Octave Uzanne

Octave Uzanne

Photography by Nadar (c. 1890)
Born Louis Octave Uzanne
(1851-09-14)14 September 1851
Auxerre, France
Died 31 October 1931(1931-10-31) (aged 80)
Saint-Cloud, France
Occupation Writer, journalist, publisher
Nationality French
Period 19th century
Signature

Octave Uzanne (born Louis Octave Uzanne;[1] 14 September 1851[note 1] – 31 October 1931)[6] was a 19th-century French bibliophile, writer, publisher, and journalist.[7]

He is noted for his literary research on the authors of the 18th century. He published many previously unpublished works by authors including Paradis Moncrif and Benserade, Caylus and Besenval, and the Marquis de Sade and Baudelaire.[8] He founded the Société des Bibliophiles Contemporaines, of which he was president.[9] His research produced a considerable literary output and frequent publications in newspapers such as L'Echo,[10] Le Plume,[11] Dépêche de Toulouse,[11] Le Mercure de France,[12] Le Gaulois[13] and Le Figaro of Paris.[14] One of the topics his research focused on was the discussion of fashion and femininity in the French fin-de-siècle.[15] This took the form of monographs and works including Son Altesse la femme, Féminies and La Française du siècle.[4][16] His own works include novels and fantasy books, such as Surprises du Caur (1882) and Contes pour les bibliophiles (1895).[3][17]

Biography

Uzanne in 1875, by age 24.

Uzanne was born in Auxerre, to a bourgeois family originating from Savoy. His parents were Charles-Auguste Omer Uzanne, a merchant, and Elisabeth Laurence Octavie;[1] his elder brother Joseph, had been born the previous year.[11] His classical studies began in his home town; he moved to Paris after his father's death to study at the Collège Rollin in Paris—a residential school for the children of the French upper-class.[18][note 2] During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871 he was attached to a school at Richmond in England.[11] Continuing with law studies, he abandoned this line of work when he came into an inheritance in 1872, allowing him to pursue his literary interests.[19]

Bibliophile and journalist

He became a regular patron of the Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal, where he joined a group of followers of the former librarian, Charles Nodier, along with the journalist Charles Monselet, writer Loredan Larchey, and author and bibliophile Paul Lacroix.[20] He also joined the Société des Amis des Livres, the first French bibliophilic association since the era of Bibliophiles François.[21]

At the start of his career, Uzanne focused on the lesser-known writers of the 18th century, creating four volumes of work published by Jouast, and an additional 20+ volumes published by Albert Quantin.[22] He was an admirer of the Goncourt brothers, who were also writers on the subject of 18th-century France.[22] Uzanne looked for mentors who were bibliophiles like him, rather than literary scholars (érudits) like his companions at the Arsenal.[23][note 3] While focusing on past subjects, he was very up-to-date on the technical aspects of printing and publishing. His 1879 work Le bric-à-brac de l'amour was one of the first to employ the gillotage, a zincography technique, and photo-mechanical reproduction.[25]

Portrait of Uzanne by Félix Vallotton, 1892
Contes pour les bibliophiles (1995), written with Albert Robida

After leaving the Société des Amis des Livres, which he found too conservative and too concerned with the reissue of old works, he started two new bibliographic societies, the Société des Bibliophiles Contemporaines (1889–1894) and the Societé des Bibliophiles Indépendants (1896–1901).[3] The first consisted of 160 people, including the writers Jules Claretie and Jean Richepin, the artists Albert Robida and Paul Avril, and the journalist and critic Francisque Sarcey.[26] Uzanne also edited two magazines, Conseiller du bibliophile (1876–1877) and Les Miscellanées Bibliographiques (1878–1880),[3] and then ran three consecutive bibliophilic revues:[2] Le Livre: Bibliographie Moderne (1880–1889), Le Livre Moderne: Revue du Monde Littéraire et des Bibliophiles Contemporaines (1890–1891), and L'Art et l'Idée: Revue Contemporaine du Dilettantisme Littéraire et de la Curiosité (1892–1893).[27][28] In the early 1890s, he was considered to be "... the best authority that book lovers know on subjects specially interesting to book lovers".[29] Nevertheless, such books as Le Miroir du Monde or L'ombrelle – le gant – le manchon received negative reviews from some newspapers for Avril's illustrations.[30]

