Out-of-place artifact

Out-of-place artifact (OOPArt) is a term coined by American naturalist and cryptozoologist Ivan T. Sanderson for an object of historical, archaeological, or paleontological interest found in a very unusual or seemingly impossible context^[1] that could challenge conventional historical chronology by being "too advanced" for the level of civilization that existed at the time, or showing "human presence" well before humans were supposed to exist.

The term "out-of-place artifact" is rarely used by historians or scientists. Its use is largely confined to cryptozoologists, proponents of ancient astronaut theories, Young Earth creationists, and paranormal enthusiasts.^[2] The term is used to describe a wide variety of objects, from anomalies studied by mainstream science and pseudoarchaeology far outside the mainstream to objects that have been shown to be hoaxes or to have mundane explanations.

Critics argue that most purported OOPArts which are not hoaxes are the result of mistaken interpretation, wishful thinking, or a mistaken belief that a particular culture couldn't have created an artifact or technology due to a lack of knowledge or materials. Supporters regard OOPArts as evidence that mainstream science is overlooking huge areas of knowledge, either willfully or through ignorance.^[2]

In some cases, the uncertainty results from inaccurate descriptions. For example: the Wolfsegg Iron was said to be a perfect cube, but in fact it is not; the Klerksdorp spheres were said to be perfect spheres, but they are not; and the Iron pillar of Delhi was said to be "rust proof", but it has some rust near its base.

Many writers or researchers who question conventional views of human history have used purported OOPArts in attempts to bolster their arguments.^[2] Creation Science relies on allegedly anomalous finds in the archaeological record to challenge scientific chronologies and models of human evolution.^[3] Claimed OOPArts have been used to support religious descriptions of pre-history, ancient astronaut theories, and the notion of vanished civilizations that possessed knowledge or technology more advanced than that of modern times.^[2]

Examples

The following are examples of objects that have been argued by various fringe authors (see list) to have been OOPArts:

Unusual artifacts

A minority of alleged OOPARTs are at least debatably unusual within the scientific mainstream, although not impossible for their time period.

• Antikythera mechanism: Its clockwork-like appearance, dating to about 1,000 years before clocks were invented, has been claimed by fringe sources to be evidence of alien visitation,^[4] and authors such as Zecharia Sitchin argue that this artifact is a product "not of Man, but of the gods".^[5] However, mainstream scientists consider the Antikythera mechanism to be a form of mechanical computer created around 150–100 BCE based on the theories of astronomy and mathematics developed by the ancient Greeks. Its design and workmanship reflect a previously unknown, but not implausible, degree of sophistication.^[6][7]
• Maine penny: Some authors argue the 11th-century Norse coin found in a Native American shell midden in Maine, United States is evidence of direct contact between Vikings and Native Americans in Maine. Mainstream belief is that it was brought to Maine from Labrador or Newfoundland via an extensive northern native trade network.^[8] Over 20,000 objects were found over a 15-year period at the Goddard Site in Brooklin, Maine. The sole non-Native artifact was the coin.^[9]

Questionable interpretations

• Baghdad Battery: Vase and rods made in Parthian or Sassanid Persia. May have been used as a galvanic cell for electroplating, though no electroplated artifacts from this era have been found.^[10][11]
• Dorchester Pot: A metal pot claimed to have been blasted out of solid rock in 1852.^[12][13]
• Kingoodie artifact: An object resembling a corroded nail, said to have been encased in solid rock^[14][15]
• Lake Winnipesaukee mystery stone: Originally thought to be a record of a treaty between tribes, subsequent analysis has called its authenticity into question.^[16][17]
• Tecaxic-Calixtlahuaca head: A terracotta offering head seemingly of Roman appearance, found beneath three intact floors of a Pre-Columbian burial site in Mexico, dated between 1476 and 1510. However, the artifact has been determined to be older and ancient Roman provenance has not been excluded.^[18][19]

