Petaluma, California

City of Petaluma
City

Aerial view of Petaluma, Cal. View is to the southeast
Nickname(s): P-Town, Egg Basket, Egg Capital of the World

Location in Sonoma County and the state of California
City of Petaluma

Location in the United States

Coordinates: 38°14′45″N 122°37′53″W / 38.24583°N 122.63139°W / 38.24583; -122.63139Coordinates: 38°14′45″N 122°37′53″W / 38.24583°N 122.63139°W / 38.24583; -122.63139
Country United States
State California
County Sonoma
Incorporated April 12, 1858[1]
Government
  Type Council-manager
  Mayor David Glass[2]
  Vice Mayor Kathy Miller[2]
  City Manager John C. Brown[3]
Area[4]
  Total 14.489 sq mi (37.527 km2)
  Land 14.382 sq mi (37.249 km2)
  Water 0.107 sq mi (0.278 km2)  0.74%
Elevation[5] 30 ft (9 m)
Population (2012)
  Total 58,921
  Density 4,100/sq mi (1,600/km2)
Time zone PST (UTC-8)
  Summer (DST) PDT (UTC-7)
ZIP codes 94952, 94954, 94953
Area code 707
FIPS code 06-56784
GNIS feature IDs 277575, 2411407
Website cityofpetaluma.net

Petaluma /pɛtəˈlmə/ is a city in Sonoma County, California, in the United States. Its population was 57,941 according to the 2010 Census.[6]

The Rancho Petaluma Adobe, located in Petaluma, is a National Historic Landmark. Its construction started in 1836 by order of General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, then Commandant of the San Francisco Presidio. It was the center of a 66,000 acre (270-km²) ranch stretching from Petaluma River to Sonoma Creek. The adobe is considered one of the best preserved buildings of its era in Northern California.

Petaluma is a transliteration of the Coast Miwok phrase péta lúuma which means hill backside[7][8] and probably refers to Petaluma's proximity to Sonoma Mountain.

Petaluma has a well-preserved, historic city center[9] which includes many buildings that survived the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.

History

St. Vincent de Paul Catholic Church

The Coast Miwok resided in southern Sonoma County, and Péta Lúuma was originally the name of a Miwok village east of the Petaluma River. A number of other Coast Miwok villages were also located in and around what is now Petaluma; Wotoki, immediately to the south of the village of Petaluma, on the opposite side of the river, Etem, Likatiut, and Tuchayalin, near downtown Petaluma, and Tulme and Susuli, just north of what are now the city limits of Petaluma.[10]

The Petaluma area was part of a 66,000 acre (270-km²) 1834 Mexican land grant by Governor Jose Figueroa to Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo called Rancho Petaluma. In 1836, Vallejo ordered construction of his Rancho Petaluma Adobe a ranch house in Petaluma, which his family often used as a summer home, while he resided in the neighboring town of Sonoma. Vallejo's influence and Mexican control in the region began to decline after Vallejo's arrest during the Bear Flag Revolt in 1846.

Pioneers flocked into Petaluma from the eastern United States after Michael Celiberti found gold in the Sierra Nevadas in 1849. The town's position on the Petaluma River in the heart of productive farmland was critical to its growth during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Sailing scows, such as the scow schooner Alma (1892), and steamers plied the river between Petaluma and San Francisco, carrying agricultural produce and raw materials to the burgeoning city of San Francisco during the California Gold Rush.

There were brothels downtown along Petaluma Boulevard,[11] which used to be the main thoroughfare until U.S. Highway 101 was constructed in the 1950s.

The Sonoma County Bank Building, now the home of the Baker Creek Heirloom Seed Company and the Petaluma Seed Bank, was built in the 1920s.[12]

Petaluma soon became known for its grain milling and chicken processing industries, which continue to the present as a smaller fraction of its commerce. At one time, Petaluma was known as the "Egg Capital of the World," sparking such nicknames as "Chickaluma".[13] Petaluma hosted the only known Poultry drugstore and is the place where the egg incubator was invented by Lyman Byce in 1879. Petaluma is also where Randall Smith founded Mesa/Boogie (also known as Mesa Engineering), maker of hand-built guitar amplifiers used by such musicians as Carlos Santana and Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones.

One of the largest historic chicken processing plants still stands in the central area of town; this 1930s brick building is no longer used for the chicken industry, but is being evaluated for preservation and change of use. Even though it is no longer known as the Egg Capital of the World, Petaluma maintains a strong agricultural base today with dairy farms, olive groves, vineyards, and berry and vegetable farms.

