November 1913

The following events occurred in November 1913:

November 1, 1913 (Saturday)

• Notre Dame upset Army, 35-13. It was the first time the forward pass was used in a football game on the national stage, showing its strategic advantage for smaller teams against larger ones.^[1]
• Born: Andrzej Mostowski, Polish mathematician, in Lemberg, Austria-Hungary, developed the set theory Mostowski collapse lemma (d. 1975)

November 2, 1913 (Sunday)

• Prince Ernest Augustus became Duke of Brunswick, the last noble to hold the title before the German state was disestablished after World War One.
• St. Louis Browns manager George Stovall signed on with the Kansas City Packers as first baseman/manager, the first MLB player to jump to the Federal League.^[2]
• Born: Burt Lancaster, American actor and film producer, and winner of the Oscar for Best Actor in Elmer Gantry, in New York City (d. 1994); Ivor Roberts-Jones, British sculptor, in Oswestry, England, best known for "The Two Kings" at Harlech Castle, Wales and the commissioned statue of Winston Churchill in Parliament Square, London (d. 1996); and Harry Babbitt, American singer with the Kay Kyser band during the Big Band era, in St. Louis (d. 2004)

November 3, 1913 (Monday)

• The U.S. Department of Justice filed an antitrust suit seeking to break up the International Harvester Company.^[3]
• The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of a Massachusetts law, providing for a tax on foreign corporations.^[3]
• The Pleasure Seekers Broadway production opened at the Winter Garden Theatre and ran for 72 performances.^[4]
• Born: Marika Rökk, Austrian-German singer, dancer and actress, particularly for films during the Nazi era, In Cairo (d. 2004); Albert Cossery, Egyptian-born French writer, author of Men God Forgot and other novels, in Cairo [d. 2008)
• Died: Hans Bronsart von Schellendorf, 83, German classical composer who studied and performed with Franz Liszt (b. 1830)

November 4, 1913 (Tuesday)

• An earthquake with a magnitude of 6.3 killed 150 people in the Apurimac Region, Chile.^[5]
• At least thirty-nine people were killed near Melun when the Marseilles-Lyons-Paris express train collided with a local train.^[6]
• Born: Gig Young, American actor, Oscar winner for Best Actor for They Shoot Horses, Don't They?, in St. Cloud, Minnesota (d. 1978); Paul Irniger, Swiss criminal, last person to be executed in Switzerland (d. 1939)

November 5, 1913 (Wednesday)

• The first popular elections for United States Senators were held. Previously, state legislatures elected their states' two members of the United States Senate. In one of the earliest results, Blair Lee was elected as a Senator for Maryland, defeating Thomas Parran 112,000 to 71,000.^[3]
• King Otto of Bavaria, known popularly was "Mad King Otto", was deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumed the title Ludwig III, the last reigning King of Bavaria.^[7]
• A declaration between Imperial Russia and China recognized Mongolia as part of China but with internal autonomy. However, the declaration was not considered legitimate by Mongolia, since its government had not participated in the decision.^[8]
• China's President Yuan Shihkai dissolved the Kuomintang, the largest political party in the National Assembly, with nearly 300 deputies having to resign.^[9]
• Federal troops repelled Pancho Villa and his forces from taking Chihuahua, Mexico.^[10]
• Born: Vivien Leigh, British actress, Oscar winner for Best Actress in Gone With The Wind and A Streetcar Named Desire, in Darjeeling, British India (d. 1967); John McGiver, American actor best known for film roles in Breakfast at Tiffany's and The Manchurian Candidate, in New York City (d. 1975)

November 6, 1913 (Thursday)

