Pterophoridae

Plume moths

Emmelina monodactyla (Pterophorinae: Pterophorini)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Suborder:	Ditrysia
Infraorder:	Apoditrysia
Superfamily:	Pterophoroidea
Family:	Pterophoridae Zeller, 1841
Type species
Pterophorus pentadactyla Linnaeus, 1758
Subfamilies
Agdistinae Deuterocopinae Macropiratinae (sometimes given family status as Macropiratidae) Ochyroticinae Pterophorinae
Diversity
>90 genera >1,000 species

The Pterophoridae or plume moths are a family of Lepidoptera with unusually modified wings. Though they belong to the Apoditrysia like the larger moths and the butterflies, unlike these they are tiny and were formerly included among the assemblage called "Microlepidoptera".

Description and ecology

Pupa of Platyptilia tetradactyla (Pterophorinae: Platyptilini)

The forewings of plume moths usually consist of two curved spars with more or less bedraggled bristles trailing behind. This resembles the closely related Alucitidae (many-plumed moths) at first glance, but the latter have a greater number of symmetrical plumes. The hindwings are similarly constructed, but have three spars. A few genera have normal lepidopteran wings.

The usual resting posture is with the wings extended laterally and narrowly rolled up. Often they resemble a piece of dried grass, and may pass unnoticed by potential predators even when resting in exposed situations in daylight. Some species have larvae which are stem- or root-borers while others are leaf-browsers.

Economically important pterophorids include the Artichoke Plume Moth (Platyptilia carduidactyla), an Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus) pest in California, while the Geranium Plume Moth (Platyptilia pica)^[1] and the Snapdragon Plume Moth (Stenoptilodes antirrhina) can cause damage to the ornamental plants Garden Geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum) and Common Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus), respectively. Other plume moths have been used as biological control agents against invasive plant species – Lantanophaga pusillidactyla against West Indian Lantana (Lantana camara), Oidaematophorus beneficus against Mistflower (Ageratina riparia), Hellinsia balanotes against Groundsel Bush (Baccharis halimifolia),^[2] and Wheeleria spilodactylus against Horehound (Marrubium vulgare).^[3]

Taxonomy

The family is divided into the following subfamilies, tribes and genera, some species are also listed:
Subfamily Agdistinae

Genus Agdistis Hübner, 1825
- Agdistis bouyeri
- Agdistis linnaei

Subfamily Ochyroticinae

Genus Ochyrotica
- Ochyrotica bjoernstadti

Subfamily Pterophorinae Zeller, 1841

Tribe Exelastini
- Genus Antarches
- Genus Arcoptilia
- Genus Exelastis
  - Exelastis caroli
- Genus Fuscoptilia
- Genus Marasmarcha
Tribe Oidaematophorini
- Genus Adaina
- Genus Crassuncus
- Genus Emmelina Tutt, 1905
  - Emmelina monodactyla
- Genus Gypsochares
- Genus Hellinsia Tutt, 1905
  - Hellinsia balanotes
  - Hellinsia emmelinoida
- Genus Helpaphorus
- Genus Karachia
- Genus Oidaematophorus Wallengren, 1862
  - Oidaematophorus beneficus
- Genus Paravinculia
- Genus Paulianilus
- Genus Picardia
- Genus Pselnophorus Wallengren, 1881
  - Pselnophorus meruensis
- Genus Puerphorus
- Genus Setosipennula
Tribe Oxyptilini
- Genus Apoxyptilus Alipanah et al., 2010
- Genus Buckleria Tutt, 1905
  - Buckleria vanderwolfi
- Genus Capperia
- Genus Crombrugghia

Pterophoridae. Probable Genus Crombrugghia

- Genus Dejongia
- Genus Eucapperia
  - Eucapperia continentalis
- Genus Geina
- Genus Intercapperia
- Genus Megalorhipida Amsel, 1935
  - Megalorrhipida leucodactyla
- Genus Oxyptilus
- Genus Paracapperia
- Genus Prichotilus Rose and Pooni, 2003
- Genus Procapperia
- Genus Pseudoxyptilus Alipanah et al., 2010
- Genus Stangeia Tutt, 1905
  - Stangeia xerodes

Stangeia xerodes
(Pterophorinae: Oxyptilini)