According to the Army Museum at the Presidio, San Francisco, Petaluma was relatively unharmed during the San Francisco earthquake of April 18, 1906, due to significant stable bedrock underlying the region. As one of the few communities in the region left standing after the earthquake, Petaluma was the staging point for most Sonoma County rescue and relief efforts.

Petaluma is today the location of many distinguished, well-preserved pre-1906 buildings and Victorian homes on the western side of the river. The downtown area has suffered many river floods over the years and during the Depression commerce declined. A lack of funds prevented the demolition of the old homes and buildings. In the 1960s there was a counter-culture migration out of San Francisco into Marin County and southern Sonoma County, looking for inexpensive housing in a less urban environment. The old Victorian, Queen Anne and Eastlake style houses were restored. Historic iron-front buildings in the downtown commercial district were also rescued. Traffic and new home development for the most part was rerouted to the east of downtown by the construction of the 101 freeway. The downtown Petaluma Historic Commercial District is on the National Register of Historic Places.

The first official airmail flight took place in 1911, when Fred Wiseman carried a handful of mail from Petaluma to Santa Rosa, including letters from Petaluma postmaster John E. Olmstead and Petaluma's mayor. Wiseman's plane ended up in the National Air and Space Museum.[14]

There was a substantial influx of Jewish residents, starting during WWI.[15] This community formed around shared socialist ideals, as well as religious and cultural ties; this is depicted in the movie A Home on the Range (2002).

With its large stock of historic buildings, Petaluma has been used as the filming location for numerous movies set in the 1940s, '50s, and '60s (see list of movies below). The historic McNear Building is a common film location.

Petaluma pioneered the time-controlled approach to development. After Highway 101 was re-aligned as a freeway in 1955, residential development permits tripled, from 300 in 1969 to 900 in 1971. Because of the region's soaring population in the sixties, the city enacted the "Petaluma Plan" in 1971. This plan limited the number of building permits to 500 annually for a five-year period beginning in 1972.[16] At the same time Petaluma created a redbelt around the town as a boundary for urban expansion for a stated number of years. Similar to Ramapo, New York, a Residential Development Control System was created to distribute the building permits based on a point system conforming to the city's general plan to provide for low and moderate income housing and divide development somewhat equally between east and west and single family and multi-family housing.

The stated objectives of Petaluma's time controlled growth management were to ensure orderly growth; to protect the city's small town character and surrounding green space; to provide a variety of housing choices; and to maintain adequate water supply and sewage treatment facilities.

The controlled development plan attracted national attention in 1975 when the city was taken to court by the Construction Industry Association. The city's restriction was upheld by the 9th Circuit Court in 1975 and the Supreme Court denied a Petition for Writ of Certiorari in 1976. This court ruling still forms the foundation for most local growth management ordinances in California.

Despite this history of planned development, the Petaluma City Council voted on April 13, 2009, to eliminate the entire planning department and lay off the whole planning staff.[17] Planning Division responsibilities were subsequently contracted out to the consulting firm Metropolitan Planning Group, which re-hired some of the former planning staff and continues to operate planning services for the city.

In the late 1990s, Petaluma was also known as Telecom Valley due to the telecom startup companies that seemed to multiply from one another, and offer great riches for early stockholders and employees. One success story was that of the employees of Advanced Fibre Communications (AFC) (now Tellabs), or Cerent, which was purchased by Cisco. Some Cerent employees went on to purchase the Phoenix Theater, a local entertainment venue, which was once an opera house.

Petaluma has been notable in the technology world, due to technology broadcaster Leo Laporte hosting his TWiT.tv podcast network (including a national radio program syndicated by Premiere Networks). For several years it originated from a small cottage in the city, and now it's from a new studio facility two blocks away.[18]

Geography and environmental factors

Looking north along the Petaluma River from downtown wooden pedestrian bridge
This is the Balshaw Bridge which crosses over the turning basin of the Petaluma River.

Petaluma has a total area of 14.5 sq mi (37.6 km2). 14.4 sq mi (37.3 km2) of that is land and the remaining 0.1 sq mi (0.3 km2) is water. Water is 0.74% of the total area.

It is 40 miles (64 km) north of San Francisco.[19]

Petaluma enjoys a mild Mediterranean climate. The dry summer is characterized by typically warm days and cool nights. Summer mornings often start out foggy and chilly, but the fog usually clears by midday or so, giving way to clear skies and warmth for the remainder of the day. August is usually the warmest month, with average daily temperatures ranging from 82 °F (28 °C) to 53 °F (12 °C). December is usually the coldest month, with mean daily temperatures ranging from 57 °F (14 °C) to 39 °F (4 °C). Winter is cool and rainy, with frost occasionally occurring on clear nights.

