North American Soccer League (1968–84)

North American Soccer League

Country	United States
Other club(s) from	Canada
Confederation	CONCACAF
Founded	December 7, 1967[1]
Folded	March 28, 1985
Number of teams	24
Level on pyramid	1
Promotion to	None
Relegation to	None
Last champions	Chicago Sting (1984)
Most championships	New York Cosmos (5 titles)

North American Soccer League (NASL) was the top-level major professional soccer league in the United States and Canada that operated from 1968 to 1984. It was the first soccer league to be successful on a national scale in the United States. The league final was called the Soccer Bowl from 1975 to 1983 and the Soccer Bowl Series in its final year, 1984. The league was headed by Commissioner Phil Woosnam from 1969 to 1983.

The league's popularity peaked in the late 1970s. The league averaged over 13,000 fans per game in each season from 1977 to 1983, and the league's matches were broadcast on network television from 1975 to 1980.^[2] The league's most prominent team was the New York Cosmos. During the mid-to-late 1970s, the Cosmos signed a number of the world's best players —Pelé, Franz Beckenbauer, Carlos Alberto— and the Cosmos averaged over 28,000 fans for each season from 1977 to 1982 while having three seasons of the average attendance topping 40,000 spectators per game. Other internationally well-known players in the league included Giorgio Chinaglia, Johann Cruyff, Johan Neeskens, Gerd Muller, George Best, and Rodney Marsh.

The league additionally played indoor soccer from 1975–1976 and 1979–1984.

History

Founding

In 1967, two professional soccer leagues started in the United States: the FIFA-sanctioned United Soccer Association, which consisted of entire European and South American teams brought to the U.S. and given local names, and the unsanctioned National Professional Soccer League. It has been suggested that the timing of the creation of these professional leagues was related to the amount of attention given throughout the English-speaking world to the victory by England in the 1966 FIFA World Cup and the resulting documentary film, Goal. The National Professional Soccer League had a national television contract in the U.S. with the CBS television network, and referees were instructed to whistle fouls and delay play to allow CBS to insert commercials.^[3] The ratings for matches were unacceptable even by weekend daytime standards and the arrangement with CBS was terminated. Bill MacPhail, head of CBS Sports, attributed NPSL's lack of TV appeal to empty stadiums with few fans, and to undistinguished foreign players who were unfamiliar to American soccer fans.^[4]

The two leagues merged on December 7, 1967 to form the North American Soccer League (NASL). NASL began the 1968 season with 17 of the 22 teams that had participated during the 1967 season. The teams relied mostly on foreign talent, including the Brazilian Vavá, one of the leading scorers of the 1958 and 1962 World Cups. International friendlies included victories against Pele's Santos and against English champions Manchester City.^[5] Despite some of the league's successes, the league also had significant problems. The 17 teams included only 30 North American players.^[5] The expenses of high salaries for foreign players and renting of large stadiums, coupled with low attendances, resulted in every team losing money in 1968.^[5] Only five of the 17 teams returned for the 1969 season.

The NASL thought it needed to sell to North Americans the sport of soccer, which was then completely foreign to the majority of them. The league modified the rules in an attempt to make the game more exciting, and comprehensible, to the average sports fan. These changes included a clock that counted time down to zero as was typical of other timed American sports, rather than upwards to 90 minutes as was traditional. NASL implemented in 1972 a 35 yd (32 m) line for offside^[6] (a rule change designed to reduce prevalent offside traps) rather than the usual half-way line, but in 1982 FIFA put an end to that NASL rule change.^[7][8] NASL introduced a penalty shootout in 1974 to decide matches that ended in a draw. The league also carried over the points system used by the NPSL in the previous year in which teams were awarded 6 points for win and 3 for a draw, plus up to 3 bonus points for each goal scored. On five occasions this nontraditional system gave the regular season title to a team other than the one with the best record.

