Pan dulce

Pan dulce (lit. "sweet bread") is one of the poster treats in Mexico and other Latin American countries. One of the first non-native foods that was introduced to Mexico by Spain was wheat, a Spanish religious necessity. The creation of sweet bread was influenced by the French and Spaniards who were the ones that introduced baked goods such as crispy rolls, baguettes, and sweet pastries to Mexico. This inspired the indigenous peoples to create different types of panes dulces such as besos, conchas, and cuernos amongst others. The bread is considered to be one of Mexico's most inexpensive treats and is consumed daily as breakfast or late supper, known as merienda.^[1]

Types

Pan dulce in Peru

The creative contribution of French baked goods to Mexico's cuisine peaked in the early 19th century during the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz. Skilled Mexican bakers adopted French techniques to create new bread designs with colorful names. Today, Mexican bakers are among the most inventive in the world; it is estimated that there are between 500 and 2,000 types of breads currently produced in Mexico.^[2] Among these include:

Besos (kisses)

Besos (kisses) are a Mexican sweet bread that are very popular on Valentine's Day. It is made by creating round domes on the top with a drop filling of jam in the middle.^[3]

Campechanas

Campechanas are rectangular glazed Mexican pastries, a very common pan dulce.^[4]

Conchas (shells)

A concha sweet bread bought in Mexico City

Conchas (shells) are known for their shell-like shape and sugar shell pattern on the top. This is one of the most famous Mexican pastries and widely recognized in the United States. It is also referred to as "pan de huevo".^[5]

Cuernos (horns)

Cuernos (horns) are a Mexican pastry that is known for their horn-like shape. This pastry has garnered many comparisons to the French croissant.^[6]

Empanadas (turnovers)

Empanadas (turnovers) are a pastry more commonly served in Cuba and South America but also have a place in Mexican cuisine. They are filled with meat or other ingredients such as cheese or vegetables of different sorts.^[7]

Marranitos / cochinitos / puerquitos (little pigs)

Cochinitos sold by a street vendor at a fair in Cuajimalpa, Mexico City.

Marranitos / cochinitos / puerquitos (little pigs) are pastries sweetened with piloncillo and spiced with cinnamon. The bread has erroneously been called "gingerbread pig" because the finished result looks similar to gingerbread. However, ginger isn't used to make the pastry.^[8]

Molletes (cheeks / arm or leg muscle)

Molletes (cheeks / arm or leg muscle) was a round bread that was made in Spain before being brought to Mexico. There it was transformed into what is known now as a "bolillo". It is opened up to make different types of sandwiches.^[9]

Orejas (ears)

Orejas (ears) are flaky and sweet Mexican pastries that are shaped like an ear and are very common at bakeries.^[10] They are very similar to a French Palmier

Piedras (rocks or stones)

Piedras (rocks or stones) is a pastry made of old bread and is known to be as hard as a rock. Many people eat this with very hot drinks.^[11]

Polvorones (wedding cookies)

Polvorones (wedding cookies) are a pastry, famous at weddings, that have a lot of shortening on top.^[12]

Yoyos (yo-yos)

Yoyos (yo-yos) are a Mexican pastry named after the yo-yo toy, and is shaped exactly like it, but does not have the string. It has a filling which usually consists of raspberry jam.^[13]

Unique breads

With the invention of pan dulce in Mexico, other significant breads were produced to celebrate special occasions and traditions, such as rosca de reyes and pan de muerto. These special breads are part of the traditional customs that have been around for centuries. The stories behind these special occasional breads derive from religious beliefs, the dominant being Roman Catholic.

Rosca de reyes

Rosca de reyes ('kings' ring') is a treat in addition to a gift that is given on Three Kings Day, Dia de los Reyes Magos, which is held twelve days after Christmas, the celebration date of the birth of Jesus Christ. This bread is symbolic in many ways, the most illustrative being its round shape which signifies the crown of the Reyes Magos; see Biblical Magi. Baked inside is a small white plastic or ceramic figurine which represents the baby Jesus. The hidden baby Jesus symbolizes the secrecy of the location of Jesus as a child. The ruler of Jerusalem, King Herod, upon learning about the birth of the rightful King of Jerusalem, ordered that all male infants be killed so that he could keep his crown. Whoever finds the small figurine is obligated to host a party for the celebration of the Dia de la Candelaria - Fiesta de la Candelaria - which occurs on February 2.^[14]

Pan de muerto

Pan de muerto ('bread of the dead') is a special bread that is consumed and offered as a part of the Día de Muertos celebration in October. Day of the Dead is a lively and communal commemoration of the dead. Pan de muerto dates back to the conquest years as a replacement for the Aztec rituals of human sacrifice. As the Spaniards witnessed a heart being ripped out of a human and then bitten, they created bread in shapes of hearts with red coated sugar to avoid human sacrifices. Pan de muerto traces its roots back to the Aztec tradition of placing food as offerings on the tombs of the deceased. The food offerings sustained the spirits on their journey to their underworld.^[15] The bread takes many different shapes, from skulls to animals to crosses and mummies. The traditional pan de muerto is shaped like a skull, round, with a little ball at the center top to represent a cranium. Following are the four bones to symbolize the four courses of the universe.^[16]

Cultural significance

Pan dulce is considered to be a Mexican cuisine even though its origins are European. Other countries in Latin America and even Europe have adapted some of Mexico's pastries, but it is in Mexico that the creative new shapes originate. Today, pan dulce is seen in many parts of the United States, especially in places like California and Texas, as a result of migration.

Mexico

In Mexico, pan dulce is consumed daily at breakfast or merienda (late supper). It is usually accompanied by hot chocolate, milk, or coffee, and is dipped into the drink for better taste. Pan dulce has been an important part of Mexican cuisine since the colonial years when the Spaniards introduced wheat and the French brought crispy baguettes and rich pastries. Traditional local dishes were soon replaced with European cuisine that aroused Mexican's taste buds. In addition to its great taste, pan dulce is also inexpensive, an incentive for daily consumption.

United States

As migration occurred from Mexico to the United States, traditions, customs, and dishes also migrated. Pan dulce can be found in Mexican markets in many U.S. states including California, Texas, Arizona, Georgia, New Mexico, etc. Though pan dulce may not be consumed as frequently, it is a common consumption in Latin American homes.

See also

• Latin American cuisine
• List of pastries
• List of sweet breads
• Mexican breads
• Mexican cuisine

References

Further reading

• The Days of the Dead: Mexico's Festival of Communion with the Departed - Rosalind Rosoff Beimler - Google Books
• Celebrating Latino Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Cultural Traditions - Google Books
• (Spanish) 50 Recipes of Sweet Breads, Turrones and Confectionaries

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pan dulce.

• Rosca de Reyes is a Mexican Tradition
• Adelante en Acción: What is a "Rosca de Reyes"?
• Portable Document Format (PDF)
• Rosca de reyes, historia y receta | Suite101.net
• PAN DULCE. WHAT DO YOU CALL THAT? | latinopia.com
• Pan de Muertos (Mexican Bread of the Dead) Recipe - Allrecipes.com

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