The National Weather Service's cooperative station in Petaluma had a record high temperature of 110 °F (43 °C) on June 2, 1960. The record low temperature of 16 °F (−9 °C) was recorded on November 14, 1916, and December 14, 1932. The wettest year was 1998 with 45.93 inches (1,167 mm) and the driest year was 1976 with 8.29 inches (211 mm). The wettest month was February 1998 with 19.59 inches (498 mm). The most percepitation in 24 hours was 4.29 inches (109 mm) on December 27, 2004. Although snow is rare in Petaluma, 1.5 inches fell in January 1916, as well as about 3 inches in January 2002.[20]

Climate data for Petaluma, CA (1981–2010 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °F (°C) 56.9
(13.8)
61.6
(16.4)
65.1
(18.4)
68.7
(20.4)
72.9
(22.7)
78.6
(25.9)
81.9
(27.7)
81.9
(27.7)
81.7
(27.6)
75.8
(24.3)
65.1
(18.4)
57.0
(13.9)
70.6
(21.4)
Average low °F (°C) 39.2
(4)
40.9
(4.9)
42.3
(5.7)
43.8
(6.6)
47.3
(8.5)
50.6
(10.3)
52.3
(11.3)
52.6
(11.4)
51.2
(10.7)
47.6
(8.7)
42.2
(5.7)
38.5
(3.6)
45.7
(7.6)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 4.93
(125.2)
5.32
(135.1)
3.79
(96.3)
1.63
(41.4)
.87
(22.1)
.17
(4.3)
.01
(0.3)
.06
(1.5)
.21
(5.3)
1.43
(36.3)
3.29
(83.6)
4.94
(125.5)
26.65
(676.9)
Source: [21]

Petaluma is flanked by the unincorporated communities of Penngrove to the north and Lakeville to the south.

Petaluma is situated at the northernmost navigable end of the Petaluma River, a tidal estuary that snakes southward to San Pablo Bay. Pollution levels in the river, once considerable, have improved in recent years. A significant amount of the city is in the river's flood plain, which overflows its banks every few years, particularly in the Payran neighborhood.[9]

Principal environmental noise sources are U.S. Route 101, Petaluma Boulevard, Washington Street and other major arteries. The number of residents that live in a zone of noise exposure greater than 60 CNEL is approximately 4,000.[9]

Parks

Immediately to the southwest is Helen Putnam Regional Park, accessible from Chileno Valley Road. This park of 216 acres (0.9 km2) has trails for hiking, cycling and horseback riding and is one of two parks named in honor of former mayor Helen Putnam who served from 1965–1979; the other is Putnam Plaza on Petaluma Boulevard. Lying above the city of Petaluma on the northwest flank of Sonoma Mountain is the Fairfield Osborn Preserve, a nature reserve with a diversity of native flora and fauna. Nearby to the southeast is Tolay Lake, the site of prehistoric seasonal settlement by Miwok and Pomo tribes.

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop.
18803,326
18903,69211.0%
19003,8714.8%
19105,88051.9%
19206,2265.9%
19308,24532.4%
19408,034−2.6%
195010,31528.4%
196014,03536.1%
197024,87077.2%
198033,83436.0%
199043,18427.6%
200054,54826.3%
201057,9416.2%
Est. 201459,953[22]3.5%
U.S. Decennial Census[23]

2010

The 2010 United States Census[24] reported that Petaluma had a population of 57,941. The population density was 3,998.9 people per square mile (2,590/km²). The racial makeup of Petaluma was 46,566 (80.4%) White, 801 (1.4%) African American, 353 (0.6%) Native American, 2,607 (4.5%) Asian (1.3% Chinese, 0.9% Filipino, 0.8% Asian Indian, 0.4% Japanese, 0.3% Vietnamese, 0.2% Korean, 0.1% Pakistani, 0.1% Laotian, 0.1% Thai), 129 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 5,103 (8.8%) from other races, and 2,382 (4.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12,453 persons (21.5%). The Latino ethnic groups are Mexicans (16.2%), Salvadorans (1.2%), Guatemalans (0.6%), Nicaraguans (0.3%), Peruvians (0.3%), and Puerto Ricans (0.3%).

The Census reported that 57,217 people (98.8% of the population) lived in households, 361 (0.6%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 363 (0.6%) were institutionalized.

