Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States

Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)
Flag
Map of the Eastern Caribbean showing OECS member states (dark green) and associate member states (light green).
Map of the Eastern Caribbean showing OECS member states (dark green) and associate member states (light green).
SecretariatMorne Fortune, Castries
 Saint Lucia
Working language
Membership
Leaders
 •  Chairman Dominica Roosevelt Skerrit
 •  Director General Saint Lucia Didacus Jules
Establishment
 •  Treaty of Basseterre 18 June 1981 
Area
 •  Total 4,271 km2
1,649 sq mi
Population
 •  2015 estimate 1,049,374
 •  Density 245.7/km2
636.4/sq mi
Currency
Time zone OECS (UTC-4)
Internet TLD
Website
www.oecs.org
  Member of OECS and CARICOM.
  Associate member of OECS and CARICOM.
  Member of CARICOM only.
  Associate member of CARICOM only.

The Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), created in 1981, is an inter-governmental organisation dedicated to economic harmonisation and integration, protection of human and legal rights, and the encouragement of good governance between countries and dependencies in the Eastern Caribbean. It also performs the role of spreading responsibility and liability in the event of natural disaster, such as a hurricane.

The main organ of the OECS, the Secretariat, is based in the capital city of Castries, Saint Lucia.

History

The OECS was created on 18 June 1981, with the Treaty of Basseterre, which was named after the capital city of St. Kitts and Nevis. The OECS is the successor of the Leewards Islands' political organisation known as the West Indies Associated States (WISA).

One prominent aspect of the modern day OECS economic bloc has been the accelerated pace of trans-national integration among its member states.

All of the members-states of the OECS (except for Martinique) are either Full or Associate members of the Caribbean Community and were among the second batch of countries that joined the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME). Martinique is currently negotiating to become an associate member of the Caribbean Community as well.

Membership

The OECS currently has ten members, spread across the Eastern Caribbean. Together, they form a near-continuous archipelago across the Leeward Islands and Windward Islands.

The two most geographically isolated members, Anguilla and the British Virgin Islands, have only associate membership of the organisation. As a result, diplomatic missions of the OECS do not represent these two states. Nor do OECS diplomatic missions represent Martinique, the third associate member. For the purposes of further discussing the membership, they are treated as equals of the full members.

Six of the members were formerly colonies of the United Kingdom. Three others, Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands, and Montserrat remain overseas territories of the UK while Martinique continues to be an overseas department and region of France. Eight of the ten members consider Queen Elizabeth II to be sovereign (Dominica is a republic and Martinique is a part of the French Republic). There is no requirement for the members to have been British colonies, however the close historical, cultural and economic relationship fostered by almost all of them having been British colonies is as much a factor in the membership of the OECS as their geographical proximity. As well, the Queen's likeness appears on the East Caribbean dollar's coins and banknotes.

All seven full members are also the founding members of the OECS, having been a part of the organisation since its founding on 18 June 1981. The British Virgin Islands was the first associate member, joining on 22 November 1984 and Anguilla was the second, joining in 1995.

On 1 February 2015, it was announced that Martinique would become a new associate member of the OECS on 4 February 2015. The occasion will be marked by a signing ceremony in Martinique's capital, Fort De France. Martinique's accession would mark the first time a non-British or formerly British territory had become a member or an associate member of the organization and follows on the submission of a formal application for associate membership by the Regional Council of Martinique backed with the full support of the French government. It also follows on the unanimous vote in favour of Martinique's associate membership of the OECS in Martinique's Regional Assembly in November 2013. OECS Director General, Dr. Didacus Jules, noted that while there are limits to Martinique's full involvement in the OECS due to its status with regards to France, the accession to associate membership opens up opportunities, one example of which is the use of Martinique as a tertiary health facility centre for the OECS, which is already under discussion.[1] Martinique officially acceded as an associate member on 4 February 2015. The accession agreement outlined that cooperation between Martinique and the OECS would occur in sports, health, education, sciences, arts & culture, sea and air transportation, agriculture, sea resources management, renewable energies, leisure boating and tourism among other areas.[2] Didacus Jules, Director General of OECS, said that the OECS was "fortunate that Martinique is now an Associate Member".[3]

The table lists full members in alphabetical order and associate members in chronological order of their joining the OECS.

