President of the Philippines

President of the Republic of the Philippines
Pangulo ng Republika ng Pilipinas

Incumbent
Benigno S. Aquino III
since 30 June 2010
Style

Mr. President (informal)

His Excellency (male)
Residence Malacañang Palace
(Official)
Bahay Pangarap[1][2]
(de facto)
Seat Manila
Appointer Direct election votes
Term length Six years
unrenewable
Constituting instrument 1987 Constitution of the Philippines
Inaugural holder Emilio Aguinaldo
(official)a
Manuel L. Quezon
(de jure)b
Formation 23 January 1899
(official)[3]a
15 November 1935
(de jure)[4]b
Salary ₱120,000 per month
(₱ 8,640,000 total at six-year term) as of 2012[note 1]
Website http://www.president.gov.ph
a. The position was created by an independent revolutionary state, the "Malolos Republic", but was not recognized internationally. The Philippine government now recognizes the Malolos Republic as its predecessor state, which it also calls the First Philippine Republic.
b. From an international standpoint at that time, the First Philippine Republic never existed but rather, Spain ceded its Spanish East Indies to the United States of America by the Treaty of Paris following the Spanish–American War. Therefore, the international community only recognizes the first Philippine presidency under the US-associated Commonwealth of the Philippines.

The President of the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Pangulo ng Republika ng Pilipinas) is the head of state and head of government of the Philippines. The President leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

Filipinos refer to their President as Pangulo or Presidente and the President serves for one, fixed, six-year term without possibility of re-election.

Local nomenclature

In Filipino, one of the two official languages of the Philippines, the President is referred to as Pangulo. In the other major languages of the Philippines such as the Visayan languages, Presidente is more common when Filipinos are not actually code-switching with the English word.

History

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Early republics

Bonifacio's Tagalog Republic

Depending on the definition chosen for these terms, a number of persons could alternatively be considered the inaugural holder of the office. Andrés Bonifacio could be considered the first President of a united Philippines since he was the third Supreme President (Spanish: Presidente Supremo; Filipino: Kataas-taasang Pangulo) of the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society. Its Supreme Council, led by the Supreme President, coordinated provincial and district councils. When the Katipunan started an open revolt against the Spanish colonial government in August 1896, Bonifacio transformed the society into a revolutionary government with him as its head. While the term Katipunan remained,Bonifacio's government was also known as the Tagalog Republic (Spanish: República Tagala; Filipino: Republikang Tagalog). Although the word Tagalog refers to the Tagalog people, a specific ethno-linguistic group, Bonifacio used it to denote all non-Spanish peoples of the Philippines in place of Filipinos, which had colonial origins.[9][10][11][12][13] Bonifacio's revolutionary government never controlled much territory for any significant period. Some historians contend that including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sacay and Miguel Malvar should also be included.[14]

Aguinaldo's government and the First Republic

In March 1897, Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president of the revolutionary government at the Tejeros Convention.[15] The new government was meant to replace the Katipunan, though the latter was not formally abolished until 1899. Aguinaldo was again elected President at Biak-na-Bato in November, leading the Republic of Biak-na-Bato. Unfortunately his revolutionary government was not winning Philippine Revolution against Spain. Aquinaldo therefore signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and went into exile in Hong Kong at the end of 1897.

In April 1898, the Spanish–American War broke out, and the Asiatic Squadron of the United States Navy sailed for the Philippines. At the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898 the American Navy decisively defeated the Spanish Navy effectively ending Spanish rule in the Philippines.[16] Aquinaldo subsequently returned to the Philippines aboard a U.S. Navy vessel and renewed the revolution. He formed a dictatorial government on May 24, 1898 and issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898. On June 23, 1898, Aguinaldo transformed his dictatorial government into a revolutionary government. On January 23, 1899, he was then elected President of the First Philippine Republic, a government constituted by the Malolos Congress under the Malolos Constitution. Thus, this government is also called the Malolos Republic.

The First Philippine Republic was short-lived and never internationally recognized. The Philippines was transferred from Spanish to American control in the Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed in December of that year.[17] The Philippine–American War broke out between the United States and Aguinaldo's government. His government effectively ceased to exist on April 1, 1901, after he pledged allegiance to the United States following his capture by U.S. forces in March.

The current Philippine government, called the Republic of the Philippines, considers Emilio Aguinaldo to be the first President of the Philippines and the Malolos Republic as the First Philippine Republic.[18]

Other claimants

Miguel Malvar continued Aguinaldo's leadership of the Philippine Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902, while Macario Sakay founded a Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuing state of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are both considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents", and along with Bonifacio, are not recognized as Presidents by the government.[19][20]

American occupation

Between 1901 and 1935, executive power in the Philippines was exercised by a succession of four American military Governors-General and eleven civil Governors-General.