In contrast to most bibliophiles of his time, Uzanne was chiefly interested in the creation of new, luxurious bibliophile works,[note 4] collaborating closely with printers, binders, typographers and artists (especially the Symbolists and early Art Nouveau artists).[32][note 5] Among them were such painters as James McNeill Whistler,[34] Adolphe Lalauze[35] and Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly—who wrote the preface of Le Bric-à-Brac de l'amour (1879)—,[36][37][note 6] the writer Jean Lorrain, and jewellery artists and exponents of Japonisme such as Henri Vever.[39] One of the main artists collaborating with Uzanne was the Belgian Félicien Rops, who illustrated some of his books and created the cover illustration for Le Livre Moderne, and who called Uzanne "the Bibliophile's dream".[40] The overall quality of Uzanne's books was remarked upon by the New York Times when reviewing his 1894 work La Femme à Paris: "The book is a highly-artistic achievement in a typographical sense ... This artistic element and the style of the author ... elevate the work from its sphere of usefulness into the sphere of pure literature. It will be serviceable a century from now to students of our civilization."[41] Other symbolic works of art were Féminies (1896), in which Rops illustrated many scenes of worldly life, or Son Altesse la femme (1885), on which he drew a naked witch in the chapter on medieval women. In the work he explored the lives of women at all levels of French society of his time. But also, according to Silverman, Uzanne associate feminism with a dangerous debauchery of sexual and moral investment, making full use a series of medical and philosophical sources, with the intention of proving the inability of women to merge into public life and the labour market, because of their temperament.[42] Uzanne further indicated that the female figure and ornaments were essential in the French decorative arts, something that was missing in the early 20th century.[42]

Uzanne's bibliophile activity in the early 1880s coincided with the gradual abandonment of manual methods of printing illustrations kin favour of photomechanized methods.[43] His collection of contemporary bibliophilic books was sold in 1894 by Hôtel Drouot.[44] It contained some of the finest examples of late 19th-century French bookbinding,[9] by binders like Charles Meunier, Lucien Magnin, Pétrus Ruban, Camille Martin, René Wiener and Victor Prouvé.[45]

Uzanne was also well known in the literary circles of his day, as attested by this poem of Stéphane Mallarmé in Vers de circonstance (1920):

Non comme pour étinceler
Aux immortels dos de basane
Tard avec mon laisser-aller
je vous salue, Octave Uzanne

(Not as if to sparkle with mirth
at the immortal sheepskin spines
late with my usual sloppiness

I greet you, Octave Uzanne)

— Stéphane Mallarmé (Zwerling Sugano 1992, p. 246)

Portrait of 1906 by Ramon Casas i Carbó from the Spanish magazine Forma

As a journalist, sometimes employing the pseudonym "la Cagoule",[46] Uzanne wrote for L'Écho de Paris and other newspapers,[47] He also collaborated with Edouard Drumont on his antisemitic newspaper La Libre Parole: in his article he described to Drumont as the "creator of one of the greatest intellectual movements in France".[48][note 7] In addition, for other French and foreign magazines like The Studio,[51][note 8] Magazine of Art,[3] and Scribner's Magazine, for which he wrote in 1894 an article, "The End of Books",[54] which he thought would come because of the rise of phonography,[55] where he predicted the rise of radio and television.[56] Uzanne was fascinated by modern technology and the possibilities it offered for the reproduction and dissemination of words, sounds, and images, which was evidenced not only in that article or in his groundbreaking work in book publishing, but also in an article he wrote in 1893 for the French newspaper Le Figaro, about a visit he made to US President Grover Cleveland and the inventor Thomas Edison during the EXPO Chicago 1893,[11] where he witnessed the Kinetograph shortly before it went public.[14]