State Associate
Flag State
 Joined
 Population
 km²
 GDP (PPP)
$Million
 GDP (PPP)
per capita
[4] 		HDI
New 2013 [5]		 Currency
 Official
Language(s)
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda 18 June 1981 86,295 442.6 1,709 $20,977 Decrease 0.760 East Caribbean Dollar English
Dominica Dominica 18 June 1981 72,660 751 952 $13,102 Increase 0.745 East Caribbean Dollar English
Grenada Grenada 18 June 1981 110,000 344 1,142 $11,498 Increase 0.770 East Caribbean Dollar English
Montserrat Montserrat 18 June 1981 5,879 102 99 $8,500 Increase 0.821 East Caribbean Dollar English
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis 18 June 1981 51,300 261 892 $20,929 Steady 0.745 East Caribbean Dollar English
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia 18 June 1981 173,765 606 2,071 $10,560 Decrease 0.725 East Caribbean Dollar English
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines 		18 June 1981 120,000 389 1,237 $10,663 Increase 0.733 East Caribbean Dollar English
British Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands 22 November 1984 29,537 151 853 $42,300 Increase 0.945 United States dollar English
Anguilla Anguilla 1995 13,452 96 108 $8,800 Increase 0.865 East Caribbean dollar English
Martinique Martinique 4 February 2015 386,486 1,128 10,700 $27,688 0.904 Euro French

Possible future memberships

Although almost all of the current full and associate members are past or present British dependencies, other islands in the region have expressed interest in becoming associate members of the OECS. The first was the United States Virgin Islands, which applied for associate membership in February 1990[6] and requested that US Federal Government allow the territory to participate as such.[7] At that time, it was felt by the US government that it was not an appropriate time to make such a request. However, the US Virgin Islands remained interested in the OECS and, as of 2002, stated that it would revisit the issue with the US government at a later date.[7] In 2001, Saba, an island of the Netherlands Antilles, decided to seek membership in the OECS. Saba's Island Council had passed a motion on May 30, 2001 calling for Saba's membership in the organisation and subsequently on June 7, 2001, the Executive Council of Saba decided in favour of membership. Saba's senator in the Netherlands Antilles parliament was then asked to present a motion requesting the Antillean parliament to support Saba's quest for membership. In addition to the support from the Antillean parliament, Saba also required a dispensation from the government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to become an associate member of the OECS.[8] Saba's bid for membership was reportedly supported by St. Kitts and Nevis and discussed at the 34th meeting of OECS leaders in Dominica in July.[9] Also in 2001, Sint Maarten, another part of the Netherlands Antilles, explored the possibility of joining the OECS. After learning of Saba's intentions to join, St. Maarten suggested exploring ways in which Saba and St. Maarten could support each other in their pursuit of membership.[10]

None of the prospective members have become associate members as yet, but Saba, St. Eustatius and St. Maarten do participate in the meetings of the Council of Tourism Ministers[11] (as the Forum of Tourism Ministers of the Eastern Caribbean, along with representatives of Saint-Martin, Saint Barthélemy, Martinique and Guadeloupe).[12]

Political union with Trinidad and Tobago

On 13 August 2008 the leaders of Trinidad & Tobago, Grenada, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent & the Grenadines announced their intention to pursue a sub-regional political union within CARICOM.[13][14] As part of the preliminary discussions the Heads of Government for the involved states announced that 2011 would see their states entering into an economic union.[15][16] This was however derailed by a change of government in Trinidad and Tobago in 2010.

