Orthogenysuchus
| Orthogenysuchus Temporal range: Early Eocene | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Superorder: | Crocodylomorpha |
| Order: | Crocodilia |
| Family: | Alligatoridae |
| Subfamily: | Caimaninae |
| Genus: | †Orthogenysuchus Mook, 1924 |
| Type species | |
| †Orthogenysuchus olseni Mook, 1924 | |
Orthogenysuchus is an extinct genus of caimanine alligatorid. Fossils have been found from the Wasatch Beds of the Willwood Formation of Wyoming, deposited during the early Eocene. The type species is O. olseni. The holotype, known as AMNH 5178, is the only known specimen belonging to the genus and consists of a skull lacking the lower jaws. The braincase is filled in by the matrix and most of the suture lines between bones are indescernable, making comparisons with other eusuchian material difficult.[1]
Phylogeny
Orthogenysuchus was first named in 1924 by Charles C. Mook and was referred to as a eusuchian, although not to any particular eusuchian group known at the time.[2] Later publications assigned the genus to Crocodylidae,[3] but more recent analyses propose that it is a pristichampsid or even a synonym of Pristichampsus.[4][5] In 1999, Orthogenysuchus was placed within a new clade containing the Miocene caimanines Purussaurus and Mourasuchus. Orthogenysuchus predates these genera by around 30 Ma, suggesting that they both had significant ghost lineages.[1][6]
Furthermore, the 1999 study proposed a clade containing only Orthogenysuchus and Mourasuchus. This clade is similar to the family Nettosuchidae, which was originally constructed in 1965 for Mourasuchus and the newly described Nettosuchus (later shown to be a junior synonym of the genus).[7][8] However, the clade is based primarily on ambiguous characters as a result of the poor preservation of the holotype of Orthogenysuchus, and thus has not yet been formally described. All unambiguous synapomorphies are based on the nasal region of the skull where the individual bones are easily distinguished. Orthogenysuchus shares with Mourasuchus a characteristically long, broad snout, extremely wide external nares consisting of the nasal aperture and dorsal fossa, and many small maxillary alveoli.[1]
Paleobiology
Orthogenysuchus is representative of the diverse Wasatchian faunas that occurred during the early Eocene in North America. These faunas are also characterized by the appearance or diversification of many chelonians such as emydids and testudinids, as well as the occurrence of rhineurid amphisbaenians. This followed a major faunal turnover at the Clarkforkian-Wasatchian boundary which resulted in the regional disappearance of champsosaurs and the extinction of the alligatorine Ceratosuchus.[9]
The presence of Orthogenys in North America during the Eocene suggests that there was a dispersal event of caimans into the continent from South America after the original spread of early alligatorines and caimanines into South America that occurred during the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary).[1]
References
- 1 2 3 4 Brochu, C. A. (1999). "Phylogenetics, taxonomy, and historical biogeography of Alligatoroidea". Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir (The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology) 6: 9–100. doi:10.2307/3889340.
- ↑ Mook, C. C. (1924). "A new crocodilian from the Wasatch Beds". American Museum Novitates 137: 1–4.
- ↑ Steel, R. (1973). "Crocodylia". In Kuhn, O. (ed.). Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie (16 ed.). Stuttgart: G. Fischer Verlag. pp. 1–116.
- ↑ Rossman, T. (1998). "Studien an känozoischen Krokodilen: 2. Taxonomische Revision der Familie Pris- tichampsidae Efimov (Crocodilia: Eusuchia).". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 210: 85–128.
- ↑ Gunnel, G. E.; Bartels, W. S.; Gingerich, P. D.; Torres, V. (1992). "Wapiti Valley Faunas: Early and Middle Eocene fossil vertebrates from the North Fork of the Shoshone River, Park County, Wyoming". Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 28: 247–287.
- ↑ Brochu, C. A. (2001). "Crocodylian snouts in space and time: Phylogenetic approaches toward adaptive radiation". American Zoologist 41 (3): 564–585. doi:10.1668/0003-1569(2001)041[0564:CSISAT]2.0.CO;2.
- ↑ Langston, W. (1965). Fossil crocodilians from Colombia and the Cenozoic history of the Crocodilia in South America. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 52. University of California Press. pp. 1–152.
- ↑ Langston, W. (1966). "Mourasuchus Price, Nettosuchus Langston, and the family Nettosuchidae (Reptilia: Crocodilia)". Copeia (American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists) 1966 (4): 882–885. doi:10.2307/1441424.
- ↑ Bartels, W. S. (1983). "A transitional Paleocene-Eocene reptile fauna from the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming". Herpetologica 39 (4): 359–374.