeng, etc.
- Mongi, Mòqí 莫其 (mo˨˩ndʑi˨˩): 50,000 speakers in Wuding, Luquan, Songming, Kunming, Mile, etc.
- Nersu, Nèisū 内苏次方言
- Nersu, Nèisū 内苏 (nɤ˥su˩˧): 300,000 speakers in Weining, Shuicheng, Hezhang, Nayong, Yiliang, Huize, Xuanwei, Weixin, Zhenyong, etc.
- Nipu, Nípǔ 尼普 (ȵi˥pʰu˥): 300,000 speakers in Bijie, Qianxi, Jinsha, Dafang, Zhijin, Nayong, Qingzhen, Pingba, Puding, Liuzhi, Guanling, Zhenning, etc.
- Noso, Nuòsuǒ 诺索次方言
- Noso, Nuòsuǒ 诺索 (nɔ˥so˧): 100,000 speakers in Panxian, Xingren, Pu'an, Xingyi, Qinglong, Shuicheng, Fuyuan, Luoping, etc.
- Polo, Bǔluó 补罗 (pʰo̱˥lo̱˥): 50,000 speakers in Kaiyuan, Gejiu, Mengzi, Honghe, Wenshan, Yanshan, etc.
- Nàsū 纳苏次方言
- Nesu 聂苏方言
- Nesu, Nièsū 聂苏次方言
- Nesu, Nièsū 聂苏 (ne̱˧su˥): 500,000 speakers in Honghe, Mojiang, Yuanjiang, Yuanyang, Luchun, Jiangcheng, Jinping, Hekou, Pu'er, Jinghong, Mengla, etc.
- Narsu, Nuósū 娜苏 (na˧su˥): 500,000 speakers in Shiping, Eshan, Tonghai, Jianshui, Kaiyuan, Gejiu, Mengzi, Pingbian, etc.
- Zoko, Zuòkuò 作括 (dzo˨˩kʰo˦): 100,000 speakers in Wenshan, Yanshan, Xichou, Maguan, Malipo, etc.
- Sani, Sǎní 撒尼次方言
- Azi, Āzhé 阿哲次方言
- Azi, Āzhé 阿哲 (a˨˩dʐɛ̱˨˩pʰo˨˩): 100,000 speakers in Mile, Huaning, Kaiyuan, Jianshui, etc.
- Neshu, Nièshū 聂舒: (nɪ̱˧ʂu˥pʰo˨˩): 500,000 speakers in Xinping, Yuxi, Jiangchuan, Yimen, Puning, etc.
- Lopo, Luópō 罗泼 (lo˨˩pʰɯ˨˩): 100,000 speakers in Mile
- Kopo, Gépō 格泼 (ko˥pʰo˨˩): 100,000 speakers in Fuyuan, Luoping, Zhanyi, Qujing, Shizong, Huize, Lunan, Luliang, Mile, etc.
- Sanni, Sāngní 桑尼 (ʂɛ˨˩ni˥˩): 100,000 speakers in Kunming
- Nesu, Nièsū 聂苏次方言
Demographics
The following demographics of Phula languages is from Pelkey (2011).