Venezuela seeking membership

In 2008 the heads of the OECS also received a request from Venezuela to join the grouping.[17]

The OECS Director General Len Ishmael confirmed Venezuela's application was discussed at the 48th Meeting of the OECS Authority held in Montserrat. But she said OECS decision makers within the sub-region were yet to determine whether membership should be granted for Venezuela.

Supranational Caribbean Organisations

Organs

Secretariat

OECS Secretariat building.

The functions of the Organization are set out in the Treaty of Basseterre and are coordinated by the Secretariat under the direction and management of the Director General.

The OECS functions in a rapidly changing international economic environment, characterised by globalisation and trade liberalisation which are posing serious challenges to the economic and social stability of their small island members.

It is the purpose of the Organisation to assist its Members to respond to these multi-faceted challenges by identifying scope for joint or coordinated action towards the economic and social advancement of their countries.

The restructuring of the Secretariat was informed by considerations of cost effectiveness in the context of the need to respond to the increasing challenges placed on it, taking into account the limited fiscal capacities of its members. The Secretariat consists of four main Divisions responsible for: External Relations, Functional Cooperation, Corporate Services and Economic Affairs. These four Divisions oversee the work of a number of specialised institutions, work units or projects located in six countries: Antigua/Barbuda, Commonwealth of Dominica, St Lucia, Belgium, Canada, and the United States of America.

In carrying out its mission, the OECS works along with a number of sub-regional and regional agencies and institutions. These include the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB); the Caribbean Community (Caricom) Secretariat; the Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery (RNM) [18] and the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB).

Director General

The authority within the OECS Secretariat is led by the Director General. The current Director General of the OECS is Dr. Didacus Jules (Registrar and Chief Executive Officer of the Barbados Caribbean Examinations Council), who took his new position on 1 of May 2014. The former Dr. Len Ishmael demitted the office at the end of December 2013.[19]

Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court

The Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (ECSC), which was created during the era of WISA, today handles the judicial matters in the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States. When a trial surpasses the stage of High Court in an OECS member state, it can then be passed on to the ECSC at the level of Supreme court. Cases appealed from the stage of ECSC Supreme Court will then be referred to the jurisdiction of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) was established in 2003, but constitutional changes need to be put in place before the CCJ becomes the final Court of Appeal.[20]

Other agencies

Projects

Passport

A common OECS Passport was originally planned for January 1, 2003[21] but its introduction was delayed. At the 38th OECS Authority Meeting in January 2004, the Secretariat was mandated to have the two companies expressing an interest in producing the common passport (De La Rue Identity Systems and the Canadian Banknote Company[22]) make presentations at the next (39th) Authority Meeting.[23] At the 39th Meeting the critical issue of the relationship between the OECS passport and the CARICOM passport was discussed[22] and at the 40th OECS Authority Meeting in November 2004, the OECS Heads of Government agreed to give CARICOM a further 6 months (until May 2005) to introduce a CARICOM Passport. Failure to introduce the CARICOM Passport by that time would have resulted in the OECS moving ahead with its plans to introduce the OECS Passport.[24] As the CARICOM Passport was first introduced in January 2005 (by Suriname) then the idea of the OECS Passport was abandoned. Had the passport been introduced however it would not have been issued to Economic Citizens within the OECS states.[25]

It would also be unknown if the islands under British sovereignty would join the scheme (all British passports have the same European design).

