Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn

Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn

Lithuanian: Aušros Vartų Dievo Motina
Type	Painting
Material	Tempera on oak planks
Subject	Blessed Virgin Mary
Dimensions	200 cm × 163 cm (79 in × 64 in)
Condition	On display
Location	Chapel of the Gate of Dawn, Vilnius
Coordinates	54°40′27.56″N 25°17′22.18″E / 54.6743222°N 25.2894944°E / 54.6743222; 25.2894944Coordinates: 54°40′27.56″N 25°17′22.18″E / 54.6743222°N 25.2894944°E / 54.6743222; 25.2894944

Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn (Lithuanian: Aušros Vartų Dievo Motina, Polish: Matka Boska Ostrobramska, Belarusian: Маці Божая Вастрабрамская) is the prominent painting of the Blessed Virgin Mary venerated by the faithful in the Chapel of the Gate of Dawn in Vilnius, Lithuania. The painting was historically displayed above the Vilnius city gate. The city gates of the time often contained religious artifacts intended to guard the city from attacks and to bless the travelers.

The painting made in a Northern Renaissance style was completed possibly in the first half of the 17th century, around 1630; the Virgin Mary is depicted without the infant Jesus. She is depicted accordingly to the Immaculate conception iconography, with a golden light aureola, the circle of stars around her head, the half-moon and with her head bowed in veneration.^[1][2]

The artwork soon became known as miraculous and inspired a following. A dedicated chapel was built in 1671 by the Discalced Carmelites. At the same time, possibly borrowing from the Eastern Orthodox tradition, the painting was covered in expensive and elaborate silver and gold clothes leaving only the face and hands visible.

The legend tells that in 1702, when Vilnius was captured by the Swedish army during the Great Northern War, The Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn came to her people's rescue. At dawn, the heavy iron city gates of the Gate of Dawn's fell, crushed and killed four Swedish soldiers. After this, the Lithuanian Army successfully counter-attacked near the gate.

In the following centuries, the following grew stronger and Our Lady became an important part of religious life in Vilnius. The following inspired many copies in Lithuania, Poland, and diaspora communities worldwide. The chapel was visited by Pope John Paul II in 1993. It is a major site of pilgrimage in Vilnius and attracts many visitors, especially from Poland.^[3]

History

The Gate of Dawn in Vilnius; the painting can be seen through the glass window

It is believed that the painting was commissioned by the government of Vilnius.^[4] It was customary to place paintings or sculptures of various saints in niches of walls hoping that they would protect the building.^[5] The governor of Vilnius ordered two paintings, one depicting Lord Jesus the Saviour ("Salvator Mundi"), and the other the Virgin Mary.^[4] Both of them decorated the Gate of Dawn of the Vilnius city wall – a defensive structure with no religious importance at the time. The painting of Lord Jesus decorated exterior of the gate, while Our Lady was placed much in the same place as it is now–^[4] a small niche, protected by shutters from rain and snow. Narrow and steep stairs led to a small balcony where the faithful could light candles and pray.^[5] In 1650, Albert Wijuk Kojałowicz published Miscellanea, listing all miraculous paintings of Mary, but did not mention Our Lady of the Gate of the Dawn.^[4]

In the mid-17th century the Discalced Carmelites built the Church of St Teresa and their monastery near the Gate of Dawn.^[5] In 1655 the city was captured, looted, and depopulated during the Battle of Vilnius of the Russo-Polish War. Likely the city government, short of funds, transferred maintenance of the gate and the paintings to the Carmelites.^[5] The painting of Lord Jesus was moved the Carmelite monastery and later to Vilnius Cathedral (a fresco of Jesus was painted in its original niche in the 19th century; it was uncovered in 1976).^[6] In 1671, the monks established a wooden chapel, devoted to Our Lady, next to the gate tower. Around the time the painting was covered in expensive silver clothes. By that time, the painting was already an object of public veneration and the chapel dedication ceremony was attended by many prominent figures of the time: Chancellor Krzysztof Zygmunt Pac, Grand Hetman Michał Kazimierz Pac, senators of the general sejm, and others.^[7]

Interior of the chapel of Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn (1847)