• Saverne Affair – In Saverne, Alsace (now France but part of Germany in 1913), two local newspapers, Elsässer Anzeiger and Zaberner Anzeiger, ran articles concerning reports of disparaging remarks about Alsace residents, that had been made by 19-year-old Second Lieutenant Günter Freiherr von Forstner of the 2nd Upper Rhine Infantry Regiment No. 99 during a troop induction ceremony on October 28. Forstner reportedly told his soldiers, "If you are attacked, then make use of your weapon; if you stab such a Wackes (slur for a person who lived in the Alsace region) in the process, then you'll get ten marks from me."^[11]
• Mohandas Gandhi was arrested while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa.^[12]
• All 3,000 members of the Indiana National Guard were activated by order of Governor Samuel M. Ralston, and called to Indianapolis to preserve order during the streetcar strike. The walkout was settled the next day.^[13]
• Two major storm fronts converged on the western side of Lake Superior and grew into an extra-tropical cyclone. The storm - known at the 'White Hurricane' and eventually the Great Lakes Storm of 1913 - created hurricane-force winds, massive waves and whiteout conditions.^[14]
• The steamer Cornell ran into a sudden northerly gale caused by the storm 50 miles (80 km) west of Whitefish Point in Lake Superior, and was badly damaged.^[15]
• Died: William Henry Preece, 79, British electrical engineer and inventor who developed wireless communication for the United Kingdom (b. 1834)

November 7, 1913 (Friday)

• More than 200 people were killed in an earthquake in Peru near Abancay.^[3]
• Great Lakes Storm of 1913 – Coast Guard stations and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Weather Bureau offices at Lake Superior ports raised a vertical sequence of red, white, and red lanterns, indicating that a hurricane was coming.^[16]
• Born: Albert Camus, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate, author of The Rebel and The Plague, in Dréan, French Algeria (d. 1960, killed in a vehicle accident); Elizabeth Bradford Holbrook, Canadian sculptor, co-founder of the Canadian Portrait Academy, in Hamilton, Ontario (d. 2009); Alekos Sakellarios, Greek writer and film director of 140 features including Woe to the Young, in Athens (d. 1991)
• Died: Alfred Russel Wallace, 90, Welsh biologist and naturalist who conceived the theory of evolution through natural selection, independently of Charles Darwin (b. 1823)

November 8, 1913 (Saturday)

• Great Lakes Storm of 1913 – The storm's status was upgraded to "severe", and centered over eastern Lake Superior, covering the entire lake basin.^[17]
• The steamboat Louisiana ran aground and caught fire near Washington Island in Lake Michigan. The crew were able to evacuate and safely reach shore. A century later, the wreck remains a popular area for divers and archaeologists.^[18][19]
• The American steamer Waldo was driven onto Gull Rock in Lake Superior. The vessel broke in two and the 24-person crew took shelter in the still-intact cabin for 90 hours until rescue from the Portage Life-Saving Station on November 11.^[20]
• Georg Büchner's play Woyzeck, left unfinished at the writer's death in 1837, received its first performance, at the Residenztheater, Munich.^[21]
• Born: Robert Strauss, American actor best known for film roles in The Seven Year Itch and The Man with the Golden Arm, in New York City (d. 1975)
• Died: John Belcher, 72, British architect, designer of Neo-baroque buildings such as the Ashton Memorial in London (b. 1841); and George Tracey, 52, American athlete who had been the champion in the half mile in 1886 and 1887; after being struck while crossing a railroad track in Rockingham, Nova Scotia.^[22]

November 9, 1913 (Sunday)

• Great Lakes Storm of 1913 – The storm ravaged four of the Great Lakes. Most of the damage occurred in Lake Huron where huge waves battered ships, scrambling to seek shelter along the lake's southern end.^[23]
• SS Henry B. Smith, a lake freighter transporting ore, was reported missing after leaving Marquette, Michigan, during a lull in the storm. Shortly after the storm returned, on-shore witnesses reported seeing the Henry B. Smith struggling through high waves to reach shelter at Keweenaw Point north of the harbor. It is believed the ship sank either the evening of the 9th or early morning of the 10th. All 25 on board were lost, with only two bodies recovered. The Henry B Smith wreck would not be found until May 2013 by shipwreck hunters, 535 feet (163 m) off Marquette.^[24][25]
• SS Wexford, a British-built bulk freighter, sank while on Lake Huron. It was reported that between 17 and 25 of the crew were missing. The wreck would eventually be found on the lake bottom, 87 years after the disaster, on August 25, 2000.^[26]
• SS James Carruthers, a Canadian-built freighter, and SS Hydrus, an American-built freighter, were both reported missing as the 'White Hurricane' generated 35-foot (10 m) high waves on Lake Huron. Twenty-two crewmen on the Carruthers and 25 on the Hydrus were lost. Neither wreck has ever been found.^[27][28]
• SS Argus, sister ship to Hydrus, is also reported lost with crew of 28 seamen.^[29]
• SS Regina, a Scottish-built package freighter, sent out a distress signal after hitting a shoal while attempting to reach shelter in Port Huron, Michigan. The ship capsized and sank. None of the 32 crew survived. The wreck would be discovered in 1986 between Lexington, Michigan and Port Sanilac, Michigan.^[30]
• The United States and Honduras signed a peace treaty in Washington, DC, with Honduras becoming the latest of the Central American nations to accept the proposals of U.S. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan.^[3]