Economic union

The decision to establish an economic union was taken by OECS Heads of Government at the 34th meeting of the Authority held in Dominica in July 2001. At the 35th meeting of the Authority in Anguilla in January 2002, the main elements of an economic union implementation project were endorsed. The project was expected to be implemented over a two-year period with seven of the nine OECS member states (i.e. Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia and St. Vincent and the Grenadines) participating in the economic union initiative. The remaining two member states, Anguilla and the British Virgin Islands, would not have participated immediately, but would have requested time to consider the issue further.[21] In 2003, work had been initiated on the central issue of the creation of new Treaty arrangements to replace the Treaty of Basseterre which established the OECS.[26] Among the elements of the project was the creation of a technical committee for a draft OECS Economic Union Treaty. This technical committee was inaugurated on May 4, 2004 and began designing the draft Treaty.[27]

OECS Economic Treaty

The new OECS Economic Union Treaty was finally presented at the 43rd OECS Meeting in St. Kitts on June 21, 2006.[28] The current draft Treaty was commended at the meeting, but the Authority directed the formulation of some additional provisions to allow a role for national parliamentary representatives (both government and opposition) of the Member States in the form of a regional Assembly of Parliamentarians. This body, it was felt, was necessary to act as a legislative filter to the Authority in its law making capacity. The Heads further directed that the Treaty be reviewed by a meeting of members of the Task Force, Attorneys General, the draftsperson for the Treaty and representatives of the OECS Secretariat.

The presentation of the Treaty at the Meeting was followed by the signing of a Declaration of Intent to implement the Treaty by the Heads of Government or their representatives (except that of the British Virgin Islands). It was agreed in the Declaration, that implementation of the Treaty would occur only after a year of public consultation, through a mass national and regional education programme with strong political leadership and direction. According to the Declaration, the Treaty was to be signed, and the Economic Union was to be established by July 1, 2007.[29]

Revised treaty

This intended deadline was missed, however, and after the signing of the Revised Treaty of Basseterre Establishing the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States Economic Union on June 18, 2010,[30][31] the newest target date of January 21, 2011 was met when five of the six independent signatory Member States ratified the Treaty.[32] These were Antigua and Barbuda (December 30, 2010), St. Vincent and the Grenadines (January 12, 2011), St. Kitts and Nevis (January 20, 2011), Grenada (January 20, 2011) and Dominica (January 21, 2011).[33] In order for the Treaty to have entered into force at least four of the independent Member States must have ratified it by January 21, 2011.[34] Montserrat had received entrustments from the United Kingdom to sign the Treaty[30] but is unlikely to be in a position ratify the Treaty before a new constitution comes into force in the territory.[35] Following the need of the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank to temporarily assume control of two indigenous commercial banks in Anguilla, the Chief Minister of Anguilla, Hubert Hughes, announced on August 12, 2013 that Anguilla will seek to join the OECS Economic Union as soon possible in order to fully participate in the strategy of growth conceived by the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (which was crafted within the context of the Economic Union).[36] He was supported in his position by St. Lucia's Prime Minister, Dr. Kenny Anthony, who also called on Anguilla to join the Economic Union to complement its membership of the Currency Union.[37]

Provisions of the Treaty

The provisions of the Economic Union Treaty prior to its ratification were expected to include:[38][39]

Some of these provisions would already have been covered to some extent by the CSME, but some, such as the Assembly of Parliamentarians, would be unique to the OECS. Although some of the provisions would seem to duplicate efforts by the CSME, the Declaration of Intent[28] and statements by some OECS leaders,[40][41] acknowledge the CSME and give assurance that the OECS Economic Union would not run counter to CARICOM integration but that it would become seamlessly integrated into the CSME. To this end, the OECS Heads of Government agreed that steps should be taken to ensure that the OECS Economic Union Treaty would be recognised under the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas, just as the original Treaty of Chaguaramas had recognised the Treaty of Basseterre. [42]

This was achieved in 2013 at the Twenty-Fourth Inter-Sessional Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of CARICOM held in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, from 18–19 February 2013. At that conference CARICOM leaders adopted the OECS’ Revised Treaty of Basseterre into CARICOM’s Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas, which St. Vincent and the Grenadines Prime Minister, Ralph Gonsalves said would effectively give CARICOM member states the opportunity of integrating initially with the OECS and taking a seemingly quicker path to integration.[43] In order to achieve this the Conference agreed that the Inter-Governmental Task Force (IGTF) revising the Treaty of Chaguaramas would recognise the provisions of the Treaty establishing the Economic Union of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). The IGTF was mandated to refer back to the Conference at its next meeting on this issue.[44]