| Language | Autonym(s) | Speakers | Ethnic population | Villages | Dialects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phala | pʰa˧˩la˧/˥ | 12,000 | 13,000 | 33 | 5+ |
| Phola | pʰo˧˩la˥ | 13,000 | 13,000 | 42 | 7+ |
| Alo Phola | pʰo˧˩la˥ | 500 | 500 | 1 | 1 |
| Qila Muji | m˩3 dʑi3˧ | 1,500 | 1,500 | 3 | 3 |
| Southern Muji | m˩˧dʑi˧ | 26,000 | 28,000 | 104 | 6+ |
| Northern Muji | mɯ˨˩dʑi˧ | 9,000 | 15,000 | 61 | 3+ |
| Muzi | m˩˧dzɿ˧ | 10,000 | 16,000 | 42 | 5+ |
| Bokha | po˨˩kʰo˥ | 10,000 | 12,000 | 31 | 3+ |
| Phuma | pʰɯ˥ma˨˩ | 8,000 | 8,000 | 23 | 2 |
| Alugu | a˥lɯ˧ɡɯ˧χa˨˩ | 3,500 | 3,500 | 11 | 2 |
| Phupa | pʰɯ˧pa˨˩ | 3,000 | 4,000 | 13 | 3 |
| Phupha | pʰɯ˥pʰa˧ | 1,300 | 1,500 | 5 | 3 |
| Phuza | pʰɯ˥za˧˩ | 6,000 | 8,000 | 28 | 2+ |
| Ani Phowa | pʰo˨˩va˧ | 10,000 | 10,000 | 30 | 3+ |
| Labo Phowa | pʰo˨˩va˧ | 17,000 | 21,000 | 70 | Dialect chain |
| Hlepho Phowa | pʰo˨˩va˧ | 36,000 | 50,000 | 187 | Dialect chain |
| Azha | a˧tsa˨˩, a˥tʂa˧ | 53,000 | 54,000 | 98 | 5+ |
| Zokhuo | tso˨˩kʰuo˥ | 13,000 | 17,000 | 56 | 2 |
| Khlula | kɬʰu˨˩la˧ | 21,000 | 34,000 | 114 | 3+ |
| Moji | - | 2,000 | 7,000 | 45 | 2+ |
| Phukha | - | 10,000 | 14,000 | 41? | Unknown |
| Laghuu | la˨˩ɣɯ˦ | 500 | 1,500 | 7 | Unknown |
| Pholo | pho˥lo˥ | 30,000 | 34,000 | 112 | 3+ |
| Thopho | tʰo˨˩pʰo˧ | 200 | 500 | 2 | 1 |
The following datapoints (i.e., sample locations) for Phula languages are from Pelkey (2011:26-27).
| Language | County | Township | Village | Datapoint Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alugu | Gejiu | Manhao 蔓耗镇 | Chongtianling 冲天岭[3] | CTL |
| Azha | Yanshan County | Ganhe 干河彝族乡 | Faduke Dazhai 法都可大寨 ("Dafa 大法") |
DFC |
| Azha | Wenshan County | Dongshan 东山彝族乡 | Huangzhai 荒寨[4] | HZC |
| Azha | Wenshan County | Binglie 秉烈彝族乡 | Luojiayi 倮家邑[5] | LJY |
| Azha | Wenshan County | Binglie 秉烈彝族乡 | Xiaopingba 小平坝[6] | XPB |
| Bokha | Pingbian County | Dishuiceng 滴水层乡 | Yibaizu 邑佰租[7] | YBZ |
| Bokho | Jinping County | Ma'andi 马鞍底乡 | Dixibei 地西北[8] | DXB |
| Khlula | Wenshan County | Liujing 柳井彝族乡 | Laozhai 老寨[9][10][11] | LZC |
| Khlula | Maguan County | Muchang 木厂镇 | Maxi 马西[12] | MXC |