There were 21,737 households, out of which 7,541 (34.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 11,392 (52.4%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 2,257 (10.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,052 (4.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,319 (6.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 207 (1.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 5,372 households (24.7%) were made up of individuals and 2,366 (10.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63. There were 14,701 families (67.6% of all households); the average family size was 3.14.

The population was spread out with 13,455 people (23.2%) under the age of 18, 4,589 people (7.9%) aged 18 to 24, 15,041 people (26.0%) aged 25 to 44, 17,273 people (29.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 7,583 people (13.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.3 years. For every 100 females there were 96.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males.

There were 22,736 housing units at an average density of 1,569.2 per square mile (605.9/km²), of which 14,159 (65.1%) were owner-occupied, and 7,578 (34.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.8%. 37,389 people (64.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 19,828 people (34.2%) lived in rental housing units.

2000

As of the census[25] of 2000, there were 54,548 people, 19,932 households, and 14,012 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,953 people per square mile (2,590/km²). There were 20,304 housing units at an average density of 1,471/sq mi (568/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 84.16% White, 1.16% African American, 0.54% Native American, 3.91% Asian, 0.17% Pacific Islander, 6.08% from other races, and 3.98% from two or more races. 14.64% of the population were Hispanic.

There were 19,932 households out of which 36.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.3% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% were non-families. 22.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.16. The age distribution is: 26.2% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 31.5% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $61,679, and the median income for a family was $71,158 (these figures had risen to $68,949 and $85,513 respectively as of a 2007 estimate[26]). Males had a median income of $50,232 versus $36,413 for females. The per capita income for the city was $27,087. About 3.3% of families and 6.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.2% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over.

Film locations

Petaluma Blvd as seen from Western Ave.
Clock tower at the corner of Petaluma Blvd. and Western Ave.

Petaluma has served as a location for many major films, including:

Military

U.S. Coast Guard

The U.S. Coast Guard operates Training Center Petaluma just outside Petaluma, near Two Rock. It operates several of its class "A" and "C" schools at TRACEN Petaluma including the Electronics Technician (ET), Food Service Specialist (FS), Health Service Technician (HS), Information Systems Technician (IT), Operation Specialist (OS), Storekeeper (SK), and Yeoman (YN) schools.

The Coast Guard also operates the Chief Petty Officer Academy at the TRACEN. The Academy trains senior non-commissioned officers (Chief Petty Officers) for both the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Air Force.

California National Guard

The California National Guard operates an armed forces facility in Petaluma, at 580 Vallejo Street.

Government

Local

The mayor of Petaluma is David Glass,[27] who was formerly the vice mayor, and on the Planning Commission from 1999 until his election as mayor in November 2002.[28] The other six council members are Kathy Miller (Vice Mayor), Chris Albertson, Teresa Barrett, Mike Healy, Gabe Kearney, and Dave King.

State and federal representation

In the California State Legislature, Petaluma is in the 3rd Senate District, represented by Democrat Lois Wolk, and the 10th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Marc Levine.[29]

In the United States House of Representatives, Petaluma is split between California's 2nd congressional district, represented by Democrat Jared Huffman,[30] and California's 5th congressional district, represented by Democrat Mike Thompson.[31]

Economy

Amy's Kitchen, Calix, CamelBak, Clover Stornetta Farms, Lagunitas Brewing Company, Petaluma Poultry, Athleta Inc. and TWiT.tv are based in Petaluma.

Top employers

According to the City's 2012 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[32] the top employers in the city are:

# Employer # of Employees
1 Petaluma City School District 1,250
2 Petaluma Valley Hospital 536
3 United States Postal Service 475
4 Petaluma Poultry Processors 425
5 Enphase Energy, Inc. 350
6 Calix 300
7 Santa Rosa Junior College 290
8 City of Petaluma 265
9 Clover Stornetta Farms 220
10 Old Adobe Union School District 200

Education

Public schools are managed by the Petaluma City School District. There are two comprehensive high schools in Petaluma: Petaluma High School and Casa Grande High School. Casa Grande High School has a notable Academic Decathlon team, which has represented Sonoma County for the last 27 years in the state-level competition. There is an annual football game between the two schools' teams known as the "Egg Bowl". The two Petaluma public middle schools are Kenilworth Junior High School and Petaluma Junior High School.

St. Vincent de Paul High School, a Roman Catholic private school, is in Petaluma. Santa Rosa Junior College has a second campus in Petaluma, and the campus the unaccredited art school/atelier l'Atelier aux Couleurs is located in Petaluma. Harvest Christian School is a Classical and Christian private school in Petaluma, serving grades K-8.[33]

Transportation

U.S. Highway 101 is the main freeway through town. State Route 116 also runs through town as Lakeville Highway. Other major streets include East Washington Street, North and South McDowell Boulevards, and Petaluma Boulevard.

