Portal 2

Portal 2
Portal 2 retail cover art, featuring co-op campaign characters Atlas (bottom) and P-Body (top).
Developer(s)	Valve Corporation
Publisher(s)	Valve Corporation
Distributor(s)	Electronic Arts (retail)
Director(s)	Joshua Weier
Producer(s)	Gabe Newell
Artist(s)	Jeremy Bennett Randy Lundeen
Writer(s)	Erik Wolpaw Jay Pinkerton Chet Faliszek
Composer(s)	Mike Morasky
Series	Portal
Engine	Source
Platform(s)	Windows OS X Linux PlayStation 3 Xbox 360
Release date(s)	April 19, 2011 Windows, OS X, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 (Retail) NA April 19, 2011 PAL April 21, 2011 Windows, OS X (Steam) WW April 19, 2011 Linux (Beta) WW February 26, 2014[1]
Genre(s)	Puzzle-platform game
Mode(s)	Single-player, multiplayer

Portal 2 is a 2011 first-person puzzle-platform video game developed and published by Valve Corporation. It is the sequel to Portal (2007) and was released on April 19, 2011, for Microsoft Windows, OS X, Linux, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360. The retail versions of the game are distributed by Electronic Arts while online distribution of the Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and Linux versions is handled by Valve's content delivery service Steam. Portal 2 was announced on March 5, 2010, following a week-long alternate reality game based on new patches to the original game. Before the game's release on Steam, the company released the Potato Sack, a second multi-week alternate reality game, involving 13 independently developed titles which culminated in a distributed computing spoof to release Portal 2 several hours early.

The game retains Portal's gameplay elements, and adds new features, including tractor beams, laser redirection, bridges made of light, and paint-like 'gels' accelerating the player's speed, allowing the player-character to jump higher or place portals on any surface. These gels were created by the team from the Independent Games Festival-winning DigiPen student project Tag: The Power of Paint. In the single-player campaign, the player controls protagonist Chell, awoken from suspended animation after many years, who must navigate the now-dilapidated Aperture Science Enrichment Center during its reconstruction by the reactivated GLaDOS, a powerful supercomputer. The storyline introduces new characters, including Wheatley (Stephen Merchant) and Cave Johnson (J. K. Simmons). Ellen McLain reprised the role of GLaDOS. Jonathan Coulton and The National each produced a song for the game. Portal 2 also includes a two-player cooperative mode, in which the robotic player-characters Atlas and P-Body are each given a portal gun and are required to work together to solve puzzles. Valve provided post-release support for the game, including additional downloadable content and a simplified map editor to allow players to create and share test chambers with others.

Although some reviewers initially expressed concerns about the difficulty of expanding Portal into a full sequel, Portal 2 received critical acclaim, particularly for its writing, pacing, and dark humor. The voice work of McLain, Merchant, and Simmons were also praised, as were the new gameplay elements, the challenging but surmountable learning curve, and the additional cooperative mode. Some journalists ranked Portal 2 among the best games of 2011, and several named it their Game of the Year. Portal 2 has since been hailed as one of the greatest video games of all time.

Gameplay

Portal 2 is a first-person perspective puzzle game. The Player takes the role of Chell in the single-player campaign, as one of two robots—Atlas and P-Body—in the cooperative campaign, or as a simplistic humanoid icon in community-developed puzzles. These four characters can explore and interact with the environment. Characters can withstand limited damage but will die after sustained injury. There is no penalty for falling onto a solid surface, but falling into bottomless pits or toxic pools kills the player character immediately. When Chell dies in the single-player game, the game restarts from a recent checkpoint;^[2] in the cooperative game, the robot respawns shortly afterwards without restarting the puzzle.^[3] The goal of both campaigns is to explore the Aperture Science Laboratory—a complicated, malleable mechanized maze. While most of the game takes place in modular test chambers with clearly defined entrances and exits, other parts occur in behind-the-scenes areas where the objective is less clear.

The initial tutorial levels guide the player through the general movement controls and illustrate how to interact with the environment. The player must solve puzzles using the 'portal gun' or 'Aperture Science Handheld Portal Device', which can create two portals connecting two distant surfaces depicted as matte white, continuous, and flat. Characters can use these portals to move between rooms or to "fling" objects or themselves across a distance. Outlines of placed portals are visible through walls and other obstacles for easy location.^[4][5]

Game elements include Thermal Discouragement Beams (lasers), Excursion Funnels (tractor beams), and Hard Light Bridges, all of which can be transmitted through portals.^[2][6][7][8] Aerial Faith Plates launch the player or objects through the air and sometimes into portals. The player must disable turrets or avoid their line of sight. The Weighted Storage Cube has been redesigned, and there are new types: Redirection Cubes, which have prismatic lenses that redirect laser beams, spherical Edgeless Safety Cubes, an antique version of the Weighted Storage Cube used in the underground levels, and a cube-turret hybrid created by Wheatley after taking control of Aperture.^[2][9] The heart-decorated Weighted Companion Cube reappears briefly.^[10] Early demonstrations included Pneumatic Diversity Vents, shown to transport objects and transfer suction power through portals, but these do not appear in the final game.^{[2][9][11][12]} All of these game elements open locked doors, or help or hamper the character from reaching the exit.

Paint-like gels (which are dispensed from pipes and can be transported through portals) impart certain properties to surfaces or objects coated with them..^[2] Players can use orange Propulsion Gel to cross surfaces more quickly, blue Repulsion Gel to bounce from a surface,^[13] and white Conversion Gel to allow surfaces to accept portals.^[14] Only one type of gel can be effective on a certain surface at a time only. Some surfaces, such as grilles, cannot be coated with a gel. Water can block or wash away gels, returning the surface or object to its normal state.

The game includes a two-player cooperative mode.^[15] Two players can use the same console with a split screen, or can use a separate computer or console; Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and PlayStation 3 users can play with each other regardless of platform; a patch provided in late 2012 added split-screen support for Windows and Mac OS X users under "Big Picture" mode.^[16] Both player-characters are robots that control separate portal guns and can use the other character's portals.^[2] Each player's portals are of a different color scheme, whereof one is blue and purple and the other is orange and red.^[8][17] A calibration chamber separates the characters to teach the players to use the communication tools and portals. Most later chambers are less structured and require players to use both sets of portals for laser or funnel redirection, launches, and other maneuvers.^[18] The game provides voice communication between players, and online players can temporarily enter a split-screen view to help coordinate actions.^[17] Players can "ping" to draw the other player's attention to walls or objects, start countdown timers for synchronized actions, and perform joint gestures such as waving or hugging.^[2][7][18] The game tracks which chambers each player has completed and allows players to replay chambers they have completed with new partners.

