Octonion algebra

In mathematics, an octonion algebra or Cayley algebra over a field F is an algebraic structure which is an 8-dimensional composition algebra over F. In other words, it is a unital nonassociative algebra A over F with a nondegenerate quadratic form N (called the norm form) such that

for all x and y in A.

The most well-known example of an octonion algebra are the classical octonions, which are an octonion algebra over R, the field of real numbers. The split-octonions also form an octonion algebra over R. Up to R-algebra isomorphism, these are the only octonion algebras over the reals.

The octonion algebra for N is a division algebra if and only if the form N is anisotropic: a split octonion algebra is one for which the quadratic form N is isotropic (i.e. there exists a non-zero vector x with N(x) = 0). Up to F-algebra isomorphism, there is a unique split octonion algebra over any field F.^[1] When F is algebraically closed or a finite field, these are the only octonion algebras over F.

Octonion algebras are always nonassociative. They are however alternative algebras (a weaker form of associativity). Moreover, the Moufang identities hold in any octonion algebra. It follows that the set of invertible elements in any octonion algebra form a Moufang loop, as do the subset of unit norm elements.

Classification

It is a theorem of Adolf Hurwitz that the F-isomorphism classes of the norm form are in one-to-one correspondence with the isomorphism classes of octonion F-algebras. Moreover, the possible norm forms are exactly the Pfister 3-forms over F.^[2]

Since any two octonion F-algebras become isomorphic over the algebraic closure of F, one can apply the ideas of non-abelian Galois cohomology. In particular, by using the fact that the automorphism group of the split octonions is the split algebraic group G₂, one sees the correspondence of isomorphism classes of octonion F-algebras with isomorphism classes of G₂-torsors over F. These isomorphism classes form the non-abelian Galois cohomology set .^[3]

See also

• Quaternion algebra

Cryptographic applications

Yongge Wang has used octonion algebra to design efficient fully homomorphic encryption schemes^[4]

References

• Garibaldi, Skip; Merkurjev, Alexander; Serre, Jean-Pierre (2003). Cohomological invariants in Galois cohomology. University Lecture Series 28. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. ISBN 0-8218-3287-5. Zbl 1159.12311. 
• Lam, Tsit-Yuen (2005). Introduction to Quadratic Forms over Fields. Graduate Studies in Mathematics 67. American Mathematical Society. ISBN 0-8218-1095-2. MR 2104929. Zbl 1068.11023. 
• Schafer, Richard D. (1995) [1966]. An introduction to non-associative algebras. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-68813-5. Zbl 0145.25601. 
• Serre, J. P. (2002). Galois Cohomology. Springer Monographs in Mathematics. Translated from the French by Patrick Ion. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-42192-0. Zbl 1004.12003. 
• Springer, T. A.; Veldkamp, F. D. (2000). Octonions, Jordan Algebras and Exceptional Groups. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-66337-1. 

External links

• Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. (2001), "Cayley–Dickson algebra", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4