Patau syndrome

Patau syndrome /ˈpætaʊ/ is a syndrome caused by a chromosomal abnormality, in which some or all of the cells of the body contain extra genetic material from chromosome 13. This can occur either because each cell contains a full extra copy of chromosome 13 (a disorder known as trisomy 13 or trisomy D), or because each cell contains an extra partial copy of the chromosome (i.e., Robertsonian translocation) or because of mosaic Patau syndrome. Full trisomy 13 is caused by nondisjunction of chromosomes during meiosis (the mosaic form is caused by nondisjunction during mitosis). The extra genetic material from chromosome 13 disrupts the normal course of development, causing multiple and complex organ defects. Like all nondisjunction conditions (such as Down syndrome and Edwards syndrome), the risk of this syndrome in the offspring increases with maternal age at pregnancy, with about 31 years being the average.^[1] Patau syndrome affects somewhere between 1 in 10,000 and 1 in 21,700 live births.^[2]

Signs and symptoms

Of those fetuses that do survive to gestation and subsequent birth, common abnormalities may include:

• Nervous system
  • Intellectual disability and motor disorder
  • Microcephaly
  • Holoprosencephaly (failure of the forebrain to divide properly).
  • Structural eye defects, including microphthalmia, Peters' anomaly, cataract, iris and/or fundus (coloboma), retinal dysplasia or retinal detachment, sensory nystagmus, cortical visual loss, and optic nerve hypoplasia
  • Meningomyelocele (a spinal defect)

• Musculoskeletal and cutaneous
  • Polydactyly (extra digits)
  • Cyclopia
  • Proboscis
  • Congenital trigger digits
  • Low-set ears^[3]
  • Prominent heel
  • Deformed feet known as rocker-bottom feet
  • Omphalocele (abdominal defect)
  • Abnormal palm pattern
  • Overlapping of fingers over thumb
  • Cutis aplasia (missing portion of the skin/hair)
  • Cleft palate

• Urogenital
  • Abnormal genitalia
  • Kidney defects

• Other
  • Heart defects (ventricular septal defect) (Patent Ductus Arteriosus)
  • Dextrocardia
  • Single umbilical artery^[4]

Causes

Patau syndrome is the result of trisomy 13, meaning each cell in the body has three copies of chromosome 13 instead of the usual two. A small percentage of cases occur when only some of the body's cells have an extra copy; such cases are called mosaic Patau.

Patau syndrome can also occur when part of chromosome 13 becomes attached to another chromosome (translocated) before or at conception in a Robertsonian translocation. Affected people have two copies of chromosome 13, plus extra material from chromosome 13 attached to another chromosome. With a translocation, the person has a partial trisomy for chromosome 13 and often the physical signs of the syndrome differ from the typical Patau syndrome.

Most cases of Patau syndrome are not inherited, but occur as random events during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs and sperm). An error in cell division called non-disjunction can result in reproductive cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes. For example, an egg or sperm cell may gain an extra copy of the chromosome. If one of these atypical reproductive cells contributes to the genetic makeup of a child, the child will have an extra chromosome 13 in each of the body's cells. Mosaic Patau syndrome is also not inherited. It occurs as a random error during cell division early in fetal development.

Patau syndrome due to a translocation can be inherited. An unaffected person can carry a rearrangement of genetic material between chromosome 13 and another chromosome. This rearrangement is called a balanced translocation because there is no extra material from chromosome 13. Although they do not have signs of Patau syndrome, people who carry this type of balanced translocation are at an increased risk of having children with the condition.

Recurrence risk

Unless one of the parents is a carrier of a translocation, the chances of a couple having another trisomy 13 affected child is less than 1% (less than that of Down syndrome). The most common characteristics of this syndrome are problems such as late development, mental disability, multiple malformations, cardiopathy, and kidney abnormalities. The most common physical signs for Patau Syndrome are the decreasing of muscle tone, small hands, small ears, small head and mouth, as well as wide and short hands with short fingers. Physical development for children affected by Patau Syndrome occurs more slowly than children without Patau syndrome. However, children affected Patau Syndrome should still undergo regular physical activity, even though muscle development may occur more slowly.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is usually based on clinical findings, although fetal chromosome testing will show trisomy 13. While many of the physical findings are similar to Edward's syndrome there are a few unique traits, such as polydactyly. However, unlike Edwards syndrome and Down syndrome, the quad screen does not provide a reliable means of screening for this disorder. This is due to the variability of the results seen in fetuses with Patau.^[5]

Treatment

Medical management of children with Trisomy 13 is planned on a case-by-case basis and depends on the individual circumstances of the patient. Treatment of Patau syndrome focuses on the particular physical problems with which each child is born. Many infants have difficulty surviving the first few days or weeks due to severe neurological problems or complex heart defects. Surgery may be necessary to repair heart defects or cleft lip and cleft palate. Physical, occupational, and speech therapy will help individuals with Patau syndrome reach their full developmental potential. Surviving children are described as happy and parents report that they enrich their lives.^[6] The cited study grouped Edwards syndrome, which is sometimes survivable beyond toddlerhood, along with Patau, hence the median age of 4 at the time of data collection.

Prognosis

More than 80% of children with Patau syndrome die within the first year of life.^[7] Children with the mosaic variation are usually affected to a lesser extent.^[8]

History

Trisomy 13 was first observed by Thomas Bartholin in 1657,^[9] but the chromosomal nature of the disease was ascertained by Dr. Klaus Patau in 1960.^[10] The disease is named in his honor.

In England and Wales during 2008–09, there were 172 diagnoses of Patau's syndrome (trisomy 13), with 91% of diagnoses made prenatally. There were 111 elective abortions, 14 stillbirth/miscarriage/fetal deaths, 30 outcomes unknown, and 17 live births. Approximately 4% of Patau's syndrome with unknown outcomes are likely to result in a live birth, therefore the total number of live births is estimated to be 18.^[11]

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Patau syndrome.

• SOFT USA - Support Organization For Trisomy 18, 13 and Related Disorders
• SOFT UK Support Organisation for Trisomy 13/18 and related disorders
• Living with Trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome) - Embracing Life One Moment at a Time
• Trisomy 13 Archived - 300 Carry-to-Term Family Stories Videos (2005-2010)
• "Perinatal Hospice Care - Preparing for birth and death" at The New York Times
• Trisomie 13 Germany, English Translation for Trisomie 13 Germany
• Trisomy 13 at WebMD
• "Choosing Thomas" at Dallas Morning News
• "David Chitayat. Trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome)"
• "Mary Kugler, R.N. Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13)"
• "Thomas C. Weiss. Patau Syndrome - Facts and Information"