Portal 2's lead writer Erik Wolpaw estimates each campaign to be about six hours long.^[3] Portal 2 contains in-game commentary from the game developers, writers, and artists. The commentary, accessible after completing the game once, appears on node icons scattered through the chambers.^[19] According to Valve, each of the single-player and cooperative campaigns is 2 to 2.5 times as long as the campaign in Portal, with the overall game five times as long.^[5][7][20]

Plot

Backstory

The Portal series is linked to the Half-Life series. The events in Portal take place between the first and second Half-Life games;^[21] while most of Portal 2 is set "a long time after" the events in Portal and Half-Life 2.^[22]

Before Portal, Aperture Science conducted experiments to determine whether human subjects could safely navigate dangerous "test chambers", until the artificial intelligence GLaDOS, governing the laboratory, killed its employees. At the end of the first game the protagonist Chell destroys GLaDOS and momentarily escapes the facility, but is dragged back inside by an unseen figure later identified by writer Erik Wolpaw as the "Party Escort Bot".^[23] A promotional comic shows estranged Aperture Science employee Doug Rattmann, who used graffiti to guide the player in Portal, placing Chell into suspended animation to save her life, until the beginning of Portal 2.

Single-player campaign

Chell wakes in a stasis chamber resembling a motel room, where an artificial voice guides her through a cognitive test before she is put back to sleep. When she awakens again, the Aperture Science complex has become dilapidated and overgrown and appears on the verge of destruction. Wheatley (Stephen Merchant), a personality core, helps her attempt to escape via the test chambers.^[24][25] In the process, they accidentally reactivate the dormant GLaDOS (Ellen McLain),^[2] who separates Chell from Wheatley and rebuilds the laboratory.^[26][27]

Having done so, GLaDOS subjects Chell to new obstacle courses until Wheatley helps her escape once again. The pair sabotage the turret- and neurotoxin-manufacturing plants before confronting GLaDOS and performing a "core transfer" which replaces GLaDOS with Wheatley as the laboratory's controlling intelligence. He is quickly corrupted by his newfound power and becomes malevolent; and when he attaches GLaDOS's personality core to a potato battery, GLaDOS tells Chell that Wheatley was intentionally designed as an "intelligence dampening sphere" producing illogical thoughts, created to hamper her own personality.^[28] Denying this, Wheatley drops Chell and GLaDOS through an elevator shaft into the laboratories' abandoned lowest level. Thereafter Chell ascends through the laboratories in order of construction (the decor slowly changing from 1950s styles to one similar to that seen early in the game), periodically hearing audio recordings of Aperture Science's founder, Cave Johnson (J. K. Simmons),^[29] through which the player learns that Johnson became embittered and deranged as his company lost money and prestige, until his poisoning by moon dust,^[30] whereafter his assistant Caroline (McLain) became a test subject for a mind-to-computer transfer experiment, and ultimately became GLaDOS. Chell retrieves GLaDOS, and the two form a reluctant partnership to stop Wheatley before his mistakes destroy the laboratories. During their search, GLaDOS is troubled by the identification of herself as Caroline.^[30]

Chell and GLaDOS return to the modern chambers and face Wheatley, who is driven by GLaDOS's software to test them^[31] against a series of traps, which Chell escapes.^[32] In their final confrontation, Chell attaches three corrupted personality cores (Nolan North)^[33] to Wheatley, allowing GLaDOS a second core transfer restoring her control. With the laboratories' nuclear reactor on the brink of meltdown, the roof collapses, revealing the night sky, whereupon Chell places a portal on the moon overhead, causing the vacuum of space to pull her and Wheatley through the other portal still inside the chamber.^[34] GLaDOS retrieves Chell, who falls unconscious, leaving Wheatley in space with a corrupt personality core orbiting him.^[35]

When Chell awakens, GLaDOS claims to have learned "valuable lessons" about humanity from the remnants of Caroline,^[35] then deletes Caroline's personality files and reverts to her usual attitude,^[36] but decides that Chell is not worth the trouble of trying to kill, and releases her.^[37] Chell then traverses the building in an elevator, serenaded by the laboratories' robotic sentinels in a song entitled "Cara Mia Addio".^[38] On the surface, she enters a wheat field from a corrugated metal shed, with the charred and battered Weighted Companion Cube, supposedly incinerated during the events of Portal, thrown after her.^[38][39]

In a post-credits scene, Wheatley floats helplessly through space with the corrupt personality core, and regrets betraying Chell.^[35][38]

Cooperative campaign

The cooperative story takes place after the single-player campaign and has some ties into it, but players are not required to play them in order.^[40] Player characters Atlas and P-Body are bipedal robots who navigate five sets of test chambers together, each with a fully functioning portal gun. After completing a test chamber, the robots are disassembled and reassembled at the next chamber. After completing each set of chambers, they are returned to a central hub. The puzzles in each set of chambers focus on a particular testing element or puzzle-solving technique. In the first four sets, GLaDOS prepares the robots to venture outside of the test systems of Aperture Laboratories to recover data disks. She destroys them and restores their memories to new bodies—which also happens when they die in a test chamber hazard. At first, GLaDOS is excited about her non-human test subjects, but later becomes dissatisfied because the two robots cannot truly die.^[41] At the end of the story, the robots gain entry to "the Vault", where humans are stored in stasis.^[32] GLaDOS gives thanks to the robots on locating the humans, whom she sees as new test subjects, and destroys the robots.^[41]

Development

After the success of Portal, Valve decided to make Portal 2 a standalone product, partly because of pressure from other developers within Valve who wanted to work on a Portal product.^[42] Work began almost immediately after the release of Portal.^[37] Valve committed more resources to Portal 2's development than they had for the first game;^[2] Portal had a team of seven or eight people, but Portal 2 had a team of 30 or 40.^[37][43] The initial team of four was expanded as subgroups formed to devise game mechanics and to plot the story. Participants in internal review processes were inspired by what they saw to join the project. According to Erik Wolpaw, some Portal 2 developers worked on the Left 4 Dead games to help them meet milestones, but returned to Portal 2, "with extra people in tow."^[44] Kim Swift, Portal's designer, left Valve for Airtight Games halfway through Portal 2's development.^[45]