November 10, 1913 (Monday)

• John Archer became mayor of Battersea, England, the first black male to hold a mayoral seat in the United Kingdom. In his inaugural address to council, he said: "You have made history tonight ... Battersea has done many things in the past, but the greatest thing it has done is to show that it has no racial prejudice, and that it recognises a man for the work he has done."^[31][32]
• Great Lakes Storm of 1913 – An unknown vessel - later identified as the Charles S. Price, a fully loaded ore carrier - was spotted floating upside-down off the eastern coast of Michigan.^[33])
• Bodies from SS James Carruthers, including that of Captain William H. Wright, were recovered at Kincardine, Ontario and Point Clark, Ontario.^[27]
• British Prime Minister Asquith publicly declared that the United Kingdom had no intention in intervening in Mexico's affairs. "Mexico is still in the throes of civil war," said Asquith, "but there never was and never will be any question of political intervention by Great Britain in the domestic concerns of Mexico, or in the Central or South American States." ^[34]
• Born: Álvaro Cunhal, Portuguese politician, secretary-general of the Portuguese Communist Party, in Coimbra, Portugal (d. 2005); Karl Shapiro, American poet, Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1946, in Baltimore, Maryland (d. 2000)
• Died: Sir Richard Solomon, 63, British High Commissioner for the Union of South Africa since 1910 (b. 1850)

November 11, 1913 (Tuesday)

• Greece and Turkey signed a peace treaty in Athens, officially ending the Second Balkan War.^[35]
• Great Lakes Storm of 1913 – The storm finally subsided. In all, the storm claimed 19 ships on Lake Huron (eight were completely lost) and more than 250 lives.^[36]
• The Chamber of Deputies of France defeated a proposal to grant women the right to vote. The measure attracted only 133 votes in favor, and 311 against.^[3]
• The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Professor Heike Onnes of Holland, and the prize in Chemistry was awarded to Professor Werner of Zurich.^[3]
• Saverne Affair – Second Lieutenant Günter Freiherr von Forstner was ordered confined to six days house arrest, while official statements from military authorities in Strasbourg, Germany downplayed the incident, claiming that the reported inflammatory term "Wackes", used by Forstner for people living in Alsace, was actually a general term for a contentious people. However, the Saverne public perceived the official action of the German military as a slight and continued to stage protests against the regiment stationed in the town.
• The Broadway musical The Madcap Duchess by Victor Herbert and starring Ann Swinburne, Peggy Wood and Glenn Hall, opened at the Globe Theatre in New York City for a 71-performance run.^[37][38]
• Born: Iain Macleod, British politician, cabinet minister for the British Conservative Party from 1952 to 1963, in Skipton, Yorkshire, England (d. 1970)

November 12, 1913 (Wednesday)

• Battle of Ciudad Juárez,^[10] Mexico - After several unsuccessful assaults on the city, Pancho Villa devised a Trojan Horse move by capturing a coal train and hiding 2,000 soldiers inside. The train successfully entered the city where Villa's forces fought 4,000 fortified federal troops.^[10][39]
• The battleship HMS Benbow was launched at the William Beardmore and Company yard of Glasgow, the third Royal Navy ship to be named in honor of Admiral John Benbow. The ship would serve throughout World War One before it was decommissioned in 1929.^[40]
• Bulgaria demanded that Greece release all prisoners of war taken captive during the Second Balkan War.^[3]
• Born: Uriel Fernandes, later known as Teleco, Brazilian football (soccer) player best known for playing striker for the Corinthians, in Curitiba, Brazil (d. 2000)