Philippine Commonwealth

In October 1935, Manuel L. Quezon was elected the first President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, which had been established, still under United States sovereignty, under a constitution ratified on 14 May of that year. During its first five years, the President could serve for an unrenewable six-year term. It was later amended in 1940 to limit a President to serving no more than two four-year terms. When President Quezon exiled himself to the United States after the Philippines fell to the Empire of Japan in World War II, he appointed Chief Justice José Abad Santos as Acting President. Abad Santos was subsequently executed by the Imperial Japanese Army on May 2, 1942.

The Second Republic under the Japanese

On October 14, 1943, José P. Laurel became President under a constitution imposed by the Japanese occupation. Laurel, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, had been instructed to remain in the City of Manila by President Quezon, who withdrew to Corregidor and then to the United States to establish a government in exile in the United States.

After the combined American and Filipino forces liberated the islands in 1945, Laurel officially dissolved the republic on August 17, 1945.

After World War II

The 1935 Constitution was restored after the Japanese surrender ended World War II, with Vice-President Sergio Osmeña becoming President due to Quezon's death on August 1, 1944. It remained in effect after the United States recognized the sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines as a separate self-governing nation on July 4, 1946.

1973 Constitution

Home provinces of the Presidents.

A new Constitution ratified on January 17, 1973 under the rule of Ferdinand E. Marcos introduced a parliamentary-style government. Marcos instituted himself as Prime Minister while serving as President in 1978. He later appointed César Virata as Prime Minister in 1981.

This Constitution was in effect until the People Power Revolution of 1986 toppled Marcos's 21-year authoritarian regime and replaced him with Corazon C. Aquino.

Fifth Republic

Ruling by decree during the early part of her tenure and as a president installed by revolutionary means, President Corazon Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3 on March 25, 1986 which abrogated many of the provisions of the then 1973 Constitution, including the provisions which gave the President legislative powers associated with the Marcos regime, as well as the unicameral legislature called the Batasang Pambansa (literally National Legislature in Filipino). Often called the "Freedom Constitution," the proclamation retained only parts of the 1973 Constitution that were essential for a return to democratic rule, such as the bill of rights. This constitution was superseded on February 2, 1987 by the present Constitution.

Other issues

Both Bonifacio and Aguinaldo might be considered to have been an inaugural president of an insurgent government. Quezon was the inaugural president of a predecessor state to the current one, while Aquino, mère, was the inaugural president of the currently-constituted government.

The government considers Aguinaldo to have been the first President of the Philippines, followed by Quezon and his successors.[18][21] Despite the differences in constitutions and government, the line of presidents is considered to be continuous. For instance, the current president, Benigno S. Aquino III, is considered to be the 15th president.

While the government may consider Aguinaldo as the first president, the First Republic fell under the United States' jurisdiction due to the 1898 Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish–American War; the United States thus does not consider his tenure to have been legitimate.[18][22] Manuel L. Quezon is considered to be the first president by the United States. He is also the first to win a popular election and a nationwide election.

Laurel's position

As with many other Axis-occupied countries in the Second World War, the Philippines had at one point two presidents heading two governments. One was Quezon and the Commonwealth government-in-exile in Washington, D.C., and the other was Manila-based Laurel heading the Japanese-sponsored Second Republic. Notably, Laurel was himself instructed to remain in Manila by President Quezon. Laurel was not formally recognized as a President until the rule of Diosdado Macapagal. His inclusion in the official list coincided with the transfer of the official date of Independence Day from July 4 (the anniversary of the Philippines' independence from the United States) to June 12 (the anniversary of the 1898 Declaration of Independence).

The inclusion of Laurel thus causes some problems in determining the order of presidents. It is inaccurate to call Laurel the successor of Osmeña or vice-versa, since Laurel's Second Republic was formally repudiated after World War II, its actions not considered legal or binding. Quezon, Osmeña, and Roxas were seen as being in a contiguous line according to the 1935 Constitution, while Laurel was the only president of the Second Republic, which had a separate charter. Thus, Laurel had neither predecessor nor successor, while Osmeña succeeded Quezon after the latter's death, and was in turn succeeded by Roxas as President of the Third Republic.

