Outliner

An outline in Emacs Org-mode.

An outliner is a part of a computer program that allows text to be organized into discrete sections that are related in a tree structure or hierarchy typical of outlines. Text may be collapsed into a node, or expanded and edited.

Outliners are typically used for computer programming, collecting or organizing ideas, as personal information management or for project management. Mind mappers and wikis are related types of software.

Design

The principal attribute of outline editors is that they support or enforce the use of a hierarchy of their items.

• Editing: Sound parent-child relationships are enforced when the user modifies the document structure. For example:
  • Promoting, demoting, copying, or deleting a parent has the same effect on the children.
  • Every item entry must be within one level of its predecessor, such that each item must be a sibling or child of the preceding item (thus, no item can be a grandchild of the preceding item).
• Viewing: The tool enables the user to affect the display by level. For example:
  • Applying styles by outline level (e.g., bold all 1st level items)
  • Displaying selected levels (e.g., show all 1st and 2nd level items, but none deeper).
  • Hoisting an item hides all parent and sibling items; thereby focusing, or zooming in, on a particular branch. De-hoisting again reveals the full outline.
• Search/Filter: The tool displays only items that contain the query terms plus their ancestors (parent, grandparent...) to give them context.
• File import and export: Both the content and structure of outlines are conveyed when files are imported or exported (e.g., from and to tab-indented files).
• Fields/Columns: Items can also have additional fields of information. This data can be shown as columns of data in the outline or as fields in the second pane (see 'Layout' below). Some outliners also allow the user to create custom fields and/or filter on fields.

Layout

There are two basic types of outliners: one-pane or intrinsic, and two-pane or extrinsic, each with its strengths and weaknesses.

A one-pane outliner is known as an intrinsic outliner because the text itself is organized into an outline format—individual sections (such as paragraphs) of text can be collapsed or expanded, while keeping others in view. Everything is displayed within a single area, hence the term one pane. One of the strengths of one-pane outliners is that, because the text itself is what is structured and because several nodes of text are visible at once, it is easy to edit across sections. The drawback is that, because the structure is not always visible, there is not as strong an overview of the whole or ability to quickly navigate between sections as with a two-pane outliner. Some word processors, such as Microsoft Word, have an Outline Mode to help with structuring documents.^[1][2]

A two-pane outliner separates structure from content—the structure is extrinsic to the text. A tree structure with node titles is presented in one pane, and the text is shown in another. Since the structure is always clearly shown at all times separately from content, this format allows for a quick overview of the structure, and easy navigation. The drawback is that since only one node's worth of text is shown at one time and navigation has the additional step of crossing panes, the structure is more rigid, making editing across nodes more difficult. This view is similar to many file browsers and email programs (which can be thought of as three-pane outliners).^[3] This type of structure is useful also as a document management tool where the second pane is a document in place of textual information.

A one- and two-pane outliner may be combined as a hybrid. This allows multiple notes' text and graphics to be shown at the same time. The organizational power of outline in hybrid is in the parent outline structure, not in the second pane text, making it a very effective structure for topical organization. One additional advantage of hybrid is that single pane can be used as single pane outliner with second pane used for notes or reference tracking.

A third approach to intrinsic outlines is the multi-column outliner. It is similar to the one-pane outliner in that the text itself is organized into an outline format. However, the text sections do not collapse or expand, and all sections are visible but held in a separate column (one for each level). This approach allows structure and content to be visible at the same time.

File formats

Several file formats support an outline structure natively or encourage the use/creation of outline structures.

• XML - XML's purpose is to aid information systems in sharing structured data
• HTML/XHTML - outlines relatively trivial thanks to nested markup
• OPML - simple XML-based format designed for outlines, but also used for syndication feedlists
• OML - alternative to OPML
• RDF - (various formats) has web-oriented node & arc graph model, a subset can be used for outline
• XOXO - dedicated HTML-based microformat for outlines
• CHM - standard Windows format for help, books, etc.

Desktop outliners

Mobile device outliners

Browser-based outliners

This table shows a list of browser-based outliners categorised by the functionality that they provide (see 'Design' above). Browser-based outliners run inside a desktop or mobile web browser (smart phone or tablet), and may synchronise the outline's data with a remote server, or store it locally on the user's device.

See also

• Code folding
• Folding editor
• Desktop Wiki
• Personal information manager, List of personal information managers
• Concept mapping
  • Mind mapping
  • List of concept mapping and mind mapping software
• Notetaking
  • Comparison of notetaking software

References

External links

Look up outliner in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Comparison of desktop outliners
• Comparison of online outliners
• Overview of Windows outlining programs (at least 4 years old)
• Outlines: The Do Everything Tool
• OutlinerSoftware.com, Discussion of Outliners
• An outline about outliners!, A collection of articles on the history, design and use of outliners