November 13, 1913 (Thursday)

• British suffragist Emmeline Pankhurst delivered her "Freedom or Death" speech in Hartford, Connecticut. An excerpt of her speech reads: "Human life for us is sacred, but we say if any life is to be sacrificed it shall be ours; we won’t do it ourselves, but we will put the enemy in the position where they will have to choose between giving us freedom or giving us death."^[41]
• The American College of Surgeons was founded, with 1,000 leading surgeons selected as fellows.^[3]
• China's National Assembly, with 300 fewer deputies, suspended further operations because a quorum was no longer possible.^[3]
• The Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Hindu poet Rabindranath Tagore, marking "the first time that this prize has been given to anybody but a white person".^[3][42]
• Twelve people were killed, and more than 100 injured, in the wreck of an excursion train near Clayton, Alabama. The Central Georgia R.R. passenger train was carrying passengers from Ozark, Alabama to a country fair in Eufaula, Alabama, when it derailed and plunged down a steep embankment.^[43]
• The hymn O Praise the Lord of Heaven by Vaughan Williams - based on passages in the Bible - was performed for the first time in St. Paul’s Cathedral, London.
• Born: Alexander Scourby, American actor, best known for The Big Heat, in New York City (d. 1985); Helen Mack, American actress best known for film roles such as His Girl Friday, in Rock Island, Illinois [d. 1986); Lon Nol, Cambodian politician and military general, president of the Khmer Republic from 1972 to 1975, in Prey Veng, Cambodia (d. 1985)

November 14, 1913 (Friday)

• The first volume of the 3,200-page novel In Search of Lost Time by Marcel Proust was published as Swann's Way.^[44]
• All 103 passengers and crew of the Spanish steamship Balmes, which had caught fire at sea, were rescued by the Cunard liner Pannonia.^[45][46]
• Born: George Smathers, United States Senator from Florida from 1951 till 1969, in Atlantic City, New Jersey (d. 2007); Wolfgang Heyda; German U-boat commander during World War Two, in Arys, East Prussia (d. 1947)
• Died: Kâmil Pasha, 80, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire four times between 1885 and 1913 (b. 1833)

November 15, 1913 (Saturday)

• The ship Charles S. Price was identified as the "mystery vessel" seen capsized five days earlier off the coast of Michigan.^[47] Milton Smith, an assistant engineer who decided at the last moment not to join his crew on premonition of disaster, aided in identifying any bodies that were found. Twenty-eight crew members lost their lives in the wreck.
• Battle of Ciudad Juárez, Mexico - Pancho Villa controlled the city. Eleven trainloads of federal troops were sent up from Chihuahua to engage Villa.^[10]
• The polar ship Karluk reached 73°N, the most northerly point of its drift in the Beaufort Sea, since becoming trapped in ice last August. It began moving south-west, in the general direction of the Siberian coast.^[48]
• Born: Arthur Haulot, Belgian journalist and member of the Belgian resistance, in Angleur, Belgium (d. 2005); Jack Dyer, Australian rules football player and coach for the Richmond Football Club, in Oakleigh, Victoria, Australia (d. 2003); Guy Green, British cinematographer, Oscar winner for Best Cinematography for Great Expectations, in Frome, Somerset, England (d. 2005); Riek Schagen, Dutch actress and artist, best known for role in Fanfare, in Amersfoort, Netherlands (d. 2008); Gus Johnson, American jazz drummer for Jay McShann and Ella Fitzgerald, in Tyler, Texas (d. 2000)
• Died: Camille Armand Jules Marie, Prince de Polignac, 81, French nobleman who served as a major general in the Confederate States Army (b. 1832)

November 16, 1913 (Sunday)