Timeline

Powers and duties

Chief Executive

The President of the Philippines, being the chief executive, serves as both the head of state and head of government of the Philippines. The Constitution vests the executive power upon the President who thus heads the government's executive branch, which includes the Cabinet and all executive departments.[23]

The President also has the power to grant pardons[24] to enter into foreign loans with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board.[25]

The President also exercises general supervision over local government units.[26]

Commander-in-Chief

The President also serves as the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.[27] This includes the power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus and to declare martial law.[27]

Power of appointment

With the consent of the Commission on Appointments, the President also appoints the heads of the executive departments, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, high ranking officers of the armed forces, and other officials.[28] The members of the Supreme Court and lower courts are also appointed by the President, but only from the list of nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council. Such appointments do not need the approval of the Commission on Appointments.[29]

Government agencies

Some government agencies report to no specific department but are instead under the Office of the President. These include important agencies such as the National Security Council, Securities and Exchange Commission, the Anti-Money Laundering Council, and the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority.[30]

Selection process

Eligibility

Article 7, Section 2 of the Constitution states that no person may be elected President unless he is:

The Constitution also provides term limits where the President is ineligible for reelection and a person who has succeeded as President and has served as such for more than four years will be ineligible to be elected for a second term. However, with the case of Joseph Ejercito Estrada who was elected president in 1998, served until 2001, and again ran for the presidency in 2010, the Constitution's wording where "[the] President shall not be eligible for any re-election"[32] remains unclear as his case was never brought to the Supreme Court. It remains unclear whether the term limit of no re-election applies only to the incumbent President or for any person who has been elected as President.

Election

The President is elected by direct vote every six years, usually on the second Monday of May.[32]

The returns of every election for President and Vice-President, duly certified by the board of canvassers of each province or city, shall be transmitted to Congress, directed to the President of the Senate. Upon receipt of the certificates of canvass, the President of the Senate shall open all the certificates in the presence of a joint public session of Congress not later than 30 days after election day. Congress then canvasses the votes upon determining that the polls are authenticity and were done in the manner provided by law.

The person with the highest number of votes is declared the winner, but in case two or more have the highest number of votes, the President is elected by a majority of all members of both Houses, voting separately on each.

Inauguration

Current president Benigno S. Aquino III during his inauguration

The President of the Philippines usually takes the Oath of Office at noon of June 30 following the Presidential election

Traditionally, the Vice-President takes the Oath first, a little before noon. This is for two reasons: first, according to protocol, no one follows the President (who is last due to his supremacy), and second, to establish a constitutionally valid successor before the President-elect accedes. During the Quezon inauguration, however, the Vice-President and the Legislature were sworn in after the President, to symbolise a new start.

As soon as the President takes the Oath of Office, a 21-gun salute is fired to salute the new head of state, and the Presidential Anthem Mabuhay is played. The President delivers his inaugural address, and then proceeds to Malacañang Palace to climb the Grand Staircase, a ritual which symbolises the formal possession of the Palace. The President then inducts the newly formed cabinet into office in one of the state rooms.

Custom has enshrined three places as the traditional venue for the inauguration ceremony: Barasoain Church in Malolos City, Bulacan; in front of the old Legislative Building (now part of the National Museum) in Manila; or at Quirino Grandstand, where most have been held. In 2004, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo delivered her pre-inaugural address at Quirino Grandstand, took the Oath of Office in Cebu City before Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr., and the next day held the first cabinet meeting in Butuan City. She broke with precedent, reasoning that she wanted to celebrate her inauguration in each of the three main island groups of the Philippines: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Her first inauguration also broke precedent as she was sworn in at the EDSA Shrine on January 20, 2001, during the EDSA Revolution of 2001 that removed Joseph Ejercito Estrada from office.

In the past, elections were held in November and the President's inauguration was held on December 30 (Rizal Day). This ensured that when the inauguration was usually held at Quirino Grandstand, the new President could see the Rizal Monument on the anniversary of his death. Ferdinand E. Marcos transferred the dates of both the elections and the inauguration to May and June, respectively, and it remains so to this day.

The dress code at the modern inaugural ceremony is traditional, formal Filipino clothing, which is otherwise loosely termed Filipiniana. Ladies must wear terno, baro't saya (the formal wear of other indigenous groups is permissible), while men don the Barong Tagalog. Non-Filipinos at the ceremony may wear their respective versions of formal dress, but foreign diplomats have often been seen donning Filipiniana as a mark of cultural respect.