Project manager Erik Johnson said Valve's goal for Portal 2 was to find a way to "re-surprise" players, which he considered a "pretty terrifying" prospect.^[27] In March 2011, one month before the game's release, Valve president Gabe Newell called Portal 2 "the best game we've ever done."^[46] After Portal 2's release, Geoff Keighley wrote that according to Newell, "Portal 2 will probably be Valve's last game with an isolated single-player experience".^[11] Keighley later stated that the use of the word "probably" suggests that "this could change."^[47] Newell said that Valve is not "giving up on single-player at all", but intends to include more social features on top of the single player experience, akin to the cooperative mode in Portal 2.^[48]

Design

Early in its development, the development team planned to exclude portals from Portal 2. For five months, Valve focused on a gameplay mechanic called "F-Stop", the specifics of which as of January 2013 are unknown outside of Valve,^[49] because the developers considered using it for a new game.^[50] Though the new mechanics prompted some positive feedback, every playtester expressed disappointment at the omission of portals.^[50] Following a report in Kotaku of some leaked aspects of the game's plot then under consideration, Newell directed the team to reconsider its plans for Portal 2, including the lack of portals.^[11]

Johnson stated that Valve's aim was not to make Portal 2 more difficult than its predecessor, but instead to produce "a game where you think your way through particular parts of the level, and feel really smart when you solve it."^[27] Portal 2 allows the player to take incremental steps to understand the game's mechanics, an approach that led to two basic types of test chamber. The first type, which Valve calls "checklisting", provides a relatively safe environment for player to experiment with a new gameplay concept; the second type combines elements in new ways to force the player to think laterally, providing challenging and rewarding puzzles. Chambers were first developed through whiteboard via isometric drawings. The developers performed a sanity check on the chamber before crafting simple levels with a software tool called the Hammer level editor. Extensive playtesting ensured the solutions to each chamber were neither too obvious nor too difficult, and observed alternative solutions discovered by playtesters. Based on play-testing results, the design team retained these alternative solutions or blocked them if they were considered too easy.^[51] These versions were sent back for further play-testing to verify that the new elements did not prevent players from finding solutions; further iterations between artists and playtesters occurred until such issues were resolved.^[51] Some elements from Portal were modified to suit Portal 2; whereas players of Portal would be familiar with the game mechanics, novice players required some training, as would players of Portal for some game elements. For example, the energy spheres used in the first game were replaced with lasers, which provided immediate feedback and reduced the in-game training time.^[34]

The designers built several of Portal 2's early chambers by applying decay, collapse, and overgrowth to Portal chambers to give Portal players a sense of nostalgia and a sense of time passed in the game's world. The design team replaced low resolution textures from the first game with higher-resolution, dirty textures that the new game engine could support.^[52] The middle section of the single-player campaign takes place in large in-game spaces in which most surfaces are unable to accept portals, which forces players to find creative ways to cross them.^[32] Much of the architecture in these sections was inspired by photographs of industrial complexes, including CERN, NASA, and the abandoned Soviet space program.^[53] According to writer Jay Pinkerton, in the game's final section, in which Wheatley controls the Aperture facility, "the level designers just had a blast" creating deranged chambers reflecting Wheatley's stupidity.^[54] The designers recognized that solving puzzles would mentally tire players, so they inserted occasional "experiences" to provide a respite and to advance the plot.^[55]

Portal 2 integrates a game mechanic from Tag Team's Tag: The Power of Paint: paint-like gels that impart special properties to surfaces or objects they coat. Impressed by Tag, Valve hired its creators to develop the mechanic further and only later decided to include it in Portal 2.^[37] Valve's vice-president of marketing said, "the decision to combine their tech with Portal 2 came naturally".^[56] Journalists have likened Tag to Narbacular Drop, the DigiPen student project that became Portal.^[57][58][59] The Repulsion (jumping) and Propulsion (running) gels in Portal 2 originated in Tag. Using the third Tag gel, which allows the character to walk on any coated surface regardless of gravity, gave playtesters motion sickness. It was replaced by Conversion gel, which integrates with the portal mechanic.^[60] The gels give the player more control over the environment, which increased the challenge for the puzzle designers.^[51] The gels are rendered using fluid dynamics routines specially developed at Valve by the former Tag Team.^[11][23]

Portal 2 uses advanced rendering techniques developed for Left 4 Dead 2 for rendering pools of liquid; Portal 2 combines "flowing" surface maps to mimic the motion of water with "debris flow" maps and random noise to create realistic, real-time rendering of water effects.^[61]

The cooperative gameplay originated from players' requests and from anecdotes of players working together on the same computer or console to solve the game's puzzles. Wolpaw likened this to players working together on the same computer to solve point-and-click adventure games.^[27][37][56] The cooperative campaign was also inspired by Valve's Left 4 Dead cooperative games, in which players enjoyed discussing their personal experiences with the game when they had finished playing it.^[4] While the single player campaign in Portal 2 is designed to avoid frustrating the player, the cooperative levels focus on coordination and communication, and Valve recognizes they are much more difficult than the single-player puzzles.^[62] Valve did not include timed puzzles in the single-player campaigns in Portal and Portal 2, but found that their inclusion in the cooperative mode is effective and gives players a positive feeling after they successfully plan and execute difficult maneuvers.^[3] Each puzzle chamber in the cooperative mode requires four portals to solve to prevent puzzles being solved by the actions of only one player. As soon as a playtester discovered a way to complete a puzzle with one set of portals, the level was sent back to the designers for further work.^[3][23] Except in a few cases, Valve designed the chambers so that both players would remain in sight of each other to promote communication and cooperation. Some of the puzzle chambers were designed asymmetrically; one player would manipulate portals and controls to allow the other player to cross the room, emphasizing that the two characters, while working together, are separate entities.^[3] The designers soon realized that the ability to tag surfaces with instructional icons for one's partner was a necessary element, since they found this to be more effective for cooperation than simple, verbal instructions.^[37]

Valve considered adding a competitive mode to Portal 2. According to Wolpaw, the mode was similar to the video game Speedball;^[63] one team would try to transport a ball from one side of the playing field to the other using portals, while the other team would attempt to stop them with their own use of portals. Matches would commence with this objective in mind, but quickly descended into chaos. Valve realized that people enjoyed solving puzzles with portals more and therefore they focused on the cooperative mode.^[64]

