Operation Julin
| Julin | |
|---|---|
| Information | |
| Country | United States |
| Test site | NTS Area 12, Rainier Mesa; NTS Area 19, 20, Pahute Mesa; NTS, Areas 1-4, 6-10, Yucca Flat |
| Period | 1991-1992 |
| Number of tests | 7 |
| Test type | underground shaft, underground tunnel |
| Max. yield | 100 kilotonnes of TNT (420 TJ) |
| Navigation | |
| Previous test series | Operation Sculpin |
The United States's Julin nuclear test series[1] was a group of 7 nuclear tests conducted in 1991–1992. These tests [note 1] followed the Operation Sculpin series.
| Name [note 2] | Date time (UT) | Local time zone [note 3][2] | Location [note 4] | Elevation + height [note 5] | Delivery [note 6] Purpose [note 7] |
Device [note 8] | Yield [note 9] | Fallout [note 10] | References | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lubbock | 18 October 1991 19:12:00.0 | PST (-8 hrs) | NTS Area U3mt 37°03′48″N 116°02′46″W / 37.06338°N 116.04616°W | 1,213 m (3,980 ft) - 457.2 m (1,500 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development |
53 kt | Venting detected, 0.1 Ci (3.7 GBq) | [1][3][4][5][6] | ||
| Junction | 26 March 1992 16:30:00.0 | PST (-8 hrs) | NTS Area U19bg 37°16′21″N 116°21′38″W / 37.27241°N 116.36065°W | 2,013 m (6,604 ft) - 622 m (2,041 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development |
100 kt | [1][5][6] | Treaty verification test. | ||
| Diamond Fortune | 30 April 1992 16:30:00.0 | PST (-8 hrs) | NTS Area U12p.05 37°14′03″N 116°09′30″W / 37.23413°N 116.15823°W | 1,656 m (5,433 ft) - 236 m (774 ft) | underground tunnel, weapon effect |
3 kt | Venting detected, 0.2 Ci (7.4 GBq) | [1][4][5][6] | ||
| Victoria | 19 June 1992 16:45:00.0 | PST (-8 hrs) | NTS Area U3kv 37°00′19″N 116°00′40″W / 37.00537°N 116.01101°W | 1,179 m (3,868 ft) - 244 m (801 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development |
80 t | [1][5][6][7] | |||
| Galena-Green - 3 | 23 June 1992 15:00:00.07 | PST (-8 hrs) | NTS Area U9cv 37°07′26″N 116°01′56″W / 37.12384°N 116.03232°W | 1,269 m (4,163 ft) + | underground shaft, safety experiment |
less than 5 kt | [1][5][6] | Simultaneous, same hole. | ||
| Galena-Orange - 2 | 23 June 1992 15:00:00.07 | PST (-8 hrs) | NTS Area U9cv 37°07′26″N 116°01′56″W / 37.12384°N 116.03232°W | 1,269 m (4,163 ft) + | underground shaft, safety experiment |
less than 5 kt | [1][5][6] | Simultaneous, same hole. | ||
| Galena-Yellow - 1 | 23 June 1992 15:00:00.072 | PST (-8 hrs) | NTS Area U9cv 37°07′26″N 116°01′56″W / 37.12384°N 116.03232°W | 1,269 m (4,163 ft) - 400 m (1,300 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development |
less than 5 kt | [1][5][6] | Simultaneous, same hole. | ||
| Hunters Trophy | 18 September 1992 17:00:00.078 | PST (-8 hrs) | NTS Area U12n.24 37°12′25″N 116°12′39″W / 37.20687°N 116.21085°W | 1,827 m (5,994 ft) - 385.3 m (1,264 ft) | underground tunnel, weapon effect |
4 kt | Venting detected, 1 Ci (37 GBq) | [1][3][4][5][6] | ||
| Divider | 23 September 1992 15:04:00.0 | PST (-8 hrs) | NTS Area U3ml 37°01′14″N 115°59′20″W / 37.02063°N 115.98878°W | 1,208 m (3,963 ft) - 426 m (1,398 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development |
5 kt | Venting detected, 0.1 Ci (3.7 GBq) | [1][4][5][6] | Last U.S. nuclear test; "test to ensure safety of deterrent forces". |
- ↑ A bomb test may be a salvo test, defined as two or more explosions "where a period of time between successive individual explosions does not exceed 5 seconds and where the burial points of all explosive devices can be connected by segments of straight lines, each of them connecting two burial points and does not exceed 40 kilometers in length". Mikhailov, V. N., Editor in Chief. "Catalog of World Wide Nuclear Testing". Begell-Atom, LLC.
- ↑ The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.
- ↑ To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. All historical timezone data are derived from here:
- ↑ Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.
- ↑ Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.
- ↑ Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.
- ↑ Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
- ↑ Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.
- ↑ Estimated energy yield in tons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).
- ↑ Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl (August 2000), CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3), SMDC Monitoring Research
- ↑ "Timezone Historical Database". iana.com. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
- 1 2 Hechanova, Anthony E.; O'Donnell, James E. (1998-09-25), Estimates of yield for nuclear tests impacting the groundwater at the Nevada Test Site, Nuclear Science and Technology Division
- 1 2 3 4 Radiological Effluents Released from U.S. Continental Tests 1961 Through 1992 (DOE/NV-317 Rev. 1) (PDF), DOE Nevada Operations Office, August 1996, retrieved 2013-10-31
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Official list of underground nuclear explosions, Sandia National Laboratories, 1994-07-01, retrieved 2013-12-18
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992 (PDF) (DOE/NV-209 REV15), Las Vegas, NV: Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office, 2000-12-01, retrieved 2013-12-18
- ↑ Norris, Robert Standish; Cochran, Thomas B. (1 February 1994), "United States nuclear tests, July 1945 to 31 December 1992 (NWD 94-1)" (PDF), Nuclear Weapons Databook Working Paper (Washington, DC: Natural Resources Defense Council), retrieved 2013-10-26
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