Oath of Office

The Constitution provides the following oath or affirmation for the President and Vice President-elect which must be taken before they enter into office:[33]

I, [name], do solemnly swear [or affirm] that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President [or Vice-President or Acting President] of the Philippines, preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God. [In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted.]
— Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 5

The Filipino text of the oath as was used for the inaugurations of Fidel V. Ramos, Joseph Ejercito Estrada, and Benigno S. Aquino III reads:[34]

Matimtim kong pinanunumpaan (o pinatotohanan) na tutuparin ko nang buong katapatan at sigasig ang aking mga tungkulin bilang Pangulo (o Pangalawang Pangulo o Nanunungkulang Pangulo) ng Pilipinas, pangangalagaan at ipagtatanggol ang kanyang Konstitusyon, ipatutupad ang mga batas nito, magiging makatarungan sa bawat tao, at itatalaga ang aking sarili sa paglilingkod sa Bansa. Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos. (Kapag pagpapatotoo, ang huling pangungusap ay kakaltasin.)

Impeachment

Impeachment in the Philippines follows procedures similar to the United States. The House of Representatives, one of the houses of the bicameral Congress, has the exclusive power to initiate all cases of impeachment against the President, Vice President, members of the Supreme Court, members of the Constitutional Commissions and the Ombudsman.[35] When a third of its membership has endorsed the impeachment articles, it is then transmitted to the Senate of the Philippines which tries and decide, as impeachment tribunal, the impeachment case.[36] A main difference from US proceedings however is that only a third of House members are required to approve the motion to impeach the President (as opposed as opposed to the majority required in the United States). In the Senate, selected members of the House of Representatives act as the prosecutors and the Senators act as judges with the Senate President and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court jointly presiding over the proceedings. Like the United States, to convict the official in question requires that a minimum of two-thirds (i.e., 16 of 24 members) of the senate vote in favour of conviction. If an impeachment attempt is unsuccessful or the official is acquitted, no new cases can be filed against that impeachable official for at least one full year.

Impeachable offenses

The Constitution enumerates the culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, and betrayal of public trust as grounds for the impeachment of the President.[37] The same also applies for the Vice President, the Members of the Supreme Court, the Members of the Constitutional Commissions, and the Ombudsman.

Impeachment attempts and proceedings

Joseph Ejercito Estrada

Joseph Ejercito Estrada was the first President to undergo impeachment when the House of Representatives voted to raise the impeachment proceedings to the Senate in 2000. However, the trial ended prematurely where anti-Estrada senators walked out of the impeachment sessions when Estrada's allies in the Senate voted narrowly to block the opening of an envelope which allegedly contained critical evidence on Estrada's wealth. Estrada was later ousted from office when the 2001 EDSA Revolution forced him out of the presidential palace and when the Supreme Court confirmed that his leaving the palace was his de facto resignation from office.

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

Several impeachment complaints were filed against Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo but none reached the required endorsement of a third of the House of Representatives.

Title

The official title of the head of state and government is "President of the Philippines."[6] The title in Filipino is "Pangulo" (cognate of Malay penghulu "leader", "chieftain"). The honorific for the President is "Your Excellency" or "His/Her Excellency", adopted from the title of the Governor-General of the Philippines during Spanish and American occupation.

Historical titles

The term "President of the Republic of the Philippines", used under Japanese occupation of the Philippines distinguished the government of then-President José P. Laurel from the Commonwealth government-in-exile under President Manuel L. Quezon.[38] The restoration of the Commonwealth in 1945 and the subsequent independence of the Philippines title "President of the Philippines" sanctioned in the 1935 constitution.[39] The 1973 constitution, though generally referring to the president as "President of the Philippines" did, in Article XVII, Section 12, once used the term, "President of the Republic."[40] In the text of Proclamation No. 1081 that announced martial law in September 1972, President Ferdinand E. Marcos consistently referred to himself as "President of the Philippines."[41]

State of the nation address

President Benigno S. Aquino III delivers his 2nd State of the Nation Address at the Batasang Pambansa

The State of the Nation Address (abbreviated SONA) is an annual event in the Philippines, in which the President of the Philippines reports on the status of the nation, normally to the resumption of a joint session of the Congress (the House of Representatives and the Senate). This is a duty of the President as stated in Article VII, Section 23 of the 1987 Constitution:[6]

“ The President shall address Congress at the opening of its regular session. He/She may also appear anytime. ”

Tenure and term limits

Ferdinand E. Marcos was the only three-term Philippine President (1965–1969, 1969–1981, 1981–1986).

The 1935 Constitution originally provided for a single six-year term for a president without re-election.[42] In 1940, however, the 1935 Constitution was amended and the term of the President (and Vice-President) was shortened to four years but allowed one re-election. Since the amendment was done, only Presidents Manuel L. Quezon (1941) and Ferdinand E. Marcos (1969) were re-elected. Presidents Sergio Osmeña (1946), Elpidio Quirino (1953), Carlos P. Garcia (1961) and Diosdado Macapagal (1965) all failed in seeking a new term.