| Muji | Pingbian County | Xinxian 新现乡 | Luoshuidong 落水洞[13] | LSD |
| Muji | Jinping County | Adipo 阿德博乡 | Pujiazhai 普家寨 | PJZ |
| Muji | Jinping County | Jinshuihe 金水河镇 | Qila 期腊[14] | QLC |
| Muji | Mengzi County | Shuitian 水田乡 | Xiepo 斜坡[15] | XPC |
| Muzi | Gejiu | Laochang 老厂镇 | Malutang 马鹿塘[16] | MLT |
| Muzi | Gejiu | Kafang 卡房镇 | Nuoguzhai 糯谷寨[17] | NGZ |
| Muzi | Jinping County | Tongchang 铜厂乡 | Shizitou 狮子头[18] | SZT |
| Phala | Honghe County | Baohua 宝华乡 | Beishe 碑赊[19] | BSC |
| Phala | Honghe County | Yisa 迤萨镇 | Feinishao 斐尼哨[20] | FNS |
| Phola | Honghe County | Menglong 勐龙傣族乡 | Adipo 阿底坡[21] | ADP |
| Phola | Yuanjiang County | Wadie 洼垤乡 | Luodie 罗垤[22] | LDC |
| Phola | Yuanjiang County | Lijiang 澧江镇 | Natang 那塘[23] | NTC |
| Phole | Wenshan County | Dehou 德厚镇 | Chekabai 扯卡白[24] | CKB |
| Pholo | Guangnan County | Wuzhu 五珠乡 | Fayi Xiazhai 法衣下寨[25] | FYX |
| Pholo | Yanshan County | Ganhe 干河彝族乡 | Shangxinzhai 上新寨[26] | SXZ |
| Pholo | Guangnan County | Zhulin 珠琳镇 | Xiji 西吉[27] | XJC |
| Phowa | Pingbian County | Xinhua 新华乡 | Feizuke 菲租克[28][29] | FZK |
| Phowa | Kaiyuan County | Beige 碑格乡 | Jiaji 架吉[30] | JJC |
| Phowa | Mengzi County | Mingjiu 鸣鹫镇 | Meizichong 梅子冲[31] | MZC |
| Phowa | Mengzi County | Beige 碑格乡 | Weibazhu Xiaozhai 尾巴猪小寨 | WBZ |
| Phowa | Kaiyuan County | Mazheshao 马者哨乡 | Wudupi 乌都皮[32] | WDP |
| Phowa | Mengzi County | Xibeile 西北勒乡 | Daheineng 大黑能[33] | DHN |
| Phowa | Kaiyuan County | Beige 碑格乡 | Lugumu 鲁姑母[34] | LGM |
| Phowa | Wenshan County | Baxin 坝心彝族乡 | Suozhiwan 所支弯 | SZW |
| Phowa | Mengzi County | Xibeile 西北勒乡 | Xibeile 西北勒[35] | XBL |
| Phuma | Pingbian County | Baihe 白河乡 | Yanzitou 岩子头[36] | YZT |
| Phupa | Mengzi County | Shuitian 水田乡 | Gamadi 嘎马底[37][38] | GMD |
| Phupha | Gejiu | Jiasha 贾沙乡 | Fengkou 风口[39] | FKC |
| Phuza | Mengzi County | Lengquan 冷泉镇 | Bujibai 补鸡白[40] | BJB |
| Thopho | Guangnan County | Zhetu 者兔乡 | Xinzhaicun 新寨村[41][42] | XZC |
| Zokhuo | Wenshan County | Zhuiligai 追栗街镇 | Daxingzhai 大兴寨[43] | DXZ |
| Moji | Xichou County | Lianhuatang 莲花塘乡 | Luchaichong 芦差冲[44][45] | LCC |
Yiyu Fangyan Bijiao Yanjiu (彝语方言比较研究) by Wang Chengyou (王成有) (2003) gives phonological inventories for the following datapoints.