Writing

Erik Wolpaw, National Lampoon veteran Jay Pinkerton and Left 4 Dead writer Chet Faliszek wrote the game's script.^[2] Wolpaw and Pinkerton wrote the single-player campaign story, while Faliszek wrote GLaDOS's lines for the cooperative campaign.^[65] The game has 13,000 lines of dialogue.^[66] The writers felt they needed to create a larger story for a stand-alone title, and wanted the game to "feel relatively intimate", and avoided adding too many new characters.^[65] They considered expanding the "sterility and dryness" of Portal and adding more comedy to the script. Wolpaw said that while some developers have been moving towards art games, no one had made a comedic video game.^[65] The game's story development was tightly coordinated with the gameplay development and testing.^[67][68]

The developers of Portal 2 initially envisioned it as a prequel to Portal set in the 1950s, long before GLaDOS took over the Aperture Science facility, with events set in motion when Aperture CEO Cave Johnson becomes trapped within a computer.^[50] Johnson would have led an army of robots, which would battle against the player to rise to power within Aperture.^[11][49] In June 2008, based on information from a casting call website and leaked script samples, Kotaku reported that Valve was seeking voice actors to play Johnson, named him as an AI and identified the game as a prequel.^[69][70] Valve attributed this leak to an "overeager agent".^[11] Following negative playtester feedback about the omission of Chell and GLaDOS, Portal 2 was re-conceived as a sequel. The team returned to the idea of exploring parts of the facility from Aperture's early days, and reincorporated Johnson through a series of recordings.^[11]

The writers originally conceived several premature joke game endings if the player performed certain actions, but these required too much development effort for little payback and were scrapped. One of these joke endings was triggered by shooting a portal onto the moon's surface, after which the player's character would die from asphyxiation over a closing song, but the idea of creating a portal on the moon was incorporated into the game's final ending.^[34] The writers planned that Chell would say a single word during the ending, but this was not considered funny enough.^[71] In an early version of the script, Chell finds a lost "tribe" of turrets looking for their leader, a huge "Animal King" turret which can be seen in in-game videos of the retail product. As a reward, the Animal King would have married Chell to a turret, which would have followed Chell around the game without visible movement.^[68] The cooperative campaign was planned to feature a more detailed storyline, in which GLaDOS would send two robots to discover human artifacts, such as a comic based on a pastiche of Garfield. The writers hoped to use this idea to make the robots human-like for testing purposes, but recognized that unlike the captive audience of the single-player campaign, the two players in cooperative mode may simply talk over the story, and thus the story was condensed into very basic elements.^[71]

Wolpaw said that while many story elements of Portal are revisited in Portal 2, he avoided some of the memes—such as the frequently repeated "the cake is a lie". He said, "if you thought you were sick of the memes, I was sick of it way ahead of you".^[72] Wolpaw "couldn't resist putting in just one" cake joke.^[5] The writers did not try to predict or write new memes, and Wolpaw said, "you can't really plan for [dialogue to become a meme] because if you do it probably seems weird and forced".^[73] Portal 2 produced its own memes, including a space-obsessed personality core.^[74] Valve later created a Space Core modification for the game The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim (see below), and the Space Core also appeared as a laser-based engraving on a panel manufactured by NASA for the International Space Station.^[75]

The writers saw Aperture Science itself as a character. It is depicted as a "living, breathing place",^[37] and "a science company that's gone mad with science."^[76] In the Lab Rat comic, the facility is described as a "beautiful and terrible" place, "a metastasized amalgam of add-ons, additions and appropriations. Building itself out of itself."^[77]

Richard McCormick of PlayStation 3 Magazine identified several elements of Portal 2's story that reference the myth of Prometheus; McCormick wrote that GLaDOS is a personification of Prometheus, who grants knowledge to humanity—in the form of the portal gun—and is then punished by being bound to a rock, pecked at by birds, and is cast into the pits of Tartarus. McCormick also likens Wheatley to Prometheus' foolish brother Epimetheus. Within the game, a sentry gun makes reference to the Prometheus myth, the word "Tartarus" is visible on the supporting columns in the depths of Aperture Science, and a portrait of Cave and Caroline also shows Aeschylus, the presumed author of Prometheus Bound.^[78] Journalists and players have also found connections between Portal 2 and Half-Life 2. In a crossover, in Portal 2 an experiment accidentally teleported Aperture Science's cargo ship, the Borealis, into the position in which it is discovered at the end of Half-Life 2: Episode Two.^[78][79]

Character design

Though Portal 2 introduced some new characters, the writers wanted to maintain the one-on-one relationships between each character and the player-character.^[38] Valve explored the possibility of introducing a new protagonist for Portal 2. The playtesters accepted playing as a different character for the first part of the game, but they became disoriented when GLaDOS did not recognize them. The writers returned to using Chell, the protagonist of Portal.^[80] Valve artists experimented with Chell's attire, and considered changing her (ambiguous) nationality.^[81] They returned to the orange "dehumanizing" jumpsuit from Portal with the top tied around Chell's waist to enhance her freedom of movement and help her "stand out more as an individual".^[82] PSM3 called the new look "controversially sexy".^[83] As in the first game, Chell's facial appearance is based on that of voice actress Alésia Glidewell.^[83] Chell continues her role as a silent observer, as the straight man in response to the insanity around her and refuses to give her antagonists any satisfaction.^[84]

As part of her character arc, the plot moves GLaDOS from her anger with Chell for her actions in Portal, which Wolpaw said "was going to get old pretty quick", to an internal struggle.^[37] The reuse of McLain's voice led to the creation of a backstory and subplot about GLaDOS's creation.^[65] The writers panicked when they realized that their plans to have Chell and GLaDOS play off each other would only work if both players spoke. To remedy this, they created the Caroline subplot to give GLaDOS an external situation to deal with and to drive the story during the middle act of the game.^[85]

The writers considered introducing about six personality cores stored in portable spheres,^[86] whose main function would be story advancement.^[19] They planned cores based on Morgan Freeman's character Red from The Shawshank Redemption^[87] and Quint from Jaws,^[11] among others. Ultimately they decided to concentrate on a single core, Wheatley,^[86] recycling two of the rejected cores in the final boss fight.^[87][88] Karen Prell led the animation team for Wheatley and the other personality cores.^[11]

Pictures of Cave Johnson, based on the face of lead animator Bill Fletcher, appear throughout Portal 2.^[60] Though comparisons have been made between Johnson and Andrew Ryan, the wealthy industrialist who created the fictional underwater city of Rapture in BioShock, Wolpaw says the writers did not consider this character while creating Johnson.^[38] The two robotic characters provide some amusing death scenes in the cooperative mode, such as struggling while being crushed by a lowering ceiling.^[62] The artists thought the look of the robots would help tell the story, and the fact that they are holding hands emphasizes the cooperative mode.^[81] "Expressive noises" and mannerisms are used in place of distinguishable dialogue, and the robotic characters were designed as a double-act, similar to Laurel and Hardy.^{[7][38][56][89]}

