Open back rounded vowel
| Open back rounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɒ | |||
| IPA number | 313 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) |
ɒ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0252 | ||
| X-SAMPA |
Q | ||
| Kirshenbaum |
A. | ||
| Braille |
  | ||
| |||
| Sound | |||
 source · help | |||
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The open back rounded vowel, or low back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Acoustically, it is a near-open or near-low back rounded vowel.[1] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɒ⟩. It is called "turned script a", being a rotated version of "script (cursive) a", which is the variant of a that lacks the extra stroke on top of a "printed a". Turned script a ⟨ɒ⟩ has its linear stroke on the left, whereas "script a" ⟨ɑ⟩ (for its unrounded counterpart) has its linear stroke on the right.
A well-rounded [ɒ] is rare, but it is found in some varieties of English. In most languages with this vowel, such as English and Persian, the rounding of [ɒ] is slight, and in English at least, it is sulcal or "grooved". However, Assamese has an "over-rounded" [ɒ̹], with rounding as strong as that for [u].
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, as does the name of the article. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
Features
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- Its vowel height is open, also known as low, which means the tongue is positioned as far as possible from the roof of the mouth – that is, as low as possible in the mouth.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
- It's rounded, which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Former Transvaal Province[2] | daar | [dɒːr] | 'there' | Higher [ɔː] for a very small number of speakers. It is unrounded [ɑː] in standard Afrikaans.[3] See Afrikaans phonology |
| Assamese | ? | [pɒ̹t] | 'to bury' | ||
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | χwara | [χwɒːra] | 'white' | May be realised as [ɑ] in some speakers. Corresponds to [ɔ] in the Urmian dialect. | |
| Catalan | Majorcan[4][5] | soc | [ˈsɒk] | 'clog' | Typically transcribed as /ɔ/. See Catalan phonology |
| Minorcan[4][5] | |||||
| Valencian[4][5] | |||||
| Some Valencian speakers[6] | taula | [ˈt̪ɑ̟wɫɒ̝] | 'table' | ||
| Danish | Standard[7][8] | ånd | [ɒ̜̽nˀ] | 'spirit' | Somewhat advanced and raised; weakly rounded.[7][8] Most often transcribed in IPA as ⟨ʌ⟩. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Belgian | maar | [mɒːr] | 'but' | Some dialects. Corresponds to [äː] in standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology |
| Leiden[9] | bad | [bɒ̝t] | 'bath' | Raised;[9] may be unrounded [ɑ̝] instead.[9] It corresponds to [ɑ] in standard Dutch. | |
| Rotterdam[9] | |||||
| Some dialects[10] | bot | [bɒt] | 'bone' | Some non-Randstad dialects,[10] for example those of Den Bosch and Groningen. It is [ɔ] in standard Dutch. | |
| Dutch Low Saxon | Gronings | op | [ɒp] | 'up' | Pronounced [ɔ~o] in other dialects. |
| Some dialects | taol | [tɒːɫ] | 'language' | Higher [ɔː] in other dialects. | |
| English | Received Pronunciation[11] | not | [nɒt] | 'not' | Somewhat raised. Younger RP speakers may pronounce a closer vowel [ɔ]. See English phonology |
| Northern English[12][13][14] | May be somewhat raised and fronted.[12] | ||||
| South African[15] | [nɒ̜̈t] | Near-back;[15] weakly rounded.[15] Some younger speakers of the General variety may actually have a higher and fully unrounded vowel [ʌ̈].[15] | |||
| General American[16] | thought |  [θɒt] | 'thought' | Present in accents without the cot–caught merger. May be as high as [ɔː]. | |
| Inland Northern American[17] | See Northern cities vowel shift | ||||
| Western Canadian | |||||
| Indian[18] | /ɒ/ and /ɔː/ differ entirely by length in Indian English. | ||||
| Welsh[19] | Open-mid in Cardiff; may merge with /oː/ in northern dialects. | ||||
| French | Quebec | lézard | [lezɒːʁ] | 'lizard' | Allophone of /ɑ/. See Quebec French phonology |
| German | Northern Bernese | grad | [ˈɡ̊rɒd̥] | 'just now' | May be as high as [ɔ]. See Bernese German phonology |
| Zurich dialect[20] | mane | [ˈmɒːnə] | 'remind' | Allophone of /ɒ/, in free variation with [ɑ].[20] | |
| Hungarian[21] | magyar | [ˈmɒ̜̽ɟɒ̜̽r] | 'Hungarian' | Somewhat fronted and raised, with only slight rounding; sometimes transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɔ⟩. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Ibibio[22] | [dɒ̝́] | 'marry' | Near-open; typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɔ⟩.[22] | ||
| Irish | Ulster[23] | ólann | [ɒ̝ːɫ̪ən̪ˠ] | '(he) drinks' | Raised;[23] may be transcribed /ɔː/.[24] |
| Kol | öle | [ɒle] | 'name' | ||
| Korean | Jeju | 서울/Seoul | [sʰɒ.ul] | 'Seoul' | See Korean phonology |
| Lehali | dön̄ | [ⁿdɒ̝ŋ] | 'yam' | Raised vowel, being the back rounded counterpart of /æ/ in a symmetrical vowel inventory.[25] | |
| Lemerig | ‘ān̄sār | [ʔɒ̝ŋsɒ̝r] | 'person' | Raised vowel, being the back rounded counterpart of /æ/ in a symmetrical vowel inventory.[26] | |