Petaluma is served by Petaluma Transit, Golden Gate Transit and by Sonoma County Transit bus services. The Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit (SMART) rail line projected to inaugurate service in 2016 will serve the historic Northwestern Pacific Railroad depot near Washington Street in downtown.

The nearest major airports are San Francisco International Airport and Oakland International Airport. General aviation is served by the Petaluma Municipal Airport. Also the Charles M. Schulz – Sonoma County Airport located north of Santa Rosa.

Notable events

Notable people

Petaluma in popular culture

See also

References

  1. "California Cities by Incorporation Date" (Word). California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  2. 1 2 "Petaluma City Council". City of Petaluma. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
  3. "City Manager". City of Petaluma. Retrieved November 9, 2014.
  4. "2010 Census U.S. Gazetteer Files – Places – California". United States Census Bureau.
  5. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Petaluma
  6. "Petaluma Quickfacts from the US Census Bureau". US Census Bureau. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
  7. Gudde, Erwin Gustav; William Bright (1998). California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names (Second ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 287. ISBN 0-520-21316-5.
  8. Billiter, Bill (January 1, 1985). "3,000-Year-Old Connection Claimed : Siberia Tie to California Tribes Cited". Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles). Archived from the original on November 28, 2014. Retrieved November 28, 2014. The similarities of the Siberian-California Indian words include some well-known places, he said. "Petaluma (a city in Northern California) would be understood in Siberia even today," he said. "It means 'flat back,' as in the flat back of a hill.
  9. 1 2 3 Kay Ransom, C. Michael Hogan, Ballard George et al., Environmental Impact Report for the Petaluma General Plan, prepared by Earth Metrics Inc. for the city of Petaluma (1984),
  10. Peterson, Bonnie J. (1976). Dawn of the World: Coast Miwok Myths. ISBN 0-912908-04-1
  11. "Old Chicago Pizza".
  12. described in the seed bank Web site
  13. Harwood, W. S. (May 1908). "A City Of A Million Hens: How Poultry Raising Conducted As A Business Has Made Petaluma Known Over The World". The World's Work: A History of Our Time XVI: 10207–10124. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  14. "Fad to Fundamental: Airmail in America". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
  15. Fishkoff, Sue (May 7, 1999). "When left-wingers and chicken wings populated Petaluma". jweekly.com. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
  16. Fulton, William, and Paul Shigley, Guide to California Planning, 3d edition, pp. 199-200. Point Arena, Calif.: Solano Press Books, 2005.
  17. Shigley, Paul, "Petaluma Eliminates Its Planning Department", California Planning & Development Report, April 14, 2009
  18. "TWiT Cottage". twit.tv.
  19. Noe, Denise. All About Polly Klaas and Richard Allen Davis. Crime Library. p. [www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/predators/klaas/2.html 2] (Alternative link). "Kidnapped from Home" Retrieved on October 20, 2013.
  20. "Central California". dri.edu.
  21. "PETALUMA AP, CALIFORNIA - Climate Summary". dri.edu.
  22. "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014". Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  23. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  24. "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - Petaluma city". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  25. "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  26. Petaluma City, California - Fact Sheet - American FactFinder (Census.gov)
  27. "City Clerk's Office". Retrieved January 15, 2008.
  28. "David Glass for Mayor". Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  29. "Statewide Database". UC Regents. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
  30. "California's 2nd Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
  31. "Communities of Interest - City". California Citizens Redistricting Commission. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
  32. City of Petaluma CAFR Retrieved March 16, 2013
  33. "At a Glance". Harvest Christian School Petaluma.
  34. "History of the Sport of Armwrestling". armwrestling.com.
  35. "Sublime Artistfacts". artistfacts.com.
  36. "World's Ugliest Dog - Sonoma Marin Fairgrounds & Event Center". Sonoma Marin Fairgrounds & Event Center. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
  37. "Butter And Eggs Day Parade". Archived from the original on May 5, 2010. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
  38. Shea, John (August 15, 2012). "Petaluma ballplayers chase world title". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  39. "True Bohemians, Artists Robert and Mary Fuller McChesney found peace outside the limelight". MetroActive. June 10, 2009. Retrieved November 8, 2014.
  40. "Medal of Honor Recipients: Vietnam (M-Z)". Retrieved October 19, 2009.
  41. "The Wild Bunch". Retrieved Oct 19, 2009.
  42. "WOOLSEY, *Lynn C.". Retrieved October 19, 2009.

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