Voice cast

GLaDOS returns from Portal as a major character and the game's antagonist, and is voiced by Ellen McLain.^[90] The writers found that they needed another character to play off Johnson, but did not want to hire another voice actor. Having already recruited McLain to play GLaDOS, they asked her to provide the voice for Caroline, Cave Johnson's assistant.^[38] Wheatley is voiced by Stephen Merchant; early demonstrations at trade shows used the voice of Valve animator Richard Lord.^[11][91][92] The writers wrote Wheatley's lines with Merchant in mind, citing his unique "vocal silhouette" and his ability to ad lib in a "frantic" manner.^[4] They had assumed that Merchant would be unavailable and contacted The IT Crowd's writer Graham Linehan to try to get Richard Ayoade, but then discovered that Merchant was interested.^[5] Merchant spent around sixteen hours recording lines and was given freedom to improvise.^[23][29]

J. K. Simmons voices Cave Johnson, Aperture Science's founder and CEO.^[93] Simmons's selection helped to solidify the character's development.^[23] The robots' voices were provided by Dee Bradley Baker, who had performed similar robotic voices for the Star Wars: The Clone Wars media.^[94]

In the cooperative campaign, a separate story involves two robotic characters and GLaDOS. The designers initially planned to use Chell and a new human character called "Mel". GLaDOS' dialogue would play off the humans' "image issues", and this aspect was retained after the designers switched to using robots.^[62] GLaDOS seems troubled by the robots' cooperation, and tries to aggravate their relationship through psychological tactics, such as praising one robot over the other.^[7] Valve initially considered having GLaDOS deliver separate lines to each player, but they found this to be a significant effort for minimal benefit. The writers also tried adding lines for GLaDOS that would encourage the players to compete against each other for rewards, such as meaningless points, but playtesters did not respond well.^[3] Faliszek said that in cooperative games, it can be difficult to deliver key dialogue or in-game events to players, who may not be looking in the right direction at the right time. Instead, using their experience from previous games, Faliszek and Wolpaw kept the story and key comedic lines short, and repeated them frequently.^[95]

Music

Portal 2 contains both scored and procedurally generated music created by Valve's composer, Mike Morasky,^[60][96] and two songs; "Want You Gone" recorded by Jonathan Coulton, used on the final credits of the single-player mode,^[97] and "Exile Vilify" by The National, used in the background of one of the Rat Man's dens.^[94][98][99] The full soundtrack "Songs to Test By", containing most of the songs in the game, was released as three free downloads between May and September 2011,^[100][101] and later in October 2012 as a retail Collector's Edition, including the soundtrack from Portal.^[102]

Release

Announcement

In January 2008, Valve spokesman Doug Lombardi told Eurogamer, "There'll be more Portal, for sure",^[103] and Portal designer Kim Swift confirmed that work on Portal 2 would begin the following month.^[104] Swift said multiplayer Portal was technically possible,^[105] but that it was "less fun than you'd think."^[106]

Portal 2 was officially announced on March 5, 2010, via Game Informer. Events during the preceding week foreshadowed the announcement. On March 1, Valve released a patch for Portal that included a new achievement, "Transmission Received", requiring the player to manipulate in-game radios. This revealed new sound effects that became part of an alternate reality game (ARG).^[107] The new effects included Morse code strings that suggested GLaDOS was rebooting and SSTV images from a grainy Aperture Science video. The images included hints to a BBS phone number that, when accessed, provided a large number of ASCII-based images relating to Portal and segments of Aperture Science documents.^[108] Many of these ASCII pictures were later published in the Game Informer reveal of the title.^[2] New ASCII images continued to appear on the BBS after the official announcement. Background on the ARG is embedded in additional SSTV images found in a hidden room in Portal 2.^[109] Valve's Adam Foster came up with the idea for the ARG, tying it to the Game Informer reveal, and he provided his own home phone line to run the BBS software on, as Valve's offices at the time were too modern to support the protocol. Foster estimates the ARG cost less than $100 to run.^[110][111]

A second Portal patch released on March 3 altered the game's ending sequence to show Chell being pulled back into the Aperture facility.^[112] Gaming journalists speculated that an announcement of Portal 2 was imminent.^[113][114] On March 5, Game Informer announced Portal 2's official release on the cover of its April issue.^[115] During the following week, Gabe Newell's speech accepting the Pioneer Award at the Game Developers Conference 2010 ended with a fake blue screen of death appearing on a screen behind him with a message purported to be from GLaDOS which hinted of further Portal 2 news at the upcoming E3 2010.^[116] Two weeks before the E3, game journalists received a cryptic e-mail, worded as a press release from Aperture Science, hinting that the presentation on Portal 2 would be replaced with "a surprise" jointly hosted by Aperture Science and Valve. This prompted speculation that the surprise would be the announcement of Half-Life 2: Episode Three,^[117] but Valve confirmed that it would be about Portal 2.^[118] The surprise was the announcement of Portal 2 on PlayStation 3.^[119]

Marketing and release

The March 2010 announcement said that Portal 2 would be released in late 2010.^[2][120] In August 2010, Valve postponed the release to February 2011, with a Steam release date of February 9,^[121] to allow it to complete changes to the game's dialogue, to fill and connect about sixty test chambers, and to finish refinements to the gel gameplay mechanic.^[11] Valve announced a further delay in November 2010, and gave a worldwide release date through retail and online channels of April 18, 2011.^[122] Wolpaw stated that this eight-week delay was used to expand the game's content before reaching an internal milestone called a "content lock", after which no further content could be added. The remaining development work involved debugging. Newell allowed the delay considering the added benefits of the new content, because he thought the company would not lose any commercial opportunities because of it.^[44] On February 18, 2011, Newell confirmed that Valve had completed the development work on Portal 2 and that they were "waiting for final approvals and to get the discs manufactured".^[123] Portal 2 was the first Valve product simultaneously released for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X computers through the Steam platform.^[124] Retail copies for all platforms were distributed by Electronic Arts.^[125]

On April 1, 2011, Valve released another alternate reality game called the Potato Sack.^[126] Players tried to solve the multi-tiered puzzle, coordinating efforts through web sites and chat rooms. Some journalists believed the game denoted the release of Portal 2 on April 15, 2011, instead of the target release date of April 19, 2011.^{[127][128][129][130]} On April 15, the players discovered "GLaDOS@Home", a distributed computing spoof that encouraged participants to play the games to unlock Portal 2 early.^[131][132] Once the puzzles were solved, Portal 2 was unlocked about ten hours before its planned release.^[133]