Books and women, these were the first of Uzanne's loves, and I do not think he has disowned them, because the library is always full of invaluable and rare books, and the first book that he wanted to retouch and republish for the general public, is precisely a monograph of the Parisienne.[note 9] ... One thinks Sébastien Mercier and Restif de la Bretonne, and no wrong. It is between these two great observers of French mores and the human heart has its place naturally Octave Uzanne.
— de Gourmont 1927, pp. 130, 135

As an art critic, Uzanne wrote several reviews of etchings, as in a critique of French painter and illustrator Félix Buhot: "Buhot is a visionary, one obsessed by the picturesqueness of modern life; nervous to excess, tortured by a crowd of fleeting impressions and queer ideas, he suffered from a cruel inability to reproduce them as he wished."[59] Uzanne's written style was characterized by the use of Anglicisms and eccentric neologisms.[60]

Fashion writer

Cover of L'éventail, 1882 book by Uzanne with art by Paul Avril
"Waiting for the Saint-Cloud Coach, Place de la Concorde" in Les Modes de Paris (1898, published in London as Fashion in Paris) by Uzanne and illustrated by François Courboin. The book contains more than one hundred full-page illustrations of walks in the Bois de Boulogne and annual exhibitions of paintings in the Louvre

Another of Uzanne's interests was female fashion, about which he wrote a number of books and articles that were later translated in English. Specifically, he was focused on the image of the Parisienne, the women of Paris.[61] Uzanne is perceived by some to have had a desire to revive French national pride; he shared the nationalistic feelings of other members of the generation who had experienced the defeat by Prussia in 1870. This was reflected in their efforts to promote a renewal of the decorative arts.[62] Silverman mentions that Uzanne believed that married bourgeois women should not only decorate the walls of their homes, but also "cultivate luxury and art in an ornament ignored by their aristocratic predecessors: their undergarments".[63][note 10] Uzanne felt that the eroticism of theatrical atmosphere was no longer what it had been and had become "more moral, more bourgeois".[65] His first and perhaps most famous book on fashion was L'Éventail (1882, translated as The Fan in 1884), a delightful illustrated story about the hand fans.[66] He admitted that his book "in no way a work of powerful wisdom and erudition", but simply the first in a projected series of "little books for the boudoir".[67]

"Among the jewels of female ornamentation, the fan is the priority because, in the land of grace and spirit, still shines in the front row."
— Hiner 2011, p. 145 (cf. Octave Uzanne, L'Éventail, 1882, p. 6)

L'ombrelle – le gant – le manchon (1883, translated in the same year as The Sunshade, Muff, and Glove) —his second book about fashion— was also illustrated in rococo style by Paul Avril;[66] in one of its lines Uzanne emphasized a of the female clothing accessories: "The muff!"—he said—"Its name alone has something adorable, downy, and voluptuous about it."[24] Later he published Les ornements de la femme (1892), that reproduced in one volume the combined texts of L'Éventail and L'ombrelle – le gant – le manchon. His 1898 work Monument esthématique du XIXe siècle: Les Modes de Paris, translated as Fashions in Paris, was according to the review in the New York Times "... the most complete and exhaustive work on the subject of French fashions that has yet appeared".[68] However, in this book he wanted to re-establish the intimate and feminine culture of the rococo—but during his life he became influenced by modernism—[69] and also he criticized the "sartorial severity" of the femme nouvelle.[42]