In 1971, NASL added three teams—the New York Cosmos, Montreal Olympique, and the Toronto Metros—each of which paid a $25,000 expansion fee.^[9]

Interest begins to grow

The NASL of the early 1970s was, to a large extent, a semi-pro league, with many of the players holding other jobs.

On September 3, 1973, Sports Illustrated featured a soccer player on its cover for the first time — Philadelphia Atoms goalkeeper Bob Rigby.^[10] SI profiled the Philadelphia Atoms victory in the NASL championship, the first time an American expansion sports team won a title in its first season.^[10] Philadelphia averaged 11,500 fans in 1973, the first time since 1967 that any North American professional soccer team had averaged over 10,000 fans.^[11] The cover title declared "Soccer Goes American," as Philadelphia had started six Americans in the championship match. Despite the "Soccer Goes American" title, however, in no season after 1974 did any American player win the MVP award or finish as league top scorer, as the mid-1970s saw an influx of foreign talent. SI predicted continued success for the Philadelphia Atoms, but the Atoms dissolved in 1976.^[10]

NASL's average attendance had grown steadily from a low of 2,930 in 1969 to 7,770 in 1974, and by 1974 four teams were averaging over 10,000 attendance.^[11] The 1974 NASL Championship game between the Los Angeles Aztecs and the Miami Toros was televised live on CBS, the first national broadcast of a pro soccer match in the United States since 1968.^[12]

The 1974 and 1975 seasons saw rapid expansion for NASL. In 1974, eight new teams paid the $75,000 franchise fee and joined the league, although two existing teams folded.^[13] The 1974 expansion saw teams on the west coast, giving NASL a national presence for the first time. The west coast expansion was a success, with three of the teams — San Jose, Seattle and Vancouver — averaging over 10,000 fans in 1974.^[13] In 1975, five more franchises were added. Two of these five additions — Chicago and Hartford — were in cities that had successful franchises in the Division II American Soccer League, which at the time saw itself as a potential challenger to NASL as the U.S.'s top professional soccer league.^[14] The expansions of 1974 and 1975 meant that NASL had grown from 9 teams in 1973 to 20 teams by 1975.

The 1975 season saw the signing of internationally known players, including Portuguese star Eusébio (who Rhode Island of the Division II ASL had tried to sign),^[14] and former England goalkeeper Peter Bonetti.

Pele and the New York Cosmos

Pelé's arrival created a media sensation and overnight transformed the fortunes of soccer in the United States. From the moment he signed his contract at the 21 Club on June 10, 1975 in front of a crush of ecstatic worldwide media, Pele's every move was followed, bringing attention and credibility to soccer in America. The New York Cosmos' home attendance tripled in just half the season Pele was there, and on the road the Cosmos also played in front of huge crowds that came to watch Pelé play.

Pele's arrival resulted in greater TV exposure for the Cosmos and for the league overall. Ten million people tuned in to watch CBS' live broadcast of Pele's debut match—a record American TV audience for soccer—with the Cosmos on June 15, 1975 against the Dallas Tornado at Downing Stadium in New York.^[3][4] CBS also televised another Cosmos match plus the 1975 Soccer Bowl championship match, and in 1976 ABC signed a contract to broadcast matches during the 1976 season.^[3][4] By 1976, NASL was being picked up by the mainstream media, with the sports pages of newspapers covering NASL.^[4] The NASL was shown on the TVS network during 1977 and 1978, although some games were tape delayed or not carried in certain markets.^[3]

The biggest club in the league and the organization's bellwether was the Cosmos, who drew upwards of 40,000 fans per game at their height while, along with Pelé (Brazil), another aging superstar Franz Beckenbauer (Germany) played for them. Although both well past their prime by the time they joined the NASL, the two were considered to have previously been the best attacking (offensive) (Pelé) and defensive (Beckenbauer) players in the world.

Giants Stadium sold out (73,000+) their 1978 championship win. However, the overall average attendance of the entire league never reached 15,000, with some clubs averaging less than 5,000.