Valve created a series of television commercials to promote Portal 2. Valve had worked with advertising agencies in the past, but Lombardi found the advertisements created had shown little ingenuity. Valve's Doug Lombardi had been disappointed by "Copycat treatments. Cliché treatments. Treatments that reveal the agency wasn't listening in the initial meeting."^[134] Using viewer feedback, Valve tailored the ad content until they were satisfied with the results. The ads took eight weeks to complete.^[134] Valve also developed online promotional videos featuring J. K. Simmons narrating as Cave Johnson, to promote new elements of Portal 2's gameplay. These videos were part of a larger effort described by Newell as a "documentary-style investment opportunity" for Portal 2.^[135] An earlier video released on February 14, 2011, promoted the cooperative aspect of Portal 2 as a St.Valentine's gift and "lit up our preorders, our buzz, all the metrics that are used and collected by publishers and retailers". Lombardi said the videos "dwarfed the demos and interviews we did".^[32] Valve also offered Portal 2-themed merchandise, such as posters, drinking glasses, and T-shirts.^[136]

Additional and downloadable content

Portal 2 includes bonus content, including four promotional videos, a Lab Rat comic, and an interactive trailer for the 2011 film Super 8, constructed with the Source game engine.^[137] A feature called "Robot Enrichment" allows players to customize the cooperative campaign characters with new gestures and cosmetic items such as hats or flags. These can be earned in-game, traded with other players, or bought through microtransactions at the in-game store.^[138]

Valve planned to produce downloadable content for Portal 2, beginning with "Peer Review", released on October 4, 2011.^{[32][101][139][140]} The content, which is free regardless of platform, includes a new cooperative campaign which extends the game's story. A week from the end of the cooperative campaign, GLaDOS prepares Atlas and P-Body to deal with an intruder within Aperture Science—the bird that had previously abducted her as a potato.^[141] The content also adds a "challenge mode" similar to that in Portal—players try to complete specific chambers with the shortest time or fewest number of portals used, both which are tracked on overall and friends leaderboards. The challenge modes are available for both single-player and cooperative modes.^[142][143]

According to Faliszek, user-generated content for Portal 2 would be available on all platforms, but because of software dependencies, the necessary modding tools would only be available for Windows.^[144] Valve released beta versions of the modding tools on May 10, 2011,^[145] and supported a competition held by the community mapping website "Thinking with Portals" in May 2011, providing prizes for the most-selected maps.^[146] The "Perpetual Testing Initiative", a free title update for the Windows and Mac versions, was released on May 8, 2012, and includes a new level editor and a means of obtaining and sharing user-created levels through the Steam Workshop.^[147][148] In November 2011, GTTV host Geoff Keighley said that Valve was developing a simplified level editing tool to allow novice editors to assemble test chambers without learning how to use the modified Valve Hammer Editor, and an in-game system to distribute user-created levels via the Steam Workshop.^[149][150] This mapping system entered beta testing in March 2012.^[150][151] Within a few days of release, the Perpetual Testing Initiative add-on had been used to create 35,000 maps, with 1.3 million downloads of these maps through Steam.^[152] Within a month, more than 150,000 user-created maps were available.^[153] The first release of the Perpetual Testing Initiative was limited to single-player maps, but a patch released in August 2012 enabled users to create new levels for cooperative play.^[154]

As of January 2013, Valve supports fan reuse of Portal 2 content, offering selected assets and assistance. The Windows release of Bastion includes a weapon inspired by Portal 2's Conversion Gel and turrets; its developer Supergiant Games received writing assistance from Eric Wolpaw and McLain voiced new lines for the turrets.^[155] An add-on scenario for Hidden Path Entertainment's tower defense game Defense Grid: The Awakening incorporates GLaDOS as an antagonist using new dialogue from McLain and assets from Portal 2.^[156] Wolpaw and McLain also helped to create additional lines for GLaDOS for a custom single-player map commissioned by Gary Hudston, which he used to propose marriage to his fiancee, Stephanie.^[157][158] For a patch for Bethesda's The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim that incorporated support for Steam Workshop content, Valve developed a free add-on module that introduced the Space Core as a non-player character that follows the player around.^[159] Valve collaborated with Zen Studios to create a Portal 2-themed pinball table, among other Valve-themed tables, for their games Pinball FX 2 and Zen Pinball.^[160] A Portal 2-themed set is available for Lego Dimensions by Warner Bros. Entertainment and Traveller's Tales; the game features additional stories written by Traveller's Tales with Valve's blessing set after the events of Portal 2, with Ellen McLain, Stephen Merchant and J.K. Simmons reprising their respective voice roles, as well as a new GLaDOS credits song written by Jonathan Coulton and performed by McLain.^[161]

Use in education

Several critics wrote that Portal 2 excels in teaching the player to solve puzzles; in a review for the New York Times, Seth Schiesel wrote, "Somewhere out there an innovative, dynamic high school physics teacher will use Portal 2 as the linchpin of an entire series of lessons and will immediately become the most important science teacher those lucky students have ever had."^[162] Mathematics and science teachers wrote e-mails to Valve to tell them how they had included Portal in their classroom lessons as part of a project to promote the "gamification of learning".^[163] Portal developers Joshua Weier and Yassr Malaika led a team within Valve to explore ways of using Portal 2 for education.^[163] This led to the development of Puzzle Maker, a level editor for Portal 2 players, built from the professional tools used to develop the game.^[163] Weier and Malaika did not want to design curricula themselves, but wanted to provide educators with tools for creating lesson plans. Hammer, the only tool freely available before the release of the built-in level editor in 2012, was difficult for educators to learn and understand. Valve gave Puzzle Maker an easy-to-learn interface and the ability to share puzzles and lesson plans. The tools were developed with a mathematics teacher and her students.^[153][163] This formed the basis of a new "Steam for Schools" initiative launched in June 2012, under which educators could acquire Portal 2 and the Puzzle Maker software free of charge for classroom use through its "Teach with Portals" program.^[164] As of November 2012, Valve estimates that over 2,500 educators are using the "Teach with Portals" software within their lesson plans.^[163]

Hardware support

Razer Hydra

Sixense developed a version of Portal 2 to support the Razer Hydra motion controller for PC that allows enhanced control of some game elements.^[165] Ten extra single-player levels are available as downloadable content for this version.^[166] Writer Chet Faliszek said Sixense developers spent nine months to a year in-house at Valve preparing the native version.^[167] A limited edition of the Razer Hydra comes bundled with a copy of Portal 2 for PC.^[168]