A example of the historical novel is La Française du siècle (1886, published in English as The Frenchwoman of the Century in 1887), where Uzanne suggests that the effect of the Revolution in the woman of the period was "lamentable and disastrous": "All French spirit, grace, and finesse seemed to have been submerged in the bloody, deliriums of the crowd."[70] In a couple of chapters of the book he described the France of the late Eighteenth Century, during the French Revolution;[16] some of its pages exhibited the "frivolity of women" during those years.[71] For example, in a chapter on one of the stages of the French Revolution—known as the Directory—[note 11] he included descriptions of customs such as the bals des victimes: to these dancing assemblies, held at the Hôtel Richelieu, none were admitted but aristocrats who could boast a relative guillotined during the Terror;[72][71] he wrote that women cut their hair, as if they would be guillotined —some even carried a red ribbon around their neck—.[72][71] Uzanne disclosed that the five Directors who had established themselves at the Luxembourg formed a kind of Court-society, and gave frequent entertainments: the queens of this society were de Staël, Hamelin, Bonaparte and Tallien.[73]

Some moralists have pretended that the costumes of women have almost always undergone the same variations as their virtue. This is possible, and the study might be made in an amusing parallel; but carry, if you will, before the tribunal of fashion the cause of the merveilleiises of the Directory, the sincere friends of art will still recognise that amongst these pagan women pleasure obtained a brilliant victory over decency, and that their extreme grace made their absence of dignity forgotten.
— The Eclectic Magazine 1888, p. 100 (cf. Octave Uzanne, The Frenchwoman of the Century, 1886, p. 42)

Although he focuses on the French Revolution, the story ends in the 1880s, shortly after the Second French Empire, closely following the evolution of society and women (see also Historiography of the French Revolution).[74] Later, he republished what is essentially is the same book but with a different title, in both French and English: La Femme et la mode. Métamorphoses de la parisienne de 1792 à 1892 or Woman and Fashion: Metamorphoses of the Parisienne 1792–1892 in the English version (1892), and Les Modes de Paris. Variations du goût et de l'esthétique de la femme, 1797–1897 (1897). According to the Westminster Review, the English edition was practically a facsimile of the French, and the translator literally wrote the sentences to the point of unintelligibility.[17]

Seductive spirit, all in lace and fripperies, M. Uzanne has touched the Belles Lettres, darling the History, irritated the Psychology and flirted with the Criticism. He has made more intimate the erudition, to literature and powdered makeup the most gallant of the world. He has told us lÉventail, lOmbrelle, the most charming artifices of feminine beauty, the pleasant platitudes I appreciate all the charm, though they may be an insufficient approach to strict style studies.
— Albalat 1905, p. 211

Later life and death

Photography 1928 when he was 77, published in the journal L'Imprimerie et la pensée moderne (1928).

Theatre and nightlife of France were also covered in his criticisms: shortly before the First World War, wrote that "the public is accustomed to the irregular life of an actress ... and each spectator gives himself the pleasure of imagining a possible liaison with one of these queens of the footlights."[75] Uzanne's literary output in the early twentieth century declined to minor journal articles and inexpensive editions in cheap-format books;[76] for example, his 1902 book L'art et les artifices de la beauté only contained illustrations in black and white.

Uzanne never married, and in later life he wrote in praise of celibacy; however, according to Remy de Gourmont, in writing about women Uzanne would not have been one of those authors who "exalted ambrosia without having tasted it".[77] Uzanne's feelings toward women, as well as those of Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly,[note 6] were ambivalent in nature, a mixture of attraction and indifference.[48] He also explored the concept of woman artists, subscribing to the view that women lack creative ability, a quality he associated solely with men: "The curious and paradoxical physiologist [Cesare Lombroso?] has argued that the woman genius does not exist, and when such genius manifests itself it is a hoax of nature; in this sense, she is male."[78] Based on that, Uzanne said that women artists perpetrated mediocre studies and exhibitions of painting and sculpture, and used this argument to support the idea that gender difference is the foundation of creativity.[79]