- Miyajing, Sanhe, Nanhua County 南华县三河底米丫井村
- Zhuangke, Zhuangke, Yao'an County 姚安县庄科乡庄科村
- Langzhe, Yunshan, Yongsheng County 永胜县云山乡朗者村
- Gen'e, Gen'e, Yongsheng County 永胜县茛莪乡茛莪村
- Zhijuxiao, Zhonghe, Yongren County 永仁县中和乡直苴小村
- Hongmai, Lijiang 丽江红麦; Tanglang language 堂郎语
- Huazhuqing, Xin'an, Mojiang County 思茅地区墨江县新安乡滑竹箐
- Hemezha, Tanhua, Da'yao County 大姚县昙华乡[补期地耕作]黑么乍村
- Aiguo, Yangjiang, Weishan County 巍山县漾江农场爱国村
- Sanjia, Chongfeng, Weishan County 巍山县冲锋乡三家村
- Lewuju, Wule, Nanjian County 南涧县五乐乡五具村
- Yanzijiao, Jingxing, Mojiang County 思茅地区墨江县景星乡官厅岩子脚村
- Xiaoguangshan, Baoxiu, Shiping County 红河州石屏县宝秀乡小光山村
- Zuoluo, Honghe County 红河州红河县座落村
- Zhuyuan, Zhuyuan, Laochang District, Xinping County 新平县老厂区竹园乡竹园村
- Suomili, Laowudou, Xinping County 新平县老五斗乡梭咪里村
- Washaozong, Tadian, Weishan County 峨山县塔甸乡瓦哨宗村
- Suxiong, Ganluo County 凉山州甘洛县苏雄乡
- Laodashu, 2nd Township, Huili County 凉山州会理县第二乡老大树
- Lizi, Hongma, Xide County 凉山州喜德县红玛乡李子村
- Damaichong (upper village), Hejia, Liangshan, Yuanmou County 元谋县凉山乡何家村大麦冲上队
- Daxingzhai, Wenshan County 文山县大兴寨; Zuoke language 坐柯
- Huangzhai (small village), Gaodeng, Wenshan County 文山县高登乡村公所荒寨小队; Azhapu language 阿扎仆
- Longshu, Qiubei County 丘北县龙树村; Axi Touruo language 阿细拖若
- Anwang, Guangnan County 广南县安王村; Flowery Lolo 花倮
- Long'an, Funing County 富宁县龙安; White Lolo 白倮
- Musang, Funing County 富宁县木桑村; Black Lolo 黑倮
- Sayingpan, Luquan, Kunming 昆明市禄劝撒营盘
- Banaji, Wuding County 武定县罢纳吉村
- Chijiabi, Biji, Xishan, Kunming 昆明市西山区碧鸡乡赤甲碧村
- 2nd Village, Wafei, 5th District, Zhenxiong County 镇雄县五区娃飞乡二村
- Laolin, Yanshan District, Zhaotong County 昭通县盐山区老林乡
- Jingdi, Sayu, Zhaotong County 昭通县洒渔乡井底村
- Longjie, 9th Township, Weining County 威宁县九乡龙街
- Dafang County 大方县
- Pan County 盘县
- De'e, Longlin County 隆林县德峨
- Axi 阿细: Xiaolongpu, Huakou, Xishan, Mile County 弥勒县西三镇花口村公所小龙铺村
- Azhe 阿哲: Zhongzhai, Wushan, Mile County 弥勒县五山中寨村
- Gupo 古泼: Songshulin, Niupo, Wushan, Mile County 弥勒县五山乡牛坡村公所松树林村
- Sani 撒尼: Fengwu, Wujiepu, Luxi County 泸西县午街铺镇凤午村
- Pula 濮拉: Wudupi, Chongmen, Mazheshao, Kaiyuan County 开远县马者哨乡冲门村委会乌都皮村
- Nisu 尼苏: Baishengzhai (upper village), Baishengzhai, Yuanyang County 元阳县百胜寨乡百胜寨上村
- Naisu 乃苏: Weisuo, Wushan, Mile County 弥勒县五山乡围锁村
References
- ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Southeastern Ngwi". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ↑ Pelkey, Jamin. 2011. Dialectology As Dialectic: Interpreting Phula Variation. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
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- ↑ http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=93177
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- Chen Kang [陈康]. 2010. A study of Yi dialects [彝语方言研究]. Beijing: China Minzu University Press.
- Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012), Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages, thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
- Pelkey, Jamin. 2011. Dialectology as Dialectic: Interpreting Phula Variation.
Further reading
- Pelkey, Jamin. 2011b. A Phula comparative lexicon: Phola, Phuza, Muji, Phowa, Azha. SIL Language and Culture Documentation and Description, 18. Dallas: SIL International.
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