However, in 1973, a new Constitution was promulgated and allowed then-incumbent President Ferdinand E. Marcos to seek a new term. In 1981, Marcos was again elected as President against Alejo Santos – making him the only President to be elected to a third term.[43]

Today, under Article 7, Section 4 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, the term of the President shall begin at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following the day of the election and shall end at noon of the same date, six years thereafter. The incumbent President shall not be eligible for any re-election. No person who has been President and has served as such for more than four years shall be qualified for election to the presidency at any time.[44]

Vacancy

At the start of the term

Under Article 7, Section 7 of the Constitution of the Philippines, In case the president-elect fails to qualify, the Vice President-elect shall act as President until the President-elect shall have qualified.[6]

If at the beginning of the term of the President, the President-elect shall have died or shall have become permanently disabled, the Vice President-elect shall become President.[6]

Where no President and Vice President shall have been chosen or shall have qualified, or where both shall have died or become permanently disabled, the President of the Senate or, in case of his inability, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, shall act as President until a President or a Vice President shall have been chosen and qualified.[6]

During the term

Sergio Osmeña was the first Vice President to succeed to the presidency upon the death of a chief executive who was Manuel Quezon in 1944.

Article 7, Sections 8 and 11 of the Constitution of the Philippines provide rules of succession to the presidency. In case of death, permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation of the President, the Vice President will become the President to serve the unexpired term. In case of death, permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation of both the President and Vice President; the President of the Senate or, in case of his inability, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, shall then act as President until the President or Vice-President shall have been elected and qualified.

The Congress shall, by law, provide who shall serve as President in case of death, permanent disability, or resignation of the Acting President. He shall serve until the President or the Vice President shall have been elected and qualified, and be subject to the same restrictions of powers and disqualifications as the Acting President.

The line of presidential succession as specified by Article 7, Section 10 of the Constitution of the Philippines are the Vice President, Senate President and the Speaker of the House of Representatives.

The current Presidential line of succession is:

# Name Position
1 Jejomar C. Binay Vice President
2 Franklin Drilon President of the Senate
3 Feliciano R. Belmonte, Jr. Speaker of the House

Notes:

Privileges of office

Official residence

Main article: Malacañang Palace
Malacañang Palace, the official residence of the President of the Philippines.

Before the Macalanang Palace was designated as the official residence of the President, various establishments served as residence of the chief executive. The Spanish Governor-General, the highest-ranking official in the Philippines during the Spanish Era, resided in the Palacio del Gobernador inside the walled city of Intramuros. However, after an earthquake in 1863, the Palacio del Gobernador was destroyed, and the residence and office of the Governor-General transferred to Malacañang Palace. During the Philippine Revolution, President Aguinaldo resided in his own home in Kawit, Cavite. After his defeat in the Philippine–American War, Aguinaldo transferred the Capital of the Philippines to different areas while he struggled in the pursuit of American Forces. When the Americans occupied the Philippines, they also used the Palace as an official residence. During the Japanese Occupation of the Philippines, the governmental offices and the presidential residence transferred to Baguio, and the Mansion House was used as the official residence. Meanwhile, President Quezon of the Philippine Commonwealth resided in the Omni Shoreham Hotel in Washington D.C. After the restoration of independence, plans were made for the construction of a new capital city. However, the plans did not push through and Manila remained as the capital city, and Malacañang Palace as the President's official residence.[45][46]

Malacañang Palace serves as the official residence of the President of the Philippines, a privilege entitled to him/her under Article VII, Section 6 of the Constitution.[6] The Palace is located along the north bank of the Pasig River, along JP Laurel Street in the district of San Miguel, Manila.

The Filipino name is derived from the Tagalog phrase "may lakán diyán", ("there is a nobleman there"), and this was eventually shortened to Malakanyáng. There are two variant of the name in official use: "Malacañang Palace" refers to the structure of the Palace, while "Malacañang" identifies the office of the President. The latter, along with the term "the Palace" ("ang Palasyo") are interchangeable, metonyms for the President and his household in colloquial speech and in the media.

Malacañang Palace is depicted on the reverse side of the 20-peso bill in both the New Design and the present New Generation series.