- Genus Stenodacma
- Genus Tomotilus
- Genus Trichoptilus
Tribe Platyptilini
- Genus Amblyptilia Hübner, 1825
  - Amblyptilia acanthadactyla
- Genus Anstenoptilia
- Genus Asiaephorus
- Genus Bigotilia
- Genus Bipunctiphorus
- Genus Buszkoiana
- Genus Cnaemidophorus Wallengren, 1862
  - Cnaemidophorus rhododactyla
- Genus Crocydoscelus
- Genus Fletcherella
- Genus Gillmeria Tutt, 1905
  - Gillmeria ochrodactyla
- Genus Inferuncus
- Genus Koremaguia
- Genus Lantanophaga Zimmermann, 1958
  - Lantanophaga pusillidactyla
- Genus Leesi
- Genus Lioptilodes
- Genus Michaelophorus
- Genus Nippoptilia
- Genus Paraamblyptilia
- Genus Paraplatyptilia
- Genus Platyptilia Hübner, 1825
  Platyptilia celidotus
  (Pterophorinae: Platyptilini)
  Platyptilia falcatalis
  (Pterophorinae: Platyptilini)
  - Platyptilia aarviki
  - Platyptilia carduidactyla – Artichoke Plume Moth
  - Platyptilia celidotus
  - Platyptilia eberti
  - Platyptilia falcatalis
  - Platyptilia gonodactyla
  - Platyptilia nussi
- Genus Platyptiliodes
- Genus Postplatyptilia
- Genus Quadriptilia
- Genus Sinpunctiptilia
  - Sinpunctiptilia emissalis
- Genus Sochchora
- Genus Sphenarches
- Genus Stenoptilia Hübner, 1825
  - Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla
  - Stenoptilia kiitulo
  - Stenoptilia pterodactyla
  - Stenoptilia zophodactylus
- Genus Stenoptilodes Zimmermann, 1958
  - Stenoptilodes antirrhina – Snapdragon Plume Moth
- Genus Stockophorus
- Genus Uroloba
- Genus Vietteilus
- Genus Xyroptila
Tribe Pterophorini
- Genus Calyciphora
- Genus Chocophorus
- Genus Cosmoclostis
- Genus Diacrotricha
- Genus Imbophorus
- Genus Merrifieldia
- Genus Oirata
- Genus Patagonophorus
- Genus Porrittia
- Genus Pterophorus
  - Pterophorus pentadactyla – White Plume Moth
- Genus Septuaginta
- Genus Singularia
- Genus Tabulaephorus
- Genus Wheeleria Tutt, 1905
  - Wheeleria spilodactylus
Tribe Tetraschalini
- Genus Macrotinactis
- Genus Titanoptilus
- Genus Tetraschalis
- Genus Walsinghamiella

Subfamily Deuterocopinae Gielis, 1993

- Genus Deuterocopus
- Genus Heptaloba
- Genus Hexadactilia
- Genus Leptodeuterocopus

Subfamily Macropiratinae

- Genus Agdistopis

Footnotes

↑ MDA (1980)
↑ Palmer, W.A. & Haseler, W.H. (1992)
↑ Baker, J. (2002)

References

Baker, J. (2002): Factors affecting the establishment of a classical biological control agent, the horehound plume moth (Wheeleria spilodactylus) in South Australia. (A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Applied and Molecular Ecology, Adelaide University, Australia) PDF fulltext
Michigan Department of Agriculture (MDA) (1980): Geranium Plume Moth Quarantine. PDF fulltext
Palmer, W.A & Haseler, W.H. (1992): Foodplant Specificity and Biology of Oidaematophorus balanotes (Pterophoridae): A North American Moth Introduced into Australia for the Control of Baccharis halimifolia (Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 46(3), 1992: 195-202). PDF fulltext

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pterophoridae.

Extant Lepidoptera families

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Subclass: Pterygota
Infraclass: Neoptera
Superorder: Endopterygota

Suborder Zeugloptera

Micropterigoidea	Micropterigidae (mandibulate archaic moths)

Suborder Aglossata

Agathiphagoidea	Agathiphagidae (kauri moths)

Suborder Heterobathmiina

Heterobathmioidea	Heterobathmiidae

Suborder Glossata

Dacnonypha

Eriocranioidea	Eriocraniidae

Acanthoctesia

Acanthopteroctetoidea	Acanthopteroctetidae (archaic sun moths)

Lophocoronina

Lophocoronoidea	Lophocoronidae

Neopseustina

Neopseustoidea	Neopseustidae (archaic bell moths)

Exoporia

Hepialoidea	Anomosetidae Hepialidae (swift moths, ghost moths) Neotheoridae (Amazonian primitive ghost moths) Palaeosetidae (miniature ghost moths) Prototheoridae (African primitive ghost moths)

Mnesarchaeoidea	Mnesarchaeidae (New Zealand primitive moths)

H
e
t
e
r
o
n
e
u
r
a

M
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n
o
t
r
y
s
i
a

Incurvarioidea	Adelidae (fairy longhorn moths) Cecidosidae Crinopterygidae Heliozelidae Incurvariidae Prodoxidae (yucca moths)

Andesianoidea	Andesianidae (Andean endemic moths)