In May 1715, the wooden chapel burnt down, but the painting was saved and placed in the Church of St Teresa. In 1720, the current brick chapel was dedicated in presence of four bishops, a number of senators, and a large crowd of the faithful.^[4] In 1761, the monk Hilarion published Relacja o cudownym Obrazie Naijświętszej Marji Panny etc, the primary source for the painting's early history and also the first collection of various miracles attributed to it. In 1773 Pope Clement XIV granted an indulgence to the faithful, designating the chapel as a place of public worship, and established a charitable society.^[7] At the turn of the 19th century, Tsarist authorities demolished the city wall and all the city's gates, save for the Gate of Dawn and its chapel. In 1829, the chapel underwent restoration and acquired elements of late Neoclassicism. Since the entrance to the chapel was from inside the Carmelite monastery, women could not go inside. Because of this, one female devotee sponsored the construction of a two-storey gallery on the side of the street in 1830.^[4]

In 1927, major restoration works were completed under bishop Romuald Jałbrzykowski. With permission from Pope Pius XI, the painting was solemnly crowned Mother of Mercy on 2 July 1927 by then-Archbishop of Warsaw Alexander Cardinal Kakowski. The ceremony was attended by President Ignacy Mościcki, First Marshal Jozef Pilsudski, Primate of Poland August Hlond, 28 other bishops, and other dignitaries.^[7]

Painting

Description

Chapel of the Gate of Dawn

The original painting is 163 by 200 centimetres (64 in × 79 in) and was painted by an unknown artist on 8 oak planks 2-centimetre (0.79 in) thick. As usual for Northern Europe, a very thin layer of chalk priming was applied to the planks before painting in tempera.^[8] Later Our Lady was repainted in oil paint. Some restoration work was completed in mid-19th century. Major restoration works were completed in 1927.

The painting depicts complex personality and devotion to Mary. Her head is gently leaning to her right, her eyes are half closed, her hands are crossed in devotion; this reminds that she is a virgin, humble servant of the Lord, merciful mother and patron of the people.^[6] At the same time, her head is surrounded by an aureola with golden rays and her body is usually covered in elaborate gold and silver clothes and crowns; these are the symbols of her divine and majestic role as the Queen of Heaven.^[6] The painting also reminds of Tota pulchra es (You are all beautiful), an old Catholic prayer.^[9]

The painting however shows the Virgin Mary depicted after the iconography of the Immaculate Conception.^[10] From the beginning originating in Spain, the popularity of this particular representation of The Immaculate Conception spread across Europe. Mary according to this type of depictions, is depicted as a young woman who looks up or bows her head. The halo and the additional twelve stars surround her head, the circle of stars and the half moon is possibly a reference to "a woman clothed with the sun" from Revelation 12:1-2, is the traditional way of presenting the The Immaculate conception. Additional iconography according this theme may include clouds, a golden light of the aureola, cherubs, lilies and roses, flowers often associated with Mary.^[11]

Origin and inspiration

The origin of the painting is not known. According to historian Teodor Narbutt (1784–1864),^[5] the painting was acquired by Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania (1345–1377), as a war trophy from Crimea. This note, based on dubious sources, along with dark colors of the painting that resembled Byzantine icons, inspired 19th-century Russian historians to claim that the painting was Orthodox and not Roman Catholic.^[5] This theory was popularized in various articles, brochures, studies and is sometimes quoted today.^[12] Others claimed that the painting was commissioned by King of Poland Sigismund II Augustus and depicted his wife Barbara Radziwiłł.^[6]

With silver cloth covering the entire painting, except for the face and hands, it was very hard for art historians to determine in what period the painting was created.^[5] In 1927, the silver cover was removed for the first time in decades. The painting was analyzed and restored. Based on the new data gathered during the restoration, Mieczysław Skrudlik came to a conclusion that the painting was completed around 1630–1650 and linked it with another painting in the Corpus Christi Church in Kraków, created by artist Luke in 1624.^[7] Mary Kałamajska Saeed in her 1990 thesis argued that Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn was a work of a local artist and was inspired by contemporary Flemish mannerist painter Marten de Vos through an engraving of Thomas de Leu (1580).^[7][8]

Casing

Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn

The tradition to decorate paintings with clothes or revetment (riza) of precious metals may have been borrowed from Eastern Orthodox. The clothing of Our Lady is composed of three gilded silver parts, each completed by different artists at a different period. The head and shoulders were covered in 1670–1690; the chest piece was adapted from a different painting in 1695–1700; the bottom of the painting was completed by the 1730s.^[13] The clothes are richly decorated in floral motifs: roses, tulips, narcissi, carnations,^[14] and at least six other species.^[13]

The flowers were references to hortus conclusus (enclosed garden), and a symbol of Mary's virginity and purity.^[13] The stars are the circle of stars, used in the representations of the Immaculate conception. The head of Our Lady is adorned with two crowns. Two little angels lower the large Rococo-style crown with colored glass inlays upon the smaller Baroque crown.^[13]

