Phase shift module
"Phase shifter" redirects here. For the type of electric utility transformer, see quadrature booster.
A microwave (6 to 18 GHz) Phase Shifter and Frequency Translator. Picture courtesy of Herley
A phase shifter is a microwave network which provides a controllable phase shift of the RF signal.[1][2][3] Phase shifters are used in phased arrays.[4][5][6]
Classification
- Active versus passive: Active phase shifters provide gain, while passive phase shifters are lossy.
- Active:
- Applications: active electronically scanned array (AESA), passive electronically scanned array (PESA)
- Gain: The phase shifter amplifies while phase shifting
- Noise figure (NF)
- Reciprocity: not reciprocal
- Passive:
- Applications: active electronically scanned array (AESA), passive electronically scanned array (PESA)
- Loss: the phase shifter attenuates while phase shifting
- NF: NF = loss
- Reciprocity: reciprocal
- Active:
- Analog versus digital:
- Analog phase shifters provide a continuously variable phase shift or time delay.[7]
- Digital phase shifters provide a discrete set of phase shifts or time delays. Discretization leads to quantization errors. Digital phase shifters require parallel bus control.
- Differential, single-ended or waveguide:
- Differential transmission line: A differential transmission line is a balanced two-conductor transmission line in which the phase difference between currents is 180 degrees. The differential mode is less susceptible to common mode noise and cross talk.
- Single-ended transmission line: A single-ended transmission line is a two-conductor transmission line in which one conductor is referenced to a common ground, the second conductor. The single-ended mode is more susceptible to common-mode noise and cross talk.
- Antenna selection: double folded slot (DFS), microstrip, monopole
- Examples: CPW, microstrip, stripline
- Waveguide
- Antenna selection: waveguide, horn
- Frequency band
- One-conductor or dielectric transmission line versus two-conductor transmission line
- One-conductor or dielectric transmission line (optical fibre, finline, waveguide):
- Two-conductor transmission line (CPW, microstrip, slotline, stripline):
- Differential or single-ended
- TEM or quasi-TEM mode is TTD or quasi-TTD
- Phase shifters versus TTD phase shifter
- A phase shifter provides an invariable phase shift with frequency, and is used for fixed-beam frequency-invariant pattern synthesis.
- A TTD phase shifter provides an invariable time delay with frequency, and is used for squint-free and ultra wideband (UWB) beam steering.
- Reciprocal versus non-reciprocal
- Reciprocal: T/R
- Non-reciprocal: T or R
- Technology
- Design
- Loaded-line:
- Distortion:
- Distorted if lumped
- Undistorted and TTD if distributed
- Distortion:
- Reflect-type:
- Applications: reflect arrays (S11 phase shifters)
- Distortion:
- Distorted if S21 phase shifter, because of 3 dB coupler
- Undistorted and TTD if S11 phase shifter
- Switched-network
- Network:
- High-pass or low-pass
-
or T
- Distortion:
- Undistorted if the left-handed high-pass sections cancel out the distortion of the right-handed low-pass sections
- Network:
- Switched-line
- Applications: UWB beam steering
- Distortion: undistorted and TTD
- Vector summing
- Loaded-line:
Figures of Merit
- Number of Effective bits, if digital [Bit]
- Biasing: current-driven, high-voltage electrostatic [mA,V]
- DC power consumption [mW]
- Distortion: group velocity dispersion (GVD) [ps/(km.nm)]
- Gain [dB] if active, loss if [dB] if passive
- Linearity: IP3, P1dB [dBm]
- Phase shift / noise figure [deg/dB] (phase shifter) or time delay / noise figure [ps/dB] (TTD phase shifter)
- Power handling [mW, dBm]
- Reliability [Cycles, MTBF]
- Size [mm2]
- Switching time [ns]
References
- ↑ Microwave Solid State Circuit Design, 2nd Ed., by Inder Bahl and Prakash Bhartia, John Wiley & Sons, 2003 (Chapter 12)
- ↑ RF MEMS Theory, Design and Technology by Gabriel Rebeiz, John Wiley & Sons, 2003 (Chapter 9-10)
- ↑ Antenna Engineering Handbook, 4th Ed., by John Volakis, McGraw-Hill, 2007 (Chapter 21)
- ↑ Phased Array Antennas, 2nd Ed., by R. C. Hansen, John Wiley & Sons, 1998
- ↑ Phased Array Antenna Handbook, 2nd Ed., by Robert Mailloux, Artech House, 2005
- ↑ Phased Array Antennas by Arun K. Bhattacharyya, John Wiley & Sons, 2006
- ↑ Microwave Phase Shifter information from Herley General Microwave
External links
- Website on Phase Shifters in Microwaves
- Microwave Phase Shifter information from Herley General Microwave
- A low cost electro-mechanical phase shifter design, including a brief summary of solid state methods @ www.activefrance.com
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