| Limburgish | Maastrichtian[27] | plaots | [plɒ̝ːts] | 'place' | Near-open fully back; typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɔː⟩.[27] Corresponds to [ɔː] in other dialects. |
| Norwegian | Dialects along the Swedish border[28] | hat | [hɒ̜ːt] | 'hate' | Weakly rounded and fully back.[28] See Norwegian phonology |
| Standard Eastern[29] | topp | [t̻ʰɒ̽pː] | 'top' | Mid-centralized,[29] typically transcribed as /ɔ/. Also described as [ɔ̟] and [ɔ]. See Norwegian phonology | |
| Occitan | Auvergnat | país | [pɒˈji] | 'country' | |
| Limousin | Some northern dialects | ||||
| Persian | آب | [ɒːb] | 'water' | See Persian phonology | |
| Romanian | Istro-Romanian[30] | cap | [kɒp] | 'head' | Corresponds to [ä] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Slovak | Some speakers[31] | a | [ɒ] | 'and' | Under Hungarian influence, some speakers realize the short /a/ as rounded.[31] See Slovak phonology |
| Swedish | Central Standard[32][33] | jаg | [jɒ̝ːɡ] | 'I' | Near-open fully back weakly rounded vowel.[32] Typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɑː⟩. See Swedish phonology |
| Gothenburg[33] | [jɒːɡ] | More rounded than in Central Standard Swedish.[33] | |||
| Uzbek | dono | [dɒnɒ] | 'wise' | ||
| Waris | ov | [ɒβ] | 'sky' | ||
| Western Desert | Martu Wangka | waŋka | [wɒŋɡɑ] | 'talk' | |
| Yoruba[34] | Most often transcribed /ɔ/. | ||||
See also
References
- ↑ Geoff Lindsey (2013) The vowel space, Speech Talk
- ↑ Donaldson (1993), p. 6.
- ↑ Donaldson (1993), pp. 6–7.
- 1 2 3 Recasens (1996:81 and 130–131)
- 1 2 3 Rafel (1999:14)
- ↑ Saborit (2009:25-26)
- 1 2 Grønnum (1998:100)
- 1 2 Basbøll (2005:47)
- 1 2 3 4 Collins & Mees (2003:131)
- 1 2 Collins & Mees (2003:132)
- ↑ Roach (2004:242)
- 1 2 Lodge (2009:163)
- ↑ Watson (2007:357)
- ↑ Watt & Allen (2003:268)
- 1 2 3 4 Lass (2002:115)
- ↑ Wells (1982:476)
- ↑ W. Labov, S. Ash and C. Boberg (1997), A national map of the regional dialects of American English, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, retrieved May 27, 2013
- ↑ Sailaja (2009:24–25)
- ↑ Coupland (1990):135
- 1 2 Fleischer & Schmid (2006), p. 248.
- ↑ Szende (1994:92)
- 1 2 Urua (2004:106)
- 1 2 Ní Chasaide (1999:114)
- ↑ Ní Chasaide (1999)
- ↑ François (2011):194.
- ↑ François (2011):195, 208.
- 1 2 Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:158–159)
- 1 2 Popperwell (2010:23)
- 1 2 Vanvik (1979:13)
- ↑ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- 1 2 Kráľ (1988:54)
- 1 2 Engstrand (1999:140–141)
- 1 2 3 Riad (2014:35–36)
- ↑ Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
Bibliography
- Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406
- Coupland, Nikolas (1990), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), "1. Pronunciation", A Grammar of Afrikaans, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1–35, ISBN 9783110134261
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Fleischer, Jürg; Schmid, Stephan (2006), "Zurich German" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 243–253, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002441
- François, Alexandre (2011), "Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence", Journal of Historical Linguistics 1 (2): 175–246, doi:10.1075/jhl.1.2.03fra
- Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association (University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies) 29: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
- Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend, Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
- Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999), "Irish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–16, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Popperwell, Ronald G. (2010) [First published 1963], Pronunciation of Norwegian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15742-1
- Rafel, Joaquim (1999), Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional (PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 84-7283-446-8
- Recasens, Daniel (1996), Fonètica descriptiva del català: assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme català al segle XX (2nd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 978-84-7283-312-8
- Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
- Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
- Sailaja, Pingali (2009), Indian English, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, pp. 17–38, ISBN 978 0 7486 2594 9
- Szende, Tamás (1994), "Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090
- Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 105–109, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001550
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetik, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (3): 351–360, doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180
- Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 267–271, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001397
- Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English 3, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-24225-8
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