Order of Karađorđe's Star
| Order of Karađorđe's Star | |
|---|---|
 | |
| The Grand Cross Medal of the Order | |
Awarded by  Head of the Yugoslav Royal Family Republic of Serbia | |
| Type | Dynastic Order State Order |
| Status | Currently constituted |
| Grades (w/ post-nominals) | Grand Cross, Grand Officer, Commander, Officer, Knight/Dame-Medal |
| Statistics | |
| Established | 1904–45 (Royal National Order) 1945–present (House Order) 2010–present (Republican National Order) |
| Established | 1 January 1904 |
| Precedence | |
| Next (higher) | Order of Saint Prince Lazarus (Yugoslav Royal Family) Order of the Republic of Serbia (Serbia) |
| Next (lower) | Royal Order of the White Eagle (Yugoslav Royal Family) Order of the White Eagle (Serbia) |
 Civil ribbon of the order  Military ribbon of the order | |
The Order of Karađorđe's Star (Serbian: Orden Karađorđeve zvezde, Cyrillic: Орден Карађорђеве звезде) is Serbia's highest civilian and military decoration. It originated in the Kingdom of Serbia, and was initially awarded exclusively to Serbian citizens in return for services rendered to the Serbian monarchy, the Serb people and the Serbian state, though it is now bestowed upon Serbs and non-Serbs alike. During the Balkan Wars and World War I, the Order was mostly awarded for acts of bravery on the battlefield. The post-war Kingdom of Yugoslavia retained the Order, and it was awarded by the Yugoslav government-in-exile until the end of World War II, in some cases to individuals who collaborated with the Axis powers. Following the war, the monarchy was outlawed and a communist government came to power. Along with other monarchist symbols, the Order was suppressed during the administration of Josip Broz Tito, and replaced with communist decorations such as the Order of the People's Hero.
Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, Serbia ceased using many of the awards and decorations established during the communist period, though it was not until 2010 that the Serbian Government officially reinstated the Order of Karađorđe's Star as Serbia's highest decoration. During the Cold War, it had been awarded by the Karađorđević family in exile. The first person to receive it following its reinstatement as a state order was the tennis player Novak Djokovic, in February 2012.
History
The Order of Karađorđe's Star was instituted by the royal decree of King Peter I on 1 January 1904, commemorating his recent accession to the Serbian throne, as well as the one-hundredth anniversary of the First Serbian Uprising. It was meant to replace the Order of the Cross of Takovo and the Order of Miloš the Great, two decorations that had been awarded by the rival Obrenović dynasty, which ruled Serbia prior to the May 1903 coup d'état that reinstated Peter's Karađorđević dynasty after several decades in exile. The first award was disagreeable to the Karađorđevićes and their supporters because it was named after Takovo, the village where Obrenović dynasty founder Miloš Obrenović had launched the Second Serbian Uprising. The Order of Miloš the Great had to be replaced as it was named after Obrenović himself.[1]
Initially, the Order of Karađorđe's Star was categorized as a senior state award, and organized into four classes. The Grand Cross of Karađorđe's Star, the highest class, consisted of a badge of the Order on a sash and breast star; a Grand Officer of Karađorđe's Star was decorated with a badge necklet and a slightly smaller breast star; a Commander of Karađorđe's Star was only awarded a badge necklet; and the recipient of the Order's fourth class, the Officer of Karađorđe's Star, would receive a small triangular chest ribbon.[2] The Order was usually awarded for services to the Karađorđević dynasty, the Serbian state or the Serb people, while Karađorđević princes received a Grand Cross at baptism. Recipients included both soldiers and civilians, though until 1906 only Serbian citizens were permitted to receive the award.[1]
During the Balkan Wars (1912–13), the Serbian Government introduced the War Merit Order of Karađorđe's Star to reward acts of "conspicuous gallantry of commissioned officers in the field", as well as the battlefield victories of the Royal Serbian Army's senior officers; non-commissioned officers (NCOs) and soldiers in the field were ineligible.[1] In June 1915, at the height of World War I, Serbia instituted a sub-division of the War Merit Order, called the Military Order, which was awarded to NCOs and men for bravery in combat. The War Merit Order was divided into two classes: the 1st division Gold Cross and the 2nd division Silver Cross.[2] One of the recipients of the Military Order was the highly decorated female soldier Milunka Savić,[3] and another was Flora Sandes,[4][5] the only British woman to openly serve as a soldier in the war.[6] Several senior Serbian military leaders were recipients of the War Merit Order, including Prince Regent Alexander, and Field marshals Živojin Mišić and Stepa Stepanović. Foreign recipients included American General John J. Pershing, the British Field marshal Douglas Haig, the French generals Joseph Joffre, Maurice Sarrail, Philippe Pétain, and Louis Franchet d'Espèrey, and the Romanian King Ferdinand I.[1]
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The Kingdom of Yugoslavia retained the Order after World War I.[7] In 1939, it was awarded to the city of Belgrade.[8] During World War II, Peter II bestowed the Order upon a number of Chetniks on the recommendation of Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović. Some of the decorated Chetnik commanders included Pavle Đurišić,[9] Dobroslav Jevđević,[10] Momčilo Đujić[11] and Uroš Drenović.[12] These decorations proved controversial both during and after the war, as many of the commanders cooperated with Germany and Italy against the communist Partisans for several years. Such a discrepancy can best be seen in the case of Đujić, who was given the Order for displaying "gallantry in the face of the enemy", and subsequently celebrated receiving it at an Italian general's headquarters.[11] In Jevđević's case, the Order was given in 1943 for his services to the Serb population of Herzegovina during a series of Ustaše massacres, but Mihailović had news of the award suppressed because Jevđević had visited Rome to plan an anti-communist offensive with the Italians and his forces had carried out several massacres of non-Serbs over the previous several years.[10]