Other residences

Bahay Pangarap

The actual residence of President Benigno S. Aquino III is Bahay Pangarap (English: House of Dreams),[2] a smaller structure located across the Pasig River from Malacañang Palace in Malacañangg Park,[47] which is itself part of the Presidential Security Group Complex.[1][2] Aquino is the first President to live in Bahay Pangarap his official residence.[48][49]

Malacañang Park was originally built by former President Manuel L. Quezon as a rest house and venue for informal activities and social functions for the First Family.[2][49] The house was built and designed by architect Juan Arellano in the 1930s,[2][49] and underwent a number of renovations.[2] In 2008, the house was demolished and rebuilt in contemporary style by architect Conrad Onglao,[2][49] and a new swimming pool was built, replacing the Commonwealth Era one.[48][49] The house originally had one bedroom,[2] however, it was renovated for Aquino to have four bedrooms,[48] a guest room, a room for his household staff, and a room for his close-in security.[47] Malacañangg Park was refurbished through the efforts of First Lady Eva Macapagal, the second wife of President Diosdado Macapagal, in the early 1960s.[49] Mrs. Macapagal renamed the rest house as Bahay Pangarap.[49]

Under Fidel V. Ramos, Bahay Pangarap was transformed into a clubhouse for the Malacañang Golf Club.[2] The house was subsequently used by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to welcome special guests.[2] Aquino made it clear before he assumed office that he refused to live in the main Palace, or in the nearby Arlegui Mansion (where he once lived during his mother's rule and where Ramos later stayed), stating that both were too big.[2] He lived in the Aquino family residence along Times Street, Quezon City in the first few days of his rule, although he transferred to Bahay Panagarap because it was deemed a security concern for his neighbours if he stayed in their small, 1970s home.[1]

Other homes

The President also has other complexes nationwide for official use:

Air transport

An Aérospatiale SA-330 Puma carrying President Corazon C. Aquino at Subic Bay Naval Base.

The 250th (Presidential) Airlift Wing of the Philippine Air Force has the mandate of providing safe and efficient air transport for the President of the Philippines and the First Family. On occasion, the wing has also been tasked to provide transportation for other members of government, visiting heads of state, and other state guests.

The fleet includes: 1 Fokker F28, which is primarily used for the President's domestic trips and it is also called "Kalayaan One" when the President is on board, 4 Bell 412 helicopters, 3 Sikorsky S-76 helicopters, 1 Sikorsky S-70-5 Black Hawk, a number of Bell UH-1N Twin Hueys, as well as Fokker F-27 Friendships. For trips outside of the Philippines, the Air Force employs a Bombardier Global Express or charters appropriate aircraft from the country's flag carrier, Philippine Airlines. In 1962, the Air Force chartered aircraft from Pan American World Airways as the international services of Philippine Airlines were suspended. Pan Am later went defunct in 1991. For short-haul flights, PAL uses Airbus A320 or Airbus A321 aircraft. For medium to long-haul flights, the airline's Airbus A340-300, Airbus A330-300 or Boeing 777-300ER are used. Any PAL aircraft with the callsign PR 001 is a special plane operated by Philippine Airlines to transport the President of the Philippines.

A Presidential Helicopter Bell 412 crashed on April 7, 2009, in the mountainous Ifugao Province north of Manila. On board were eight people, including two Cabinet undersecretaries and several servicemen. The flight was en route to Ifugao from Baguio City as an advance party of President Macapagal-Arroyo, when the control tower at the now-defunct Loakan Airport lost communication with the craft several minutes after takeoff.

The Arroyo administration planned to buy another aircraft worth of about 1.2 Billion pesos before her term ended in June 2010,[50] but cancelled the purchase due to other issues.[51]

Water transport

BRP Ang Pangulo (BRP stands for Barkó ng Repúblika ng Pilipinas, "Ship of the Republic of the Philippines"; "Ang Pangulo" is Filipino for "The President") was commissioned by the Philippine Navy on March 7, 1959. It was built in and by Japan during the administration of President García as part of Japanese reparations to the Philippines for World War II.[52] It is primarily used in entertaining guests of the incumbent President.

Land transport

Presidential car with plate number 1 and Presidential Standard
The Presidential car used by Manuel L. Quezon during his term

The President of the Philippines uses two black and heavily armored Mercedes-Benz W221 S600 Guard, whereas one is a decoy vehicle. In convoys, the President is escorted by the Presidential Security Group using primarily Nissan Patrol SUVs with the combination of the following vehicles: Audi A6, BMW 7 Series, Chevrolet Suburban, Hyundai Equus, Hyundai Starex, Toyota Camry, Toyota Fortuner, Toyota Land Cruiser, Philippine National Police 400cc motorcycles, Philippine National Police Toyota Altis (Police car variant), other government-owned vehicles, and ambulances at the tail of the convoy; the number depends on the destination. The presidential cars are designated and registered a plate number of 1 or the word PANGULO (President). The limousine bears the Flag of the Philippines and, occasionally, the Presidential Standard.[53]

For regional trips, the President boards a Toyota Coaster or Mitsubishi Fuso Rosa or other vehicles owned by government-owned and controlled corporations or government agencies. In this case, the PSG escorts the President using local police cars with an ambulance at the tail of the convoy.