Silverman mentions that he became in a "archetypal figure of the Belle Époque", a "handsome monsieur with a beard" (joli monsieur avec une barbe) admired by Félicien Rops, and an "elegant storyteller" (l'élégant conteur) according to Anatole France.[80] Also she notes a contrast between the snobbish, dandy and reactionary side of Uzanne with a penchant for forgotten authors of the 17th and 18th centuries, and he in turn was an innovative artist and bibliophile, the antithesis of the antique collectors of the "old guard", formed by bibliophiles—mostly aristocrats— who organised the Société des Bibliophiles François.[81] Uzanne spent his last years in his apartment in Saint-Cloud, where he died on 21 October 1931.[82] His remains were cremated at the crematorium and cemetery Père Lachaise.[83]

Monsieur, you have the feeling of women [le sentiment de la femme]. You have what no one else has in our cold era: a loving imagination.
— Preface of Barbey d'Aurevilly in Le bric-à-brac de l'amour by Uzanne, 1879, p. X[36]

Works

Title page of The Frenchwoman of the Century
Title page of The Mirror of the World
Illustration of Son altesse la femme

Uzanne also contributed notes, forewords or commentary to a number of other books, as an appendix in The two young brides (1902, English translation of Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées), whose theme was portraits:[84]

[When Balzac died] Never was there a face more noble, more superbly youthful, more mighty in its repose, than this, the image of which is Eugene Giraud's legacy to us.
— Octave Uzanne, The two young brides, 1902, p. 367

Notes

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Birth certificate indicates he was born on 14 September 1851, and inscribed two days later at the civil registry of Auxerre:
    L'An mil-huit-cent-cinquante-un, le seize septembre à deux heures du soir ... est comparu Charles-Auguste Omer Uzanne ... lequel nous a déclaré que le quatorze de ce mois à six heures du soir est né en cette ville de lui et Laurence Octavie Chaulmet ... un enfant du sexe masculin qu'il a présenté et auquel il a donné les prénoms de Louis Octave.[1]
    Other sources such as the American novelist Charles Dudley Warner,[2] the Dictionnaire national des contemporains (1914),[3] the obituary of the newspaper Le Temps[4] and an article in the Bulletin de la société J.-K. Huysmans (1932),[5] claim, without providing reference, born in 1852.
  2. ↑ In Paris he became interested in the evolution and history of manuscripts and books.[3]
  3. ↑ Silverman described the brothers like "a curious blend of modernism and reaction".[23] Apter mentions that "like the Goncourt brothers Uzanne codified the tropes of feminine sensibility already in place within the courtly tradition of French letters or within a popular journalism of the 1830s", and she cites the Girardin's book Chroniques parisiennes.[24]
  4. ↑ Jackson points out that Uzanne, in Les Zigzags d'un curieux, divided the book collectors in two groups: those who are interested in the book as if it were a kind of stock market share (valeur de Bourse), a market quotation whose fluctuations "they follow with a gamester's interest", and those —whom he considers "pures"— attracted to the book itself, its contents, rarity or beauty.[31]
  5. ↑ In Caprice d'un Bibliophile (1878) firmly defended the use of symbolism in the book collector.[33]
  6. 1 2 Uzanne considered Barbey his master (maître) in dandyism and iconoclasm.[38]
  7. ↑ In general, Silverman assigned to him "anti-Semitic tendencies"[48] and the Bibliothèque nationale de France credited with the authorship of the anti-Semitic pamphlet Israël chez John Bull : l'Angleterre juive (1913), under the pseudonym "Théo-Doedalus".[49] The journalist Gustave Geffroy, in the prologue of Pietro Longhi (1924) by Uzanne, also listed this work among other works of Uzanne.[50]
  8. ↑ In his review in The Studio, British magazine specializing in decorative arts,[52] Uzanne remarks: "[only] decorative style ... can give full, trustworthly and constant testimony to an epoch, a race, and a country; that is the reason why we attach so much importace to it".[53]
  9. ↑ Uzanne did not consider women to be bibliophiles like him:[57] "... I do not think there deep and intimate sympathy between women and books."[58]
  10. ↑ Some historians have suggested that the philanthropy of the 19th century was the precursor of consumption, at this time the woman would have projected from the domestic sphere to the modern world through philanthropic activities and related consumption. Uzanne himself noted in La Femme à Paris that shopping at department stores was one of the few social activities of bourgeois woman of the time, apart from acts of charity and family life.[64]
  11. ↑ For Uzanne the Nineteenth Century was born on the morrow of the 9th Thermidor.[17]