North American Soccer League Progression
Season	Teams	Games	Attendance	Network TV (Games)
1968	17	32	4,699	CBS
1969	5	16	2,930	None
1970	6	24	3,163
1971	8		4,154
1972		14	4,780
1973	9	19	5,954
1974	15	20	7,770	CBS (1)
1975	20	22	7,642	CBS (2)
1976			10,295	CBS (2)
1977	18	26	13,558	TVS (7)
1978	24	30	13,084	TVS (6)
1979			14,201	ABC (9)
1980		32	14,440	ABC (8)
1981	21		14,084	ABC (1)
1982	14		13,155	None
1983	12	30	13,258
1984	9	24	10,759
TV column includes only network TV. It does not include cable (ESPN, USA) or pay-per-view (SportsVision).

Expansion and star players

The Los Angeles Aztecs signed Manchester United star George Best in 1976. NASL had been trying to persuade Best to come to America and place him in a major media market, but once the New York Cosmos had signed Pele, Los Angeles was the logical placement for Best.^[15] Best was traded to Fort Lauderdale in 1978, and in 1979 Los Angeles signed its next big star, Johann Cruyff.^[15] Cruyff was an instant success, doubling the team's attendance, and winning the league's MVP award.^[16] LA also brought in a new head coach from 1979-1980, Rinus Michels, who had coached Ajax Amsterdam, Barcelona, and the Dutch national team, the man credited with the invention of the Dutch playing style of "Total Football" in the 1970s.^[17]

The Minnesota Kicks were established in 1976 and quickly became one of the league's more popular teams, drawing an average attendance of 23,120 fans per game in 1976 to the Metropolitan Stadium in the suburbs of Minneapolis.^[18] The Kicks won their division four years in a row from 1976–79, drawing over 23,000 fans in each of those four seasons (peaking at 32,775 in 1977).

After LA, Cruyff then moved on to the Washington Diplomats.^[19] The Washington Diplomats had been purchased by Madison Square Garden Corp. and its Chairman Sonny Werblin in October 1978. Cruyff's presence was a huge boost, as was Wim Jansen, a midfielder who had played for the Netherlands at the 1974 and 1978 World Cups. For the 1980 season, the Diplomats attendance was 19,205 spectators per match.^[20]

Despite NASL's apparent success, of NASL's 18 teams in 1977, six were considered franchises that needed to be relocated, bought out, or folded.^[21] A planning committee of owners issued a report recommending that NASL strengthen its existing teams, and limit expansion to two franchises for 1978, with one additional franchise per year for the following years.^[22] Despite this recommendation, NASL brought in six new teams at $3 million per team, raising the league's teams from 18 to 24 for the 1978 season.

San Diego Sockers President Jack Daley later described NASL's boom years of the late 1970s: "It became fashionable to chase the Cosmos. Everyone had to have a Pelé. Coaches went around the world on talent searches, forcing the prices up."^[23] The Portland Timbers tripled their team payroll from 1979 to 1980 in an effort to keep up with the league average.^[24]

The league began a college draft in 1972 in an attempt to increase the number of U.S.- and Canadian-born players in the league. The foreign image of soccer was not helped, however, by a league that brought in many older, high profile foreign players, and frequently left Americans on the bench. This effort was often doubly futile, as while many of the foreign players were perhaps "big names" in their home countries, almost none of them qualified as such in North America, and they quickly absorbed most of the available payroll, such as it was, which could have otherwise been used to pay North American players better. As of 1979, NASL rules required that each squad start two U.S. or Canadian players—often a goalkeeper and an outside defender^[24]—and that each 17-man roster carry six native players.^[25] The U.S. had lacked sufficient quality youth soccer programs in the 1950s, resulting in the dearth of U.S.-born talent in NASL in the 1970s.^[25] NASL suffered a minor blow with a players strike at the start of the 1979 season, but the strike was honored by only one third of the players and lasted only five days.^[26]