Some argued that the two crowns, resembling royal and ducal insignia, represented Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania respectively.^[15] In 1927, duplicate crowns were made of pure gold, donated by the people, and were blessed by Pope Pius XI.^[13] On July 2, 1927, the Canonical Coronation took place and painting received the title of Mother of Mercy. The gold crowns were lost, possibly during World War II.^[13]

Sculptures of Mary's parents – St Joachim and St Anne – stand on both sides of the painting between the altar columns.^[9]

Veneration

Miracles and votive offerings

Detail of votive offerings

In 1761, the monk Hilarion published a book enumerating 17 miracles attributed to the painting and the Virgin Mary. The first miracle he recorded occurred in 1671, the same year the first chapel was built. A two-year-old child fell from the second floor onto a stone pavement and was badly injured. The parents then prayed to Our Lady and the next day the child was healthy once again.^[16] In 1702, Vilnius was captured by the Swedish Army during the Great Northern War. The Swedes, who were Protestants, mocked the painting, forbade songs and prayers, and caroused around the Gate of Dawn. One soldier even shot at the painting (the bullet hole can still be seen on the right sleeve).^[4] In the early morning of Great and Holy Saturday, the heavy iron gates fell and crushed four Swedish soldiers – two died instantly and two later from their injuries.^[4] The next day, Easter Sunday, the Lithuanian Army successfully counter-attacked near the gate. The commander, grateful for the victory, bestowed a large silver votive offering upon the chapel.^[5] The painting is also credited with other miracles: subduing a city fire in 1706, punishing a Russian soldier for an attempt to steal her silver clothes in 1708,^[16] and numerous miraculous healings. Other stories of various miracles were kept by the Carmelite monks, but those books have not survived.^[4]

Votive offerings became a tradition. They are usually small silver objects (hearts, crucifixes, figures of praying people, images of cured eyes, legs, arms).^[17] Several times (1799, 1808, 1810) some of these objects were taken down and melted into liturgical objects. In 1844 there was a total of 785 offerings.^[17] Twelve years later, in 1856, the number had almost doubled to 1,438. From 1884 to 1927 a journal of new offerings was kept. During that time 2,539 new gifts were registered.^[17] Currently, there are about 8,000 silver votive objects in the chapel.^[14] The large crescent moon located right beneath Our Lady is also a votive offering. Its origins are unknown but it bears an inscription in Polish and a date of 1849.^[13] The crescent goes well with the silver cloth, adding additional parallels with the Woman of the Apocalypse, described in the Book of Revelation as a woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars.^[18][19][20]

Shrines in other locations

Chapel devoted to Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn in the St. Mary's Church in Gdańsk

Today this holy image is venerated by Roman Catholic and Orthodox faithful of many countries whose origins lie in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, including Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine and their diasporas worldwide. In Lithuania itself there are 15 churches as well as Lithuanian parishes in Montreal and Buenos Aires devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Gate of Dawn. On February 26, 2007, the parish of Our Lady of Vilnius (Aušros Vartų Parapija) was closed by the Archdiocese of New York.^[21] The sanctuary had featured an icon of Our Lady, painted by the artist Tadas Sviderskis in the 1980s.

In Poland the biggest church devoted to Our Lady is the Marian Basilica in Gdańsk.^[7] Other shrines of the holy icon are found in Poland (Białystok, Drogosze, Kętrzyn, Olsztyn, Skarżysko-Kamienna and Wrocław), United Kingdom (Kidderminster), United States (South River, NJ), and Australia. Copies of the painting can also be found in Church of Saint-Séverin in Paris and St. Peter's Basilica^[22] in the Vatican.

Divine Mercy

The icon of Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn has become associated with the messages of Divine Mercy. Eight years after the icon was conferred the title of Mother of Mercy, the first exposition of the Divine Mercy image, painted by Eugene Kazimierowski under the direction of Saint Faustina Kowalska, took place at the chapel on April 1935.^[23] In her Diary: Divine Mercy in My Soul, she writes of a mystical experience involving the icon in the Gate of Dawn chapel. On 15 November 1935, Saint Faustina was at the Gate of Dawn chapel participating in the last day of the novena before the feast day of the icon, 16 November. She writes of seeing the icon taking on "a living appearance" and speaking to her, telling her "accept all that God asked of me like a little child, without questioning; otherwise it would not be pleasing to God."^[24]

See also

• Our Lady of Šiluva

References

External links

• Official website of Gate of Dawn Chapel

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn.

• Virtual panorama of the Chapel