Nepticuloidea	Nepticulidae (pigmy, or midget moths) Opostegidae (white eyecap moths)

Palaephatoidea	Palaephatidae (Gondwanaland moths)

Tischerioidea	Tischeriidae (trumpet leaf miner moths)

D
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t
r
y
s
i
a

Simaethistoidea	Simaethistidae

Tineoidea	Acrolophidae (burrowing webworm moths) Arrhenophanidae Eriocottidae (Old World spiny-winged moths) Lypusidae Psychidae (bagworm moths) Tineidae (fungus moths)

Gracillarioidea	Bucculatricidae (ribbed cocoon makers) Douglasiidae (Douglas moths) Gracillariidae Roeslerstammiidae

Yponomeutoidea	Acrolepiidae (false diamondback moths) Bedelliidae Glyphipterigidae (sedge moths) Heliodinidae Lyonetiidae Plutellidae Yponomeutidae (ermine moths) Ypsolophidae

Gelechioidea	Agonoxenidae (palm moths) Batrachedridae Blastobasidae Coleophoridae (case-bearers, case moths) Cosmopterigidae (cosmet moths) Elachistidae (grass-miner moths) Ethmiidae Gelechiidae (twirler moths) Holcopogonidae Lecithoceridae (long-horned moths) Metachandidae Momphidae (mompha moths) Oecophoridae (concealer moths) Chimabachidae Pterolonchidae Scythrididae (flower moths) Symmocidae Xyloryctidae (timber moths)

Galacticoidea	Galacticidae

Zygaenoidea	Heterogynidae Zygaenidae (burnet, forester, or smoky moths) Himantopteridae Lacturidae Somabrachyidae Megalopygidae (flannel moths) Aididae Anomoeotidae Cyclotornidae Epipyropidae (planthopper parasite moths) Dalceridae (slug caterpillars) Limacodidae (slug, or cup moths)

Cossoidea	Cossidae (carpenter millers, or goat moths) Dudgeoneidae (dudgeon carpenter moths)

Sesioidea	Brachodidae (little bear moths) Castniidae (castniid moths: giant butterfly-moths, sun moths) Sesiidae (clearwing moths)

Choreutoidea	Choreutidae (metalmark moths)

Tortricoidea	Tortricidae (tortrix moths)

Urodoidea	Urodidae (false burnet moths)

Schreckensteinioidea	Schreckensteiniidae (bristle-legged moths)

Epermenioidea	Epermeniidae (fringe-tufted moths)

Alucitoidea	Alucitidae (many-plumed moths) Tineodidae (false plume moths)

Pterophoroidea	Pterophoridae (plume moths)

Whalleyanoidea	Whalleyanidae

Immoidea	Immidae

Copromorphoidea	Copromorphidae (tropical fruitworm moths) Carposinidae (fruitworm moths)

Hyblaeoidea	Hyblaeidae (teak moths)

Pyraloidea	Pyralidae (snout moths) Crambidae (grass moth)

Thyridoidea	Thyrididae (picture-winged leaf moths)

Mimallonoidea	Mimallonidae (sack bearer moths)

Lasiocampoidea	Lasiocampidae (eggars, snout moths, or lappet moths)

Bombycoidea	Anthelidae (Australian lappet moth) Bombycidae (silk moths) Brahmaeidae (Brahmin moths) Carthaeidae (Dryandra moth) Endromidae (Kentish Glory and relatives) Eupterotidae Lemoniidae Saturniidae (saturniids) Sphingidae (hawk moths, sphinx moths and hornworms) Phiditiidae

Noctuoidea	Doidae Erebidae (underwing, tiger, tussock, litter, snout, owlet moths) Euteliidae Noctuidae (daggers, sallows, owlet moths, quakers, cutworms, darts) Nolidae (tuft moths) Notodontidae (prominents, kittens) Oenosandridae

Drepanoidea	Epicopeiidae (oriental swallowtail moths) Drepanidae (hook-tips)

Geometroidea	Sematuridae Uraniidae Geometridae (geometer moths)

Cimelioidea	Cimeliidae (gold moths)

Calliduloidea	Callidulidae (Old World butterfly-moths)

Superfamily unassigned	Millieriidae

Rhopalocera
(butterflies)

Hedyloidea	Hedylidae (American moth-butterflies)

Hesperioidea	Hesperiidae (skippers)

Papilionoidea (true butterflies)	Lycaenidae (gossamer-winged butterflies: blues, coppers and relatives) Nymphalidae (brush-footed, or four-footed butterflies) Papilionidae (swallowtail butterflies) Pieridae (whites, yellows, orangetips, sulphurs) Riodinidae (metalmarks)

Note: division Monotrysia is not a clade.

Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera · Lists by region

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