PlayStation 3

The announcement that Portal 2 would be available on PlayStation 3 came as a surprise to the industry because Gabe Newell had criticized that console in the past, citing difficulties in the port of The Orange Box.^[169] The move toward the PlayStation 3 was a result of growing frustration with Microsoft's policies for Xbox 360 content, including the difficulty of pushing patching and new content to players. Newell saw Sony's publication model as more open, allowing Steam-like features to be used on the console.^[11] Portal 2 was the first PlayStation 3 game to support a subset of features from Steamworks, including automatic updates, downloadable content, and community support.^[170] The game supports cross-platform play between the PlayStation 3, Windows, and OS X versions.^[171]

The Steam overlay shows the player's friends on both Steam and the PlayStation Network, with achievements rewarded for both Steam and PlayStation Network Trophies.^[172] Players can unlock the game on Steam for Windows and OS X for no additional charge.^[171][172] The integration of Steamworks on the PlayStation 3 allows Valve to collect data about problems that arise after shipping and push appropriate updates.^[5] Valve has stated they do not plan on integrating other PlayStation 3 features, such as 3D television or PlayStation Move support.^[173][174] In June 2012, Valve announced that the PlayStation 3 version would be patched later that year to include support for the PlayStation Move motion controller, and to add the additional content that was previously provided with the Hydra, under the name Portal 2 In Motion.^[175] The patch was released in early November 2012.^[176] A free co-op add-on for the Portal 2 In Motion content was added in June 2013.^[177] Valve said that despite additional support for PlayStation 3 over Xbox 360, the core game is the same on both platforms.^[178]

SteamOS and Linux

As of February 2014, SteamOS, Valve's own Linux-based operating system, supports Portal 2 and its predecessor, as do most modern Debian-based Linux distributions on its services via the Steam client. Released as a Beta in early 2014 for Linux distributions, it holds all of the same traits as the other versions, retaining cross-platform play, split screen and fully native controller support.

Reception

Pre-release

Portal 2 was a strong favorite of gaming journalists during closed-door previews at the E3 2010 convention. The Game Critics Awards, selected by journalists and critics, awarded Portal 2 the title of Best PC Game and Best Action/Adventure Game,^[179] and nominated the game for Best of Show and Best Console Game.^[180] IGN named Portal 2 as its Best of E3 for PC, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3 systems and Best Puzzle Game, and nominated it for Best Overall Game.^[181] Gamespy named Portal 2 the Best Overall Game and Best Puzzle Game of E3.^[182] Portal 2 won the 2010 Spike Video Game Award for "Most Anticipated Game for 2011".^[183]

Post-release

Reception
Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings (PC) 95.16%[184] (X360) 94.00%[185] (PS3) 93.95%[186] Metacritic 95/100[187][188][189] Review scores Publication Score 1UP.com A+[190] Edge 9/10[191] Eurogamer 10/10[192] Famitsu 37 (10/9/9/9)[193] G4 5/5[194] Game Informer 9.5/10[195] GameSpot 9.0/10[196] IGN 9.5/10[197] PC Gamer (US) 94/100[198]

Portal 2 received universal acclaim from reviewers on its release, and received an average score of 95 out of 100 according to review aggregator Metacritic,^[199] and between the different platform versions was ranked as the third- to fifth-highest rated game by the aggregator throughout 2011.^[200] Several reviewers identified Portal 2 as an early contender for "Game of the Year",^{[190][192][201][202]} while others called it one of the best games of all time.^{[14][194][203][204][205]} Upon release, the game was widely considered to be as good as or better than the original. Eurogamer's Oli Welsh said that the game avoids the normal pitfalls that developers introduce in sequels, stating that "Portal is perfect. Portal 2 is not. It's something better than that.".^[192] Gus Mastrapa of the A.V. Club wrote that with Portal 2, Valve had alleviated any doubts that "Portal could be expanded into a big, narrative experience with all the bells and whistles of a mainstream gaming hit".^[206] IGN's Charles Onyett wrote that the sequel "makes the original look like the prototype it was" by expanding the game in gameplay and story.^[197]

Most reviewers praised the writing and voice acting in the game.^{[190][207][208][209]} Entertainment Weekly's Dan Stapleton of PC Gamer was able to predict many of the plot twists within Portal 2's story but "still looked forward to witnessing exactly how the characters would react"; he praised the development of the characters, as "their charm makes what would otherwise be an empty and lifeless world feel boisterous and alive".^[198] The characters were well received.^{[191][194][202][210]} Oynett wrote that Merchant's "obvious enthusiasm for the role benefits the game" and that the "consistently clever writing perfectly complements the onscreen action".^[197] Game Informer's Adam Biessener considered Johnson to be an even better character than GLaDOS, and praised the game's "pitch-perfect delivery" and "brilliant comedic timing".^[195] In contrast, Peter Bright of Ars Technica wrote that compared to the loneliness and despair he felt while playing the first game, the characters, Wheatley and GLaDOS, lost some of this feeling and "the inane babble served only to disrupt the mood".^[211]

Portal 2's additional gameplay elements, like light bridges, lasers, and the gels, were praised as appropriate additions to the game. Reviewers were pleased with the difficulty of the puzzles throughout the game, which appeared visually complicated at first but had uncomplicated solutions.^{[14][162][196][193][202][204][212]} Time's Evan Narcisse said that he feared the addition of new gameplay elements would "dilute the purity of the experience, but everything's still executed with Valve's high level of charm and panache."^[209] Tom Hoggins of The Telegraph praised the manner with which these elements were introduced through a "brilliant learning curve of direction, rather than instruction", and considered it a "design ethos that is supremely generous, but dealt with marvellous economy".^[14] Chris Kohler of Wired wrote that the game's puzzles "never require excessively complicated solutions", and that much of the puzzle solving is "filled with moments that will have you slapping your forehead and thinking, 'Oh my God, I'm such an idiot—why didn't I see that before?'".^[213] Stapleton was not as pleased with the gel additions as with the other new mechanics, calling it "difficult to control". He felt that they have "only a couple of uses at most".^[198] Bright felt that Portal 2 was easier than its predecessor, in part that he felt much of the game was effectively tutorials for the new gameplay additions, requiring "careful use of the tools provided", leaving him with the impression that "the game was on rails".^[211]