• Pancho Villa dispatched his forces to Tierra Blanca, 35 miles (56 km) south of Ciudad Juárez, expecting to engage federal troops.^[10]
• President Huerta of Mexico dismissed Minister of the Interior Manuel Garza Aldape, after Garza had urged that Mexico negotiate with the United States.^[45]
• Born: Dora de Pedery-Hunt, Hungarian-Canadian sculpture, designer of the Queen Elizabeth II effigy on Canadian coins, in Budapest (d. 2008)

November 17, 1913 (Monday)

• Alfred Fones established the Fones School of Dental Hygiene in Bridgeport, Connecticut, with the local board of education helping to fund the program. The first class was attended by 34 women and held in Fones' garage behind his office. Graduates of the program participated in preventative dental treatment programs in schools around Bridgeport.^[49]
• The Vermilion School of Agriculture (VSA) opened in Vermilion, Alberta - the first of three agricultural colleges to open in the Canadian province - with an all-male class of 34. The college would expand its programs and campuses over the next few decades, and eventually be renamed Lakeland College in 1975.^[50]
• Construction of the National Transcontinental Railway, started in 1903, was completed with the last spike driven west of Cochrane, Ontario. The rail - which ran from Winnipeg to Moncton, New Brunswick - was operated privately until 1923 when it was absorbed into the Canadian National Railway.^[51]

November 18, 1913 (Tuesday)

• American aviator Lincoln J. Beachey first performed his inside loop (called the "loop the loop") at an airshow at Naval Air Station North Island, San Diego. Beachey climbed to 3,500 feet (1,066 meters) before turning the airplane down. He brought the machine up at the 1,000-foot mark and completed a 300-foot (91-meter) loop.^[52]
• On the same day, French aviator Maurice Chevillard performed the first somersault loop with an airplane while a passenger was on board, something previously done solo by aviators.^[53]
• Twenty-one coal miners were killed in the explosion of the Alabama Fuel and Iron Company's Mine Number 2 near Acton, Alabama.^[54]
• Born: Endre Rozsda, Hungarian-French painter, member of the Surrealism movement, in Mohács, Hungary (d. 1999)

November 19, 1913 (Wednesday)

• Jack Thompson showed up at his own funeral visitation in Hamilton, Ontario, eight days after he had been believed to have drowned in the sinking of the SS James Carruthers. The body that had washed ashore from Lake Huron had been identified by his bereaved father, Thomas, at a morgue in Goderich, Ontario. In reality, Thompson had not accompanied the ship on its final voyage. The body his father identified was the same height and build, had similar facial features, tattoos (including the initials "J.T."), scars (crossed toes), and other markings on the body. Upon reading his name among the list of known dead in a newspaper while in Toronto, Thompson took a train back to his hometown and walked into his home, where his family was preparing for his burial. The identity of the body mistaken for Thompson remains unknown, and is buried with four other unknown seamen in Goderich.^[27][55]
• The Governor of Pennsylvania, John K. Tener, agreed to serve as the new president of baseball's National League^[56]
• Born: Harry Friedman, later known as Blue Barron, American orchestra leader in the Big Band era, in Cleveland (d. 2005)

November 20, 1913 (Thursday)

• The Eiffel Tower, made of iron, was used as a radio antenna for wireless transmission and reception by the Paris Observatory. For three weeks, the Paris Observatory and the U.S. Naval Observatory in Arlington, Virginia had been attempting to signal each other and "on November 20 the exchange worked well for the first time", in an experiment that continued until March.^[57] The New York Times reported that the earlier tests had encountered interference from atmospheric conditions and other radio transmissions, but that on the evening of the 20th, "the beats of the Paris clock, as transmitted by wireless, were compared with the Washington clock for several minutes".^[58]
• Born: Judy Canova, American singer and actress famous for playing an Ozark hick character in various radio, TV and film roles and her USO tours during the World War II, in Starke, Florida (d. 1983); Kostas Choumis, Greek-Romanian football player, best known as a striker for the Venus București football club, in Piraeus, Greece (d. 1981); Charles Bettelheim, French economist and historian Center for the Study of Modes of Industrialization (CEMI), in Paris (d. 2006); Libertas Schulze-Boysen, French resistance fighter during World War Two, in Paris (d. 1942, executed in Berlin)