Unlikely interpretations

The iron pillar of Delhi

• Abydos helicopter: A pareidolia based on palimpsest carving in an ancient Egyptian temple.
• Baalbek megaliths: Supposedly impossible to move with Bronze Age technology.
• Dendera Lamps: Supposed to depict light bulbs, but made in Ptolemaic Egypt.
• Iron Man (Eiserner Mann): An old iron pillar, said to be a unique oddity in Central Europe.
• The Hidden character stone, a Chinese petroglyph.
• Iron pillar of Delhi: Supposedly demonstrates more advanced metallurgy than was available in 1st millennium India.
• The "London Hammer", also known as the "London Artifact", hammer made of iron and wood that was found in London, Texas in 1936. Part of the hammer is embedded in a limy rock concretion.
• Nazca Lines: Supposedly impossible to design without the aid of an aerial view.
• The Newark Holy Stones, used as extremely unlikely evidence that Hebrews lived in the Americas, but more probably a hoax.
• Pacal's sarcophagus lid: Described by Erich von Däniken as a depiction of a spaceship.
• Piri Reis map: Several ancient astronauts authors, and others such as Gavin Menzies and Charles Hapgood, suggested that this map, compiled by the Turkish admiral Piri Reis, shows Antarctica long before it was discovered.
• Quimbaya airplanes: Golden objects found in Colombia and made by Quimbaya civilization culture, they are supposed to represent modern airplanes. In the Gold Museum, Bogotá, they are described as figures of birds and insects.
• Saqqara Bird: Supposed to depict a glider, but made in Ancient Egypt.
• Shakōkidogū: Small humanoid and animal figurines made during the late Jōmon period (14,000–400 BCE) of prehistoric Japan, said to resemble extraterrestrial astronauts.
• Stone spheres of Costa Rica: Inaccurately described as being perfectly spherical, and therefore demonstrating greater stone-working skill than was present in pre-Columbian times.

Natural objects mistaken for artifacts

• Baigong Pipes: Their natural origins are challenged.^[20][21][22]
• Eltanin Antenna: Actually a sponge.^[23][24]
• Klerksdorp spheres: Actually Precambrian concretions.^[25][26]

Erroneously dated objects

• Coso artifact: Thought to be prehistoric; actually a 1920s spark plug.^[3]
• Malachite Man: Thought to be from the early Cretaceous; actually a post-Columbian burial.^[27][28]
• Wolfsegg Iron: Thought to be from the Tertiary epoch; actually from an early mining operation. Inaccurately described as a perfect cube.

Modern-day creations, forgeries & hoaxes

An Ica stone depicting dinosaurs

• Acámbaro figures: Mid-20th century figurines of dinosaurs, attributed by Waldemar Julsrud to an ancient society.
• Crystal skulls: Supposedly demonstrate more advanced stone-cutting skill than was present in pre-Columbian South America. Appear to have been made in the 19th century.
• Ica stones: Depict Inca dinosaur-hunters, surgery, and other modern or fanciful topics. Collected by Javier Cabrera Darquea, who believed them to be prehistoric.
• Kensington Runestone: Purports to have been made by 15th century descendents of Leif Ericson's colony. Generally believed to be a modern-day hoax.
• The Michigan relics, forged, supposedly ancient artifacts that were supposed to prove that people of an ancient Near Eastern culture had lived in Michigan, USA.
• The Tucson artifacts, another hoax.
• The Calaveras Skull, an admitted hoax.
• Los Lunas Decalogue Stone: Supposedly made by Pre-Columbian Israelite visitors to the Americas. Generally believed to be a modern-day hoax.

Entirely fictional

• Dropa stones: Popularized by David Gamon (as David Agamon) as part of his false document Sungods in Exile.

See also

• Ancient technology
• Anachronism
• Pseudoarchaeology
• Occam's razor advocates that among competing hypotheses, the one that makes the fewest assumptions should be selected.
• Paluxy River - became famous in 1930s when locals found dinosaur and supposed human footprints in the same rock layer.

Authors and works:

• Charles Fort, researcher of anomalous phenomena
• Fortean Times
• Peter Kolosimo
• Erich von Däniken, the most famous ancient astronauts theorist

• Chariots of the Gods?, one of his notable works

• Zecharia Sitchin
• Fingerprints of the Gods book by Graham Hancock
• Michael Cremo, author of several books including Forbidden Archeology
• Charles Berlitz, famous linguist and writer of anomalous phenomena
• The Mysterious Origins of Man originally aired on NBC in 1996
• Strata (novel)

