Patient Health Questionnaire

The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a multiple-choice self-report inventory copyrighted by Pfizer Inc, that is used as a screening and diagnostic tool for mental health disorders of depression, anxiety, alcohol, eating, and somatoform.

It is the self-report version of the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD), a diagnostic tool developed in the mid-1990s by Pfizer Inc.[1]

Designed for use in the primary care setting, it lacks coverage for disorders seen in psychiatric settings.[2] It is a public domain resource that is available without cost in several languages. Certain of these tools have been shown to have good diagnostic sensitivity, but poor specificity like the PHQ-2. Though others, like PHQ-9, is both sensitive and specific in its diagnoses, which has led to its prominence in the primary care setting. These tests were originally designed for patients to take themselves, though they can be administered by trained health care practitioners as well.[3]

A major limitation of the PHQ-9 is the lack of an item addressing suicidal ideation.

Versions

The PHQ-9, a tool specific to depression, simply scores each of the 9 DSM-IV criteria based on the mood module from the original PRIME-MD.[4] This tool is used in a variety of different contexts, including clinical settings across the United States as well as research studies. One study which used the PHQ-9, examined if college student displays of depression symptoms on Facebook were representative of offline symptoms. Results demonstrated that those who displayed depression symptoms on Facebook scored higher on the PHQ-9, suggesting that those who display depression symptoms on Facebook are experiencing them offline.[5]

The Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) is a shorter version of the PHQ-9 with two screening questions to assess the presence of a depressed mood and a loss of interest or pleasure in routine activities; a positive response to either question indicates further testing is required.[6]

The GAD-7 scores 7 common anxiety symptoms.

The PHQ-15 scores somatic symptoms.

The PHQ-SADS screens for somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptoms using PHQ-9, GAD-7, and PHQ-15, plus the panic symptoms question from the original PHQ.[7]

References

  1. ↑ Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB (1999). Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. JAMA. Nov 10;282(18):1737–44. PMID 10568646.
  2. ↑ Blacker D. Psychiatric Rating Scales. In Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P (eds) Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9th ed. 2009. p. 1042. ISBN 978-0-7817-6899-3
  3. ↑ Arroll B, Goodyear-Smith F, Crengle S, Gunn J, Kerse N, Fishman T, Falloon K, Hatcher S. Validation of PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 to screen for major depression in the primary care population. Ann Fam Med. 2010 Jul-Aug;8(4):348-53. doi: 10.1370/afm.1139, PMID 20644190.
  4. ↑ Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB (2001). The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 16(9):606. PMID 11556941
  5. ↑ Moreno, Megan Andreas; Christakis, DA; Egan, KG; Jelenchick, LA; Cox, E; Young, H; Villiard, H; Becker, T (July 2012). "A pilot evaluation of associations between displayed depression references on Facebook and self-reported depression using a clinical scale". The journal of behavioral health services & research 39 (3): 295–304. doi:10.1007/s11414-011-9258-7. PMC 3266445. PMID 21863354.
  6. ↑ Whooley MA, Avins AL, Miranda J, Browner WS (July 1997). "Case-finding instruments for depression. Two questions are as good as many". J Gen Intern Med 12 (7): 439–45. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1997.00076.x. PMC 1497134. PMID 9229283.
  7. ↑ "Instructions for Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) and GAD-7 Measures" (PDF). Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) Screeners. Pfizer.

External links

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