The incumbent President, Benigno S. Aquino III, prefers to use his personal vehicle, a Toyota Land Cruiser 200 or his relative's Lexus LX-570 over the black Presidential limousines after their electronic mechanisms were damaged by floodwater. The Palace has announced its interest to acquire a new Presidential limousine.[54]

The Office of the President has also owned various cars over the decades, including a 1937 Chrysler Airflow that served as the country's very first Presidential limousine for Manuel L. Quezon.

Security

The Presidential Security Group (abbreviated PSG), is the lead agency tasked with providing security for the President, Vice-President, and their immediate families. They also provide protective service for visiting heads of state and diplomats.

Unlike similar groups around the world who protect other political figures, the PSG is not required to handle presidential candidates. However, former Presidents and their immediate families are entitled to a small security detail from the PSG. Currently, the PSG uses Nissan Patrol SUVs as its primary security vehicles.

Post-presidencies

Presidents Emilio Aguinaldo and Manuel L. Quezón during the 1935 campaign.

After leaving office, a number of presidents held various public positions and made an effort to remain in the limelight. Among other honors, former Presidents and their immediate families are entitled to three soldiers as security detail.[55]

As of June 30, 2010, there are three living former Presidents:

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Article XVIII Section 17 of the 1987 Constitution provides that until the Congress provides otherwise the President shall receive an annual salary of three hundred thousand pesos. On August 21, 1989, Republic Act No. 6758 directed the Department of Budget and Management (DBM) to establish and administer a unified Compensation and Position Classification System along lines specified in that Act.[5] On March 14, 2007, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo issued Executive Order No. 611 Department of Budget and Management (DBM) is hereby directed to implement a ten percent (10%) increase over the basic monthly salaries of civilian government personnel whose positions are covered by the Compensation and Position Classification System as of June 30, 2007, including the salaries of the President, Vice-President, Senators and members of the House of Representatives, but to take effect only after the expiration of the respective terms of office of the incumbent officials pursuant to Section 10 of Article VI and Section 6 of Article VII of the 1987 Constitution.[6][7] In August 2010, after President Benigno S. Aquino III received his first paycheques, Philippine newspapers reported that his salary was ₱95,000 per month and by 2011, the President's salary will reach ₱107,000 a month, and ₱120,000 by 2012.[8]