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 "2 E 24/ 124 : Auxerre : NMD (1851) - 5 Mi 125/4 - 1851". Registre d'état civil de la ville d'Auxerre (in French). Auxerre: Archives départamentales de l'Yonne. p. 69. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  2. 1 2 Warner 1897, p. 540.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Curinier 1914, pp. 66–67.
  4. 1 2 "Mort de M. Octave Uzanne". Le Temps (in French) (25636) (Paris: A. Nefftzer). 2 November 1931. p. 4. ISSN 1150-1073. OCLC 12017413.
  5. ↑ Dufay 1932, p. 183.
  6. ↑ Juhel 2004, p. 330, 350.
  7. ↑ Silverman 2004, p. 239; Warner 1897, p. 540.
  8. ↑ Curinier 1914, pp. 66–67; Silverman 2004, p. 243.
  9. 1 2 "BOOK HUNTING ON THE QUAYS.; BOUQUINEURS ET BOUQUINISTES. Physiologie des Quais de Paris. Par Octave Uzanne New-York: E.F. Bonaventure.". The New York Times (New York: The New York Times Company). 23 April 1898. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  10. ↑ Silverman 2004, p. 240.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Juhel 2004, p. 350.
  12. ↑ Dufay 1932, p. 185.
  13. ↑ "Carnet des art et des lettres: Octave Uzanne". A.B.C artistique et littéraire (in French) (Paris: Ecole ABC de Paris) (83): 305. 15 November 1931. ISSN 2113-4391. OCLC 472958408.
  14. 1 2 Convents 2000, p. 39.
  15. ↑ Silverman 2004, pp. 248–249; Hiner 2011, p. 112.
  16. 1 2 Drumsta, Emily. "Les Coquettes et leurs toilettes: Octave Uzanne's Discourse on Femininity and the "Death of Politeness" in Nineteenth Century Paris". Providence: Brown University.
  17. 1 2 3 The Eclectic Magazine 1888, p. 96.
  18. ↑ Silverman 2004, p. 242; Curinier 1914, pp. 66–67.
  19. ↑ Silverman 2004, p. 242.
  20. ↑ Silverman 2004, pp. 242–243.
  21. ↑ Silverman 2008, p. 77.
  22. 1 2 Silverman 2008, p. 24.
  23. 1 2 Silverman 2004, pp. 243–254.
  24. 1 2 Apter 1991, p. 82.
  25. ↑ Silverman 2008, p. 25–27.
  26. ↑ Silverman 2008, pp. 83–84.
  27. ↑ "LITERARY NOTES.". The New York Times (New York: The New York Times Company). 16 January 1893. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  28. ↑ "Octave Uzanne – The eminent French author now in this town". New York Times (New York: The New York Times Company). 12 April 1893. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
  29. ↑ "Book lovers of New York". New York Times (New York: The New York Times Company). 26 November 1893. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
  30. ↑ "More Holiday Books: The Mirror of the World, by Octave Uzanne". The Nation (New York: The Nation Company, L.P.) 47 (1223). 6 December 1888. ISSN 0027-8378. OCLC 1643268. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
  31. ↑ Jackson 1950, pp. 447–448.
  32. ↑ Silverman 2004, pp. 256–257.
  33. ↑ Jackson 1950, p. 398.
  34. ↑ Silverman 2008, p. 17.
  35. ↑ Silverman 2008, p. 26.
  36. 1 2 Barbey d'Aurevilly, Jules Amedee (1879). "Préface". In Uzanne, Octave. Le Bric-à-Brac de l'amour (in French). Paris: Edouard Rouveyre. pp. V–XVI. OCLC 15042039.