November 21, 1913 (Friday)

• The Olds School of Agriculture and Home Economics officially opened on the site of a demonstration farm in Olds, Alberta, the second of three agricultural schools opened by the Alberta Department of Agriculture. The school would expand its programs and campus over decades and is now the Olds College.^[59]
• Born: John Boulting, English film director (d. 1985) and Roy Boulting, English film director and producer (d. 2001), identical twin brothers who produced films such as Brighton Rock and I'm All Right, Jack, in Bray, Berkshire, England; Stewart McLean, Canadian politician, provincial cabinet minister in Manitoba, in Dauphin, Manitoba (d.1996)

November 22, 1913 (Saturday)

• Battle of Tierra Blanca^[60] - Pancho Villa's forces (5,500 soldiers) engaged 7,000 federal troops under command of José Inés Salazar. It was rumored American journalist and fiction writer Ambrose Bierce was with Villa's army and witnessed the battle.^[61]
• Saverne Affair – Ten members of the 5th Company of 2nd Upper Rhine Infantry Regiment No. 99 were arrested and charged with divulging secrets of the Saverne Affair to the local press.^[62]
• The American weekly magazine Collier's published Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s 46th Sherlock Holmes story "The Adventure of the Dying Detective", ahead of British readers, who would have to wait a month to read the story when it was published in the Strand magazine.^[63]
• Born: Benjamin Britten, English composer, composer of the War Requiem, in Suffolk, England (d. 1976); Cecilia Muñoz-Palma, first female Philippine Supreme Court Justice, in Bauan, Batangas, Philippines (d. 2006); Olav Bruvik, Norwegian politician, cabinet minister from 1961 to 1962, in Haus, Norway (d. 1962)
• Died: Tokugawa Yoshinobu, 76, the 15th and the last shogun of Japan (b. 1837). The last leader of the Tokugawa shogunate, he resigned in 1867 in the wake of the Meiji Restoration.

November 23, 1913 (Sunday)

• Battle of Tierra Blanca - Pancho Villa's men held their ground against attacks to their flank by federal troops.^[10]
• Born: Virginia Prince, American transgender activist, founder of the Society for the Second Self, in Los Angeles (d. 2009); Raymond Hanson, Australian composer for the Sydney Conservatorium of Music, in Sydney (d. 1976)

November 24, 1913 (Monday)

• Recently defeated in his for re-election as Governor of South Carolina, Coleman Livingston Blease, issued pardons and paroles for 100 convicts.^[45] These included 28 men serving life terms for murder, and another 28 incarcerated for manslaughter, and marked a total of 882 persons whom he had released from prison. The pardons too effect on the day before Thanksgiving.^[64]
• Born: Geraldine Fitzgerald, Irish-American actress, Oscar winner for Best Supporting Actress in Wuthering Heights, in Greystones, Ireland (d. 2005); Gisela Mauermayer, German Olympic athlete, gold medalist for the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, in Munich (d. 1995); Howard Duff, American actor, best known for roles in Brute Force and The Naked City, in Charleston, Washington (d. 1990)

November 25, 1913 (Tuesday)

• Battle of Tierra Blanca - In a bold move, Pancho Villa ordered his cavalry to charge the center of the attacking federal army's line. At the same time, Rodolfo Fierro, Villa's second-in-command, used a locomotive filled with dynamite and percussion caps to ram into the federal soldiers' train cars.^[65] Both aggressive counterattacks force the federal army to retreat, with 1,000 casualties.^[66]
• The Irish Volunteers were established by acclamation at a huge public meeting at the Rotunda Hospital in Dublin "to secure and maintain the rights and liberties common to the whole people of Ireland".^[67][68]
• French aviatrix Raymonde de Laroche flew 325 kilometres (202 mi) solo in four hours, winning the 1913 Fémina Cup for the longest solo flight by a woman that year.^[69]
• In a wedding held in the White House, Jessie Woodrow Wilson, daughter of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, was married to Francis B. Sayre.^[70]
• Panama became a signatory to the 1910 Buenos Aires Convention, a copyright treaty, the second Latin American country to do so. Guatemala had been the first to sign, on March 28, 1913.^[71]
• Born: Lewis Thomas, American physician and essayist, National Book Award winner, in Flushing, New York (d. 1993); Jack Davies, English screenwriter, Oscar winner for Best Writing, Story and Screenplay for Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines (d. 1994)
• Died: Robert Stawell Ball, 73, Irish astronomer and founder of screw theory (b. 1840); and Edmond Perreyon, French aviator and holder of the record (set March 11) for highest altitude (19,650 feet) by a human being; in the crash of his monoplane in France