After the war, Yugoslavia came under the rule of communist dictator Josip Broz Tito, and Karađorđević-era medals and orders were replaced by non-royal decorations, such as the Order of the People's Hero.[13] In the 1990s, the Republika Srpska instated its own decoration also called the Order of Karađorđe's Star, though this is not to be confused with the medal historically awarded by Serbia and the Karađorđević dynasty.[1][lower-alpha 1]
In 2010, the Government of Serbia decided to reinstate the Order as an official state award,[13] though the Karađorđević's had continued giving the award in exile over the previous sixty years.[1] In February 2012, tennis player Novak Djokovic became the first person to receive the Order after it was reinstated.[16][17] The most recent recipient of the Order is the Military Medical Academy, in April 2014.[18]
Design
The Order comes in either gold or silver depending on class, and the obverse features a white enameled cross pattée with gilt rays protruding from each of the arms. The rays are intersected diagonally by a pair of sabres when the recipient is awarded an Order "with swords". Orders from the royal period contain a blue medallion at the centre depicting a Serbian cross with a fire-steel at each corner, with the words "For Faith and Freedom, 1804" etched into the small circle in the middle of the cross. The reverse of these Orders contains a red medallion depicting a white eagle, with the words "Peter I, 1904" written around it. The bravery medals awarded from June 1915 forward are almost identical to the Orders awarded before that date, save for the crossed swords being present on all of them regardless of class. Such Orders also lacked the phrase etched into the obverse of the older ones and the date 1904 on the reverse, which marked the centenary of the First Serbian Uprising. Instead, they merely had King Peter's name on the obverse beside the year when the Order was bestowed.[2] The Orders themselves were originally manufactured by foreign makers of decorations and medals, such as France's Arthus-Bertrand and Switzerland's Huguenin Fréres; during the interwar period (1919–39) they were produced domestically.[1]
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Serbian Royal Family 1997.
- 1 2 3 Clarke 2000, p. 218.
- ↑ Voice of Serbia 17 July 2014.
- ↑ The New York Times 31 December 1916.
- ↑ Finder 2000, p. 249.
- ↑ Smith 2000, p. 8.
- ↑ Banac 1984, p. 150.
- ↑ City of Belgrade 25 December 2003.
- ↑ Maclean 1957, p. 210.
- 1 2 Roberts 1973, p. 68.
- 1 2 Maclean 1949, pp. 354–55.
- ↑ Dedijer 1990, p. 17.
- 1 2 Glas javnosti 6 May 2010.
- ↑ Hoare 2007, p. 354.
- ↑ Demaria & Wright 2006, p. 94.
- ↑ Balkan Insight 14 February 2012.
- ↑ CNN 16 February 2012.
- ↑ Military Medical Academy of Belgrade 23 April 2014.
Footnotes
- ↑ Đujić received the Republika Srpska's Order in 1998 for his contributions to the Bosnian Serbs,[14] as did the warlord Željko Ražnatović ("Arkan").[15]
Works cited
- Books
- Banac, Ivo (1984). The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-9493-2.
- Clarke, John (2000). Gallantry Medals & Decorations of the World. London: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-0-85052-783-4.
- Dedijer, Vladimir (1990). The War Diaries of Vladimir Dedijer 2. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-10109-2.
- Demaria, Cristina; Wright, Colin (2006). Post-conflict Cultures: Rules of Representation. New York: Zoilus Press. ISBN 978-1-902878-58-4.
- Finder, Jennifer (2000). "Women Travellers in the Balkans: A Biographical Guide". In Allcock, John B.; Young, Antonia. Black Lambs and Grey Falcons: Women Travellers in the Balkans (2 ed.). Bradford, Yorkshire: University of Bradford. ISBN 978-1-57181-807-2.
- Hoare, Marko Attila (2007). The History of Bosnia: From the Middle Ages to the Present Day. London: Saqi. ISBN 978-0-86356-953-1.
- Maclean, Fitzroy (1949). Eastern Approaches. Jonathan Cape. OCLC 177456.
- Maclean, Fitzroy (1957). Disputed Barricade: The Life and Times of Josip Broz-Tito, Marshal of Jugoslavia. London: Jonathan Cape. OCLC 328091.
- Roberts, Walter R. (1973). Tito, Mihailović and the Allies 1941–1945. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-0773-0.
- Smith, Angela K. (2000). The Second Battlefield: Women, Modernism and the First World War. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-5301-6.
- Websites
- "Wounded English Girl Wins Serbian Cross: Prince Regent Decorates Sergeant Sandes for Bravery in the Trenches". The New York Times. 31 December 1916.
- "The Order of the Star of Karageorge". Serbian Royal Family. 1997.
- "Odlikovanja Beograda" [Awards and Decorations of Belgrade] (in Serbian). City of Belgrade. 25 December 2003.
- "Ponovo Karađorđeva zvezda i medalja Miloša Obilića" [Star of Karađorđe and Obilić Medal Reinstated] (in Serbian). Glas javnosti. 6 May 2010.
- "Serbia to Bestow Honour on Tennis Star Djokovic". Balkan Insight. 14 February 2012.
- "'National hero' Djokovic given Serbia's highest honor". CNN. 16 February 2012.
- "MMA Awarded with the Order of the Star of Karađorđe 3rd Class". Military Medical Academy of Belgrade. 23 April 2014.
- "Milunka Savić, the most awarded female combatant in the history of warfare". Voice of Serbia. 17 July 2014.