The Economic Union Treaty's provisions are now expected to establish a Single Financial and Economic Space within which goods, people and capital move freely; harmonize monetary and fiscal policies Member States are expected continue to adopt a common approach to trade, health, education and environment, as well as to the development of such critical sectors as agriculture, tourism and energy.[33] The Economic Union Treaty (or Revised Treaty as it is sometimes known) will also create two new organs for governing the OCES; The Regional Assembly (consisting of members of parliaments/legislatures) and The Commission (a strengthened Secretariat).[45] The free movement of OECS nationals within the subregion is expected to commence in August 2011 after a commitment towards that goal by the Heads of Government at their meeting in May 2011.[46]

This was achieved on schedule with the six independent OECS members and later Montserrat with nationals being allowed to enter the participating Member States without hindrance and remain for an indefinite period in order to work, establish businesses; provide services or to reside.[47][48] The free movement of OECS nationals throughout the Economic Union is underpinned by legislation and is facilitated by administrative mechanisms [48] This is achieved by OECS nationals entering the special immigration lines for CARICOM nationals when traveling throughout the Economic Union and presenting a valid photo ID and completed Entry/Departure form whereupon the immigration officer shall grant the national entry for an indefinite period save where the national presents a security risk or where there exists some other legal basis for prohibiting entry.[49]

Central Bank

The majority of the OECS members-states are participants of the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB) monetary authority. The regional central bank oversees financial and banking integrity for the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States economic bloc of states. Part of the bank's oversight lends to maintaining the financial integrity of the Eastern Caribbean dollar (XCD). Of all OECS member-states, only the British Virgin Islands and Martinique do not use the Eastern Caribbean dollar as their de facto native currency.

All other members belong to the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union.

Security

The OECS sub-region has a military support unit known as the Regional Security System (RSS). It is made up of the independent countries of the OECS along with Barbados. The unit is based in the island of Barbados and receives funding and training from various countries including the United States, Canada and the People's Republic of China.

Foreign missions

Country Location Mission
 Belgium Brussels Shirley Skerritt-Andrew, Ambassador to Belgium and the European Union
 United States San Juan Consular-office at Hato Rey[50][51]
  Switzerland Geneva Ricardo James, Chargé d'affaires to the World Trade Organization (WTO)