The cooperative puzzle solving aspect was highlighted as a valuable addition to the game.^{[191][195][194]} Welsh called the cooperative mode "one of the most satisfying and genuinely collaborative gaming experiences you can have with a friend".^[192] Onyett wrote, "Valve knows how a good co-operative mode requires a game design that doesn't simply encourage but requires you to work together. In Portal 2, communication is vital to success".^[197] Several reviewers praised the non-verbal cues that players could initiate to work with their partners.^{[197][196][195][201]} Portal 2 was praised for the amount of detail in its design, sound, and music.^[198] Nelson credited the "sheer amount of detail" put into the game's world, and wrote, "it all feels very real and natural with brief moments where you're simply sucked into this world".^[190] Onyett was impressed with the amount of visual details and capabilities Valve achieved from their Source game engine and that the added details and animations of the levels "consistently serv[ed] not only to entertain the eye but to expand our understanding of the game's characters".^[197] Hoggins wrote that the game's world reacted to the player-character Chell's presence "in a startlingly organic way", and praised Valve's design as "an achievement of world-building that compares favourably with BioShock's underwater city of Rapture".^[14]

Some reviewers said that the second act of the game, taking place in the less-structured portion of the old Aperture facilities, may be confusing to some players. Young wrote that in the second act, the game "cranks up the difficulty level at a speed that may dishearten casual gamers", and said that particularly when traveling between chambers, he had "absolutely no idea where I was supposed to head next".^[210] Kohler wrote that while the player can explore the abandoned areas of Aperture, "none of it ever does anything—it's just a lot of sterile, duplicated, non-interactive environments".^[213] Watters wrote that the loading time between the game's levels, in contrast to earlier Valve games, are "long enough to make you take notice and wish they were shorter".^[196] Watters also said that it was unfortunate that the game lacks "stand-alone test chambers and leaderboards ... but even so, Portal 2 is not light on content" without these.^[196] Welsh said that the attempt to recapture the spirit of the song "Still Alive" at the end credits of Portal 2 "was a mistake".^[192] Video game critic Ben "Yahtzee" Croshaw named it the best game of 2011 in his review show Zero Punctuation. However he wrote in his Extra Punctuation column that, while Portal 2 was a "very good game", it unnecessarily retconned portions of the origin game's story, and did not really further the game's concept. However, this criticism was directed solely at the campaign, and he stated that he found the game's co-op to be "much more appealing and much more within the spirit of the original".^[214]

On April 20, 2011, it was reported that customers had launched a protest against perceived shortcomings of Portal 2.^[215][216] Users complained that the game was too short—some saying that it is only four hours long, about the existence of paid, downloadable content for some versions at launch, and that the Windows and OS X versions were ports of the console version. Other journalists countered that the quality of the graphics on the Windows and Mac versions did not suggest a simple console port. Stephen Totilo of Kotaku wrote that the game lasted nine hours and that the downloadable content consisted purely of cosmetic add-ons.^[217] Some journalists said that the minimal impact of The Potato Sack alternative reality game on the early release of Portal 2 may be influencing the user scores.^[218][219]

Awards

Portal 2 won the title of "Ultimate Game of the Year" at the 2011 Golden Joystick Awards,^[220] and ranked second place on Time's "Top 10 Video Games of 2011".^[221] Gamasutra, IGN, Eurogamer, Kotaku, the Associated Press, and The Mirror listed Portal 2 as their top video game of 2011.^{[222][223][224][225][226][227]} The game received twelve nominations including "Game of the Year" for the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards, where it was the most-nominated title,^[228] and won for "Best PC Game", "Best Male Performance" for Stephen Merchant, "Best Female Performance" for Ellen McLain, "Best Downloadable Content", and "Best Multiplayer Game".^[229] The title was nominated for five Game Developers Choice Awards for 2011, including "Game of the Year",^[230] and won in the "Best Narrative", "Best Audio" and "Best Game Design" categories.^[231] It was nominated for ten Interactive Achievement Awards, including "Game of the Year", from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences, and won the awards for "Outstanding Achievement in Connectivity", "Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composition", and "Outstanding Character Performance" for Wheatley.^[232][233] Portal 2 was nominated for six BAFTA video game award categories,^[234] and won in the "Best Game", "Best Story" and "Best Design" categories.^[235] The Game Audio Network Guild awarded the game for "Best Dialog", "Best Interactive Score", and "Best Original Vocal – Pop" (for "Want You Gone").^[236] In the inaugural New York Videogame Critics Circle Awards, Portal 2 was given the top honors for best writing and best acting.^[237] The Perpetual Testing Initiative add-on was awarded the 2012 Golden Joystick for "Best Use of DLC".^[238]

Sales

Based on sales data from Amazon.com, Portal 2 was the best-selling game in the United States in the first week of its release,^[239] but was overtaken by Mortal Kombat in its second week.^[240] According to NPD Group, Portal 2 was the second-best selling game in the U.S. in April 2011,^[241] at 637,000 copies,^[242] and the fourth-best selling in May.^[243] However, NPD does not include sales on Valve's Steam platform.^[242] Portal 2 was the best selling game in the U.K. in the first week of its release, the first number-one for a Valve game.^[244] It retained the top spot during its second week.^[245]

Portal 2 was released a few days before the PlayStation Network outage. Gamasutra analyst Matt Matthews said that, based on NPD Group data, the outage "did not seriously affect retail sales of software",^[246] but some developers did report drops in sales.^[247] ShopToNews analyst Joe Anderson expected that the effect of the outage on UK sales of Portal 2 would be mild.^[248] On June 22, Newell announced that Portal 2 had sold 3 million copies.^[249] As of July 2011, Electronic Arts stated that more than 2 million copies of Portal 2 have been sold by retailers worldwide.^[250] In an August 2011 interview, Newell stated that "Portal 2 did better on the PC than it did on the consoles".^[251] Upon release of the Perpetual Testing Initiative in May 2012, Newell stated that Portal 2 had shipped more than 4 million units, with the personal computer versions outselling the console versions. Overall, Portal and Portal 2 had together shipped more than 8 million units.^[252]

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Portal 2.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Portal 2

• "Think With Portals" – Official website
• "Teach with Portals"
• Portal 2 at the Internet Movie Database
• "Portal 2: Creating a Sequel to a Game that Doesn't Need One" presentation at the 2012 Game Developers Conference, March 7, 2012
• Portal 2 presentation by Eric Wolpaw, as part of the New York University Game Design Series, May 6, 2011
• The Final Hours of Portal 2, a digital book by Geoff Keighley
• Interview with Portal 2 animator Keith Lango

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