In 1980, the minimum number of U.S. and Canadian starters was raised to three.^[25] The 1980 season was referred to as "the year of the North American player" with a renewed emphasis on "native players."^[24] With the increased requirements for teams to field U.S. and Canadian players, demand for quality native players boomed, with Jim McAlister setting a transfer record for an American player at $200,000.^[24]

With the end of the 1970s, NASL seemed poised for moderate success.^[16] The 1979 season had seen attendance increase by 8%. ABC televised several matches during the 1979 and 1980 seasons.^[27] An apparent era of stability seemed to have arrived, with the 1980 season expecting no planned expansion, relocations or failed teams among its 24 franchises, and with most rosters remaining relatively stable.^[16]

Financial problems and contraction

At the close of the 1980 season, NASL's woes were beginning to mount, as NASL was feeling the effects of over-expansion, the economic recession, and disputes with the players union.^[28] In the early 1980s the U.S. economy went in the doldrums, with unemployment reaching 10.8% in 1982, its highest level since World War II.^[29] NASL's owners, who were losing money, were not immune from the broader economy.

Perhaps most troubling of all, NASL owners were spending sums on player salaries that could not be covered by league revenue. Whereas NFL owners in 1980 were spending on average 40% of the team's budget on player salaries, NASL owners were averaging over 70% of their budget on player salaries.^[28] The Cosmos in particular, owned by Warner Communications, were spending lavish sums on player salaries, and while other teams—such as Los Angeles, Jacksonville, Portland, Toronto, and Montreal—that were owned by major corporations could keep up with the Cosmos, owners without deep pockets could not keep pace with the spending levels.^[28] Owners spent millions on aging stars to try to match the success of the Cosmos, and lost significant amounts of money in doing so.

Another headache for NASL was competition from the resurgent Major Indoor Soccer League.^[30] The MISL began during the 1978-79 season, grew quickly, and by the early 1980s MISL was averaging over 8,000 fans per game. MISL's growth meant that throughout the early 1980s the NASL and the MISL engaged in a bidding war for U.S. based soccer players, putting further pressure on league salaries and heightening NASL's financial problems.^[30] In an effort to vie for MISL's expanding audiences, the NASL operated an indoor soccer league from 1979–80 to 1981–82 and in 1983–84.

As a result, the league ran a collective deficit in 1980 of about $30 million, with each team losing money.^[28] The San Diego Sockers lost $10 million from 1978 to 1983, and Tulsa lost $8 million from 1980 to 1983.^[23] The Washington Diplomats folded in November 1980, after owners MSG Corp. lost a rumored $5 million on the team in 1979 and 1980.^[20]

NASL had also decided to sell TV advertising locally, instead of recruiting national sponsors.^[31] During the 1980 offseason, the NASL Players' Association was in dispute with the league over projected payments for the indoor season, causing the players to file a lawsuit against the league.^[28]

The 1981 season was even worse for the league, with the league's 24 teams again running a collective deficit of $30 million and every team losing money.^[32] Ted Turner's Atlanta Chiefs lost $7 million, the Minnesota Kicks lost $2.5 million, the Calgary Boomers lost over $2 million, and Lamar Hunt's Dallas Tornado had lost $1 million annually.^[32] At the close of the 1981 season five teams folded, with another two teams—the L.A. Aztecs and Minnesota Kicks—later folding during the 1981-82 offseason after failing to find buyers.^[32] NASL shrank from 21 teams to 14.

Many of these new owners were not soccer savvy, and once the perceived popularity started to decline, they got out as quickly as they got in. Over-expansion without sufficient vetting of ownership groups was a huge factor in the death of the league.^[31] Once the league started growing, new franchises were awarded quickly, and it doubled in size in a few years, peaking at 24 teams. Many have suggested that cash-starved existing owners longed for their share of the expansion fee charged of new owners, even though Forbes Magazine reported this amount as being only $100,000.