Flag and logo

The flag and logo of the OECS consists of a complex pattern of concentric design elements on a pale green field, focused on a circle of nine inwardly pointed orange triangles and nine outwardly pointed white triangles. It was adopted June 21, 2006, and first raised on that day at Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis.[52] [53]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Martinique to become the First French Territory to join the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States". OECS. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  2. ↑ "Martinique OECS membership described as ‘historic’". Dominica News Online. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  3. ↑ "AN INTERVIEW WITH DR. DIDACUS JULES DIRECTOR GENERAL OECS – PART 2". OECS Business Focus. 2015-11-06. Retrieved 2016-01-31.
  4. ↑ "World Bank". Data.worldbank.org. 8 July 2014. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  5. ↑ "International Human Development Indicators". Human Development Report 2013, The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  6. ↑ "CIA World Factbook 1992 via the Libraries of the Universities of Missouri-St. Louis" (TXT). Umsl.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-26. Scroll to "Member of" section
  7. 1 2 "Special Committee Approves Draft Texts On Tokelau, United States Virgin Islands, Guam | Meetings Coverage And Press Releases". Un.org. 2002-06-17. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  8. ↑ Archived January 21, 2003 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ Archived September 30, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ Archived December 20, 2004 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ↑ "Communiqué 39th Meeting of the OECS Authority" (PDF). Oecs.org. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  12. ↑
  13. ↑ "Grenada PM arrives in Trinidad". Caribbean News Agency (CANA). Retrieved 2008-10-24.
  14. ↑ "Manning-as host and 'unifier' Trinidad PM meets OECS leaders to discuss unity initiative Trinidad Express Newspaper - By Rickey Singh". Retrieved 2008-10-24.
  15. ↑ "Trinidad PM meets OECS leaders to discuss unity initiative Trinidad PM meets OECS leaders to discuss unity initiative". Caribbean News Agency (CANA). Retrieved 2008-10-24.
  16. ↑ "Leaders mum on T&T, OECS plan". Nation Newspaper. 2008-10-30. Retrieved 2008-10-30.
  17. ↑ "BBC Caribbean News in Brief - OECS considers Venezuela request". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
  18. ↑ "Welcome To OTN". Crnm.org. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  19. ↑ "Authority Selects Dr. Didacus Jules as New Director-General". OECS. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  20. ↑ Archived August 13, 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  21. 1 2
  22. 1 2
  23. ↑ "Communiqué – 38th Meeting of the OECS Authority" (PDF). Oecs.org. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  24. ↑ "Communiqué – 40th Meeting of the OECS Authority" (PDF). Oecs.org. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  25. ↑ "Communiqué – 35th Meeting of the OECS Authority" (PDF). Oecs.org. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  26. ↑
  27. ↑
  28. 1 2
  29. ↑ "Communiqué – 43rd Meeting of the OECS Authority" (PDF). Oecs.org. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  30. 1 2 "Jan for 2011 OECS economic union | Business". Jamaica Gleaner. 2010-06-23. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  31. ↑
  32. ↑
  33. 1 2 "The Eleventh meeting of the OECS Council of Tourism Ministers focuses on implementing the OECS Common Tourism Policy.". OECS. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  34. ↑ "BBCCaribbean.com | OECS Economic Union ratified". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  35. ↑ "Montserrat ratifying the OECS Economic Union Treaty a “Work in Progress”". TrulyCaribbean.Net. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  36. ↑ "STATEMENT BY THE CHIEF MINISTER OF ANGUILLA THE HONOURABLE HUBERT HUGHES on The Eastern Caribbean Central Bank Assuming Control of the Caribbean Commercial Bank (CCB) and the National Bank of Anguilla Ltd (NBA)" (PDF). Eccb-centralbank.org. 12 August 2013. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  37. ↑ "The ECCB Assumes Control of Indigenous Banks in Anguilla". The Montserrat Reporter. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  38. ↑ "Special OECS Economic Summit Meeting" (PDF). Oecs.org. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  39. ↑
  40. ↑ Archived February 13, 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  41. ↑ "OECS Leaders sign Declaration of Intent to form Economic Union". Caricom.org. 2011-06-30. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  42. ↑ "Communiqué – 43rd Meeting of the OECS Authority" (PDF). Oecs.org. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  43. ↑ "Can Haiti Jumpstart CARICOM?". Caribjournal.com. 2013-02-19. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  44. ↑ "ommuniqué issued at the conclusion of the Twenty-Fourth Inter-Sessional Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM),18-19 February 2013,Port-au-Prince, Republic of Haiti". Caricom. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  45. ↑ "Web Portal of the Government of Saint Lucia" (PDF). Stlucia.gov.lc. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  46. ↑ "Free movement across OECS by August - News". JamaicaObserver.com. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  47. ↑ "Free movement of Citizens across the OECS Economic Union is a reality". OECS. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  48. 1 2 "Region achieves two years of the free movement of persons throughout the OECS Economic Union.". OECS. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  49. ↑ "Free Movement of OECS Citizens : Administrative Arrangements and Procedures" (PDF). Oecs.org. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  50. ↑ Archived October 22, 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  51. ↑ "thecaribbeaninvestor.com". thecaribbeaninvestor.com. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  52. ↑
  53. ↑ [[]]

External links

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