References

1. ↑ Hatcher Childress, David (1996). Lost cities of Atlantis, ancient Europe & the Mediterranean. Adventures Unlimited Press. ISBN 0-932813-25-9. Retrieved April 19, 2010. 
2. 1 2 3 4 O'Hehir, Andrew (August 31, 2005). "Archaeology from the dark side". Salon.com. Retrieved 19 April 2010. 
3. 1 2 Stromberg, P, and PV Heinrich (2004) The Coso Artifact Mystery from the Depths of Time?, Reports of the National Center for Science Education. 24(2):26-30 (March/April 2004) Retrieved March 8, 2014.
4. ↑ "The Antikythera Mechanism". Skeptoid.com. Retrieved 2011-08-24. 
5. ↑ Zecharia Sitchin (25 January 2011). Journeys to the Mythical Past. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp. 171–. ISBN 978-1-59143-951-6. Retrieved 19 June 2013. 
6. ↑ "The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project", The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. Retrieved 2007-07-01 Quote: "The Antikythera Mechanism is now understood to be dedicated to astronomical phenomena and operates as a complex mechanical "computer" which tracks the cycles of the Solar System."
7. ↑ Paphitis, Nicholas (December 1, 2006). "Experts: Fragments an Ancient Computer". The Washington Post (ATHENS, Greece). Imagine tossing a top-notch laptop into the sea, leaving scientists from a foreign culture to scratch their heads over its corroded remains centuries later. A Roman shipmaster inadvertently did something just like it 2,000 years ago off southern Greece, experts said late Thursday. 
8. ↑ "Vinland Archeology". Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2011-08-24. 
9. ↑ "Bye, Columbus". Time. December 11, 1978. 
10. ↑ Von Handorf, DE, and DE Crotty (2002) The Baghdad battery - myth or reality? Plating and Surface Finishing. vol. 89, no. 5, pp. 84–87.
11. ↑ Flatow, I (2012) Archaeologists Revisit Iraq. interview with Elizabeth Stone, Talk of the Nation, National Public Radio. Washington, DC.
12. ↑ Steiger, B. (1979) Worlds Before Our Own. New York, New York, Berkley Publishing Group. 236 p. ISBN 978-1-933665-19-1
13. ↑ Fitzpatrick-Matthews, K, and J Doeser (2007) Metallic vase from Dorchester, Massachusetts. Bad Archaeology.
14. ↑ Sir David, B (1854) Queries and Statements concerning a Nail found imbedded in a Block of Sandstone obtained from Kingoodie (Mylnfield) Quarry, North Britain. Report of the Fourteenth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science vol. 51, John Murray London.
15. ↑ Fitzpatrick-Matthews, K, and J Doeser (2007) A nail in Devonian sandstone from Kingoodie, Scotland. Bad Archaeology.
16. ↑ anonymous (nd) The Mystery Stone. Museum Exhibits, New Hampshire Historical Society, Concord, New Hampshire.
17. ↑ Klatell, JM (July 23, 2006). New England's 'Mystery Stone': New Hampshire Displays Unexplained Artifact 134 Years Later. Associated Press. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
18. ↑ Hristov, RH, and S. Genoves (2001) Tecaxic-Calixtlahuaca. Dept. of Anthropology at the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
19. ↑ Schaaf, P and GA Wagner (1991) Comments on 'Mesoamerican Evidence of Pre-Columbian Transoceanic Contacts,' by Hristov and Genovés. Ancient Mesoamerica. 10:207-213.
20. ↑ Anonymous (2002) Mysterious Pipes Left by 'ET' Reported from Qinghai. People's Daily Online, Beijing, China. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
21. ↑ Anonymous (2002) Chinese Scientists to Head for Suspected ET Relics. People's Daily Online, Beijing, China. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
22. ↑ Dunning, B (2009) The Baigong Pipes. Skeptoid: Critical Analysis of Pop Phenomena. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
23. ↑ Brookesmith, P (2004) The Eltanin Enigma. Fortean Times. (May 2004). Retrieved March 8, 2014.
24. ↑ Heezen, BC, and CD Hollister (1971) The Face of the Deep. Oxford University Press, New York. 659 pp. ISBN 0-19-501277-1
25. ↑ Cairncross, B (1988) "Cosmic cannonballs" a rational explanation: The South African Lapidary Magazine. v. 30, no. 1, pp. 4-6.
26. ↑ Heinrich, PV (1997) Mystery spheres: National Center for Science Education Reports. v. 17, no. 1, p. 34. (January/February 1997)
27. ↑ Coulam, NJ, and AR Schroedl (1995) The Keystone azurite mine in southeastern Utah. Utah Archaeology. 8(1):1-12.
28. ↑ Kuban, GJ, (2005) "Moab Man" - "Malachite Man". The Paluxy Dinosaur/"Man Track" Controversy. Retrieved March 8, 2014.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to OOParts.

• Bad Archaeology, critical perspective on Creationist and New Age claims related to out-of-place artifacts
• Salon article: Archaeology from the dark side
• Out-of-place artifacts article from Cult and Fringe Archaeology website