November 26, 1913 (Wednesday)

• Phi Sigma Sigma, the first collegiate nonsectarian sorority, was founded at Hunter College, New York City. It was the first women's fraternity of its time to allow membership of women from all faiths and backgrounds.^[72]
• Police in New York City arrested José Santos Zelaya, the former President of Nicaragua (1893-1909), after he had been convicted of murder, in absentia, by a court in Managua. Zelaya was sleeping on the sixth floor of an apartment house on West End Avenue.^[45][73]
• The battleship HMS Warspite was launched from the HMNB Devonport naval base, the seventh Royal Navy warship to carry the name. The ship would serve through both world wars on all four oceans before being decommissioned in 1945.
• Born: Foy Draper, American Olympic athlete, gold medalist for the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin (d. 1943, disappeared during the Battle of Kasserine Pass)
• Died: Frances Julia Wedgwood, 80, British feminist author who assisted Charles Darwin in translating the works of Carl Linnaeus (b. 1833)

November 27, 1913 (Thursday)

• Hungarian-born politician Iván Skerlecz was proclaimed ban (viceroy) of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, and called for parliamentary elections.^[74]
• National Geographic published the article "The Non-Christian Peoples of the Philippine Islands."^[75]
• Born: Robert Dougall, English broadcaster, anchor for the BBC Newsroom and author of several bestsellers on ornithology, in London (d. 1999)

November 28, 1913 (Friday)

• Saverne Affair – Month-long protests escalated in the town of Saverne over a perceived lack of disciplinary action against Second Lieutenant Günter Freiherr von Forstner for making insulting remarks against the locals. A crowd of people assembled before Prussian barracks where sentries demanded three times for the protesters to disperse, after which soldiers drove back around and arrested many people without legal basis, and imprisoned 26 people in the basement of the Rohan Palace where the barracks were stationed. Martial law was declared in the town soon after.^[76]
• Pancho Villa gained control of Chihuahua and established a base of operations in the city for División del Norte.^[10]
• Died: George B. Post, 75, American architect in the Beaux-Arts tradition and designer of public New York City buildings such as the New York Stock Exchange (b. 1837)

November 29, 1913 (Saturday)

• The French steamer Ville du Temple struck the Runnel Stone - a rocky pinnacle one mile south of Cornwall, England - in thick fog on her way to Cardiff. Her hull damaged, the ship was abandoned by the crew, who were picked up by the Mercutio of Penzance. The wreck drifted north before beaching at Porthmoina Cove, Zennor.^[77]
• Fifth Grey Cup – The Hamilton Tigers defeated Toronto Parkdale 44-2.^[78]
• The International Fencing Federation (FIE) was recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as the world governing body of fencing.^[79]
• Born: Georges Spénale, French politician, President of the European Parliament (d. 1983).

November 30, 1913 (Sunday)

• Saverne Affair – Prussian War Minister Erich von Falkenhayn and General Berthold Deimling met with other officials in Donaueschingen, Germany to discuss resolutions to the civil unrest in Saverne. A lack of civilian officials at the discussions only increased the public perception that the Kaiser was only interested in the military's viewpoint, and civil unrest continued.^[62]
• Born: John McCaffery, American television game show host of One Minute Please and other programs, in Moscow, Idaho (d. 1983); David Curwen, British rail engineer, designer of the miniature railway, in Sydenham, Kent, England (d. 2011)

References