References

Wikisource has original text related to this article:
  1. 1 2 3 "Noynoy's new home is Bahay Pangarap".
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Bahay Pangarap: Aquino's future home?".
  3. ↑ "Emilio Aguinaldo". Official Gazette of the Philippine Government. March 22, 2011.
  4. ↑ Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (2005). The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (published 1972). Retrieved January 10, 2011.
  5. ↑ Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989 (August 21, 1989), Chan Robles Virtual Law Library.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
  7. ↑ EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 611, AUTHORIZING COMPENSATION ADJUSTMENTS TO GOVERNMENT PERSONNEL (July 1, 2007), Lawphil.net.
  8. ↑ "Aquino to spend part of first salary in paying his bills". The Mindanao Daily Mirror. August 6, 2010. Archived from the original on September 29, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2010. Aquino’s salary is pegged at ₱95,000 but due to automatic deductions, President Aquino received a net income of ₱63,002.17. His pay check was released July 30 and the President received it last Monday (Aug. 2)By 2011, Aquino’s pay would reach ₱107,000 a month and ₱120,000 by 2012.
  9. ↑ Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998, p. 25 (Item 3 in the list, referring to Note 41 at p.61, citing "This article underscores the existence of a de facto revolutionary government (with Bonifacio as its president) that antedated the revolutionary government in Cavite based upon the controversial Tejeros Convention. An attempt to change the official date of the Cry [see Cry of Pugad Lawin] from 23 to 24 Aug, 1896 during a committee hearing on Senate Bill No. 336, held on 17 Aug. 1993, apparently failed.". Sulyap Kultura (National Commission of Culture and the Arts, Philippines) 1 (2). 1996.);
    ^ Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998, p. 26, "Formation of a revolutionary government";
    ^ Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998, p. 135 (in "Document G", Account of Mr. Bricco Brigado Pantos).
  10. ↑ Halili & Halili 2004, pp. 138–139.
  11. ↑ Severino, Howie (November 27, 2007). "Bonifacio for (first) president". GMA News..
  12. ↑
    • Guerrero, Milagros; Schumacher, S.J., John (1998). Reform and Revolution. Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People 5. Asia Publishing Company Limited. ISBN 962-258-228-1..
  13. ↑
  14. ↑ Ambeth Ocampo (May 11, 2010). "Bonifacio, First President of the Philippines?". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  15. ↑ Ambeth Ocampo (May 11, 2007). "Looking Back: Election fraud at the Tejeros Convention"..
  16. ↑ Regalado, Felix B., and Quintin B. Franco (1973). History of Panay. Jaro, Iloilo City: Central Philippine University.
  17. ↑ "The U.S. Occupation of the Philippines". University of Colorado American Studies. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
  18. 1 2 3 Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). The encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars: a political, social, and military history. ABC-CLIO. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.
  19. ↑ "The Manila Times – Trusted Since 1898". Retrieved February 13, 2015.
  20. ↑ Flores, Paul (August 12, 1995). "Macario Sakay: Tulisán or Patriot?". Philippine History Group of Los Ángeles. Retrieved April 8, 2007.
  21. ↑ "Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines". Retrieved February 13, 2015.
  22. ↑ Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, U.S. Library of Congress.
  23. ↑ 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 1
  24. ↑ 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 19
  25. ↑ 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 20.
  26. ↑ 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 10, sec. 4.
  27. 1 2 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 18.
  28. ↑ 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 16.
  29. ↑ 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 8, sec. 9.
  30. ↑ "Agencies/Offices under the Office of the President". Presidential Communications Operations Office. Government of the Philippines. Retrieved Jan 6, 2016.
  31. ↑ 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 2
  32. 1 2 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 4
  33. ↑ Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 5
  34. ↑ "Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas, art. 7, sek. 5". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines.
  35. ↑ Constitution of the Philippines, art. 11, sec. 2
  36. ↑ Chan-Robles Virtual Law Library. "The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines – Article XI". Retrieved July 25, 2008.
  37. ↑ Constitution of the Philippines, art. 11, sec. 2.
  38. ↑ The 1943 Constitution
  39. ↑ The 1935 Constitution
  40. ↑ The 1973 Constitution
  41. ↑ PROCLAMATION No. 1081 (September 21, 1972), PROCLAIMING A STATE OF MARTIAL LAW IN THE PHILIPPINES, Lawphil.net.
  42. ↑ 1935 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY
  43. ↑ 1973 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY
  44. ↑ 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY
  45. ↑ A century of alternative Malacañangs | Modern Living, Lifestyle Features, The Philippine Star | philstar.com
  46. ↑ Grandstands and grand public spaces | Modern Living, Lifestyle Features, The Philippine Star | philstar.com
  47. 1 2 "How was PNoy’s first night at Bahay Pangarap?".
  48. 1 2 3 "Bahay Pangarap for P-Noy ready".
  49. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Briefer on Bahay Pangarap and Malacañangg Park".
  50. ↑ Palace shops for P1.2-B jet 10 months before Arroyo exit – Nation – GMANews.TV – Official Website of GMA News and Public Affairs – Latest Philippine News
  51. ↑ Malacañangg cancels plan to purchase P1.2-B jet – Nation – GMANews.TV – Official Website of GMA News and Public Affairs – Latest Philippine News
  52. ↑ The Presidential Yachts, Official Gazette, Office of the President.
  53. ↑ President Aquino arrives at the Palace – YouTube
  54. ↑ Palace: Presidential Car Necessary Expense – Yahoo News Philippines
  55. ↑ The Manila Times | TOP STORIES > Pullout of Erap security a ‘mistake’ (archived from the original on 2007-03-07)
  56. ↑ Archived March 25, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  57. 1 2 Archived April 21, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  58. ↑ Archived February 23, 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  59. ↑ Archived March 7, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  60. ↑ Archived April 18, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  61. ↑ Amita O. Legaspi, Estrada to return to Malacañangg, January 11, 2007, GMANews.TV
  62. ↑ 9 years after ouster, Erap back in Malacañangg, January 12, 2010, GMANews.TV
  63. ↑ QTV: Erap back in Malacañangg for NSC meeting, December 1, 2010, GMANews.TV
  64. ↑ Tonette Orejas, Charlene Cayabyab, Arroyo proclaimed congresswoman of Pampanga’s 2nd district, May 13, 2010, Philippine Daily Inquirer

Bibliography

External links

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