  37. ↑ Silverman 2008, p. 30.
  38. ↑ Silverman 2004, p. 249.
  39. ↑ Silverman 2008, p. 12.
  40. ↑ Silverman 2004, pp. 239, 241.
  41. ↑ "Women of To-day in Paris". New York Times (New York: The New York Times Company). 28 January 1894. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
  42. 1 2 3 Silverman 1992, p. 70.
  43. ↑ Silverman 2004, p. 245; Hruschka 2011, p. 188.
  44. ↑ Silverman 2008, p. 3.
  45. ↑ Silverman 2008, p. 45.
  46. ↑ Silverman 2004, p. 277.
  47. ↑ Silverman 2004, p. 240; Dufay 1932, pp. 184–185.
  48. 1 2 3 Silverman 2008, p. 31.
  49. ↑ Data sheet of "Théo-Doedalus" (pseudonym) in Gallica. (French)
  50. ↑ Geffroy, Gustave (1924). "Préface". In Uzanne, Octave. Pietro Longhi (in French). París: Éditions Nilsson. p. 14. OCLC 762932775.
  51. ↑ Silverman 2008, p. 41.
  52. ↑ Silverman 2004, p. 258.
  53. ↑ Kaur Bhogal 2013, p. 41.
  54. ↑ "The End of the Books.". The New York Times (New York: The New York Times Company). 2 January 1897. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  55. ↑ Hruschka 2011, p. VII; Coit Murphy 2004, p. 81.
  56. ↑ Deegan 2000, p. 110.
  57. ↑ de Gourmont 1912, p. XVI.
  58. ↑ Amat & Bufalino 1992, p. 390.
  59. ↑ Brush and Pencil 1898, p. 281.
  60. ↑ Silverman 2008, pp. 5, 61; Géal 1999, p. 145.
  61. ↑ Tiersten 2001, p. 125; Harrison, Wood & Gaiger 1998, p. 777.
  62. ↑ Silverman 2004, p. 253.
  63. ↑ Silverman 1992, p. 71.
  64. ↑ Hiner 2011, p. 190.
  65. ↑ Berlanstein 2001, p. 164.
  66. 1 2 Silverman 2004, p. 262.
  67. ↑ Silverman 2008, p. 44.
  68. ↑ "Uzanne's "Fashions in Paris"". New York Times (New York: The New York Times Company). 22 October 1898. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
  69. ↑ Silverman 2004, p. 243.
  70. ↑ The Eclectic Magazine 1888, p. 98.
  71. 1 2 3 Egan 1887, p. 711.
  72. 1 2 The Eclectic Magazine 1888, p. 97.
  73. ↑ The Eclectic Magazine 1888, p. 99.
  74. ↑ The Eclectic Magazine 1888, p. 103.
  75. ↑ Berlanstein 2001, p. 107.
  76. ↑ Silverman 2004, pp. 256, 262.
  77. ↑ de Gourmont 1912, p. XIV.
  78. ↑ Rozsika & Pollock 2013, p. 8. Quoting the prologue of Betty von Hutten, The Modern Parisienne, 1912, p. IX (cf. Octave Uzanne, Études de sociologie féminine, 1910, p. 262)
  79. ↑ Mathews 1999, pp. 127, 136; Wilson 1997, p. 97.
  80. ↑ Silverman 2008, p. 16.
  81. ↑ Silverman 2008, pp. 16–19, 23, 67.
  82. ↑ Juhel 2004, p. 350; Dufay 1932, pp. 185–186.
  83. ↑ Voivenel, Paul, ed. (June 1936). "Echos". L'Archer (in French) (Toulouse: Rédaccion L'Archer) 3 (6): XII. ISSN 2021-4251. OCLC 858135560.
  84. ↑ Uzanne, Octave (1902). "Curious unpublished of unknown portraits of Honoré de Balzac". In Gosse, Edmund. The two young brides. Honoré de Balzac (author), Mary Loyd (translator). New York: D. Appleton and Co. pp. 355–368. OCLC 1847733.

References

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