Decline and demise

With the NASL declining rapidly in the early 1980s and losing many franchises, NASL made several changes in an attempt to keep the league going. Phil Woosnam, who had served as NASL Commissioner since 1969 and had been a strong proponent of expansion during the 1970s, was removed by the league's 14 owners in April 1982 by a reported 11-3 vote.^[22] NASL tried to help bring the 1986 World Cup to the United States after Colombia withdrew from its commitment to host, but FIFA decided in 1983 to award the hosting of the 1986 FIFA World Cup to Mexico, rather than the U.S. In early 1984, NASL reached a collective bargaining agreement with the NASL Players Association that included a $825,000 salary cap to be achieved by annual 10% reductions, and a reduction in roster sizes from 28 to 19.^[23]

The league lasted until the 1984 NASL season. On March 28, 1985, the NASL suspended operations for the 1985 season, when only the Minnesota Strikers and Toronto Blizzard were interested in playing. At the time, the league planned to relaunch in 1986.^[33]

However, four NASL teams (Chicago Sting, Minnesota Strikers, New York Cosmos, and San Diego Sockers) joined the Major Indoor Soccer League for its 1984–85 season. The Golden Bay Earthquakes and Tampa Bay Rowdies managed to survive as independent franchises until they joined the WSA and AISL respectively. The Rowdies were the last surviving NASL franchise to play outdoor soccer, lasting until February 1994.^[34] The Sockers' were the final league franchise to dissolve. They survived playing exclusively indoor soccer until 1996.

Legacy

Although the NASL ultimately failed, it introduced soccer to the North American sports scene on a large scale for the first time, and was a major contributing factor in soccer becoming one of the most popular sports among American youth. On July 4, 1988, FIFA awarded the hosting of the 1994 World Cup to the United States. NASL has also provided lessons for its successor Major League Soccer, which has taken precautions against such problems, particularly a philosophy of financial restraint (mainstream American sports, by the time of MLS' startup in 1996, had adopted financial restraint rules, which MLS adopted). American college and high school soccer still use some NASL-style rules (with shortened halves, although the time does stop for certain reasons).

Several of the NASL team names have been later reused for teams in later soccer leagues. The Portland Timbers, San Jose Earthquakes, Seattle Sounders, and Vancouver Whitecaps names have all been used for successor teams in Major League Soccer, with other team names (New York Cosmos, Tampa Bay Rowdies, Fort Lauderdale Strikers) used in the Division II NASL that began play in 2011.

NASL Indoor Progression
Year	Participation	Games Played
1975	16 of 20 teams	2-4 games
1976	12 of 20 teams
1977	-	-
1978	-	-
1979	4 of 24 teams	4 games
1979-80	10 of 24 teams	12 games
1980-81	19 of 21 teams	18 games
1981-82	13 of 14 teams
1983	4 of 12 teams	8 games
1983-84	7 of 9 teams	32 games

NASL indoor

The NASL began playing indoor soccer as well as "outdoor" soccer in 1975 and 1976 in a tournament format. For many years Tampa Bay owner George W. Strawbridge, Jr. continually lobbied his fellow owners to start up a winter indoor season, but was always stone-walled.^[35][36] For the following few years, his Rowdies and several other teams used winter indoor "friendlies" as part of their training and build-up to the outdoor season. In the meantime, pressed by the rival Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL), which inaugurated play in 1978, the four-team NASL Budweiser Invitational was played over two days in January 1979 before a full arena.^[37] The NASL finally started a full indoor league schedule, a 12-game season with 10 teams, in 1979–80. For the 1980–81 season, the number of teams playing indoor soccer increased to 19 and the schedule went to 18 games. The schedule remained at 18 games, but the teams participating decreased to 13 for the 1981–82 season. The league canceled the 1982–83 indoor season and three teams (Chicago, Golden Bay, and San Diego) played in the MISL for that season. Four other teams (Ft. Lauderdale, Montreal, Tampa Bay and Tulsa) competed in a short NASL Grand Prix of Indoor Soccer Tournament in early 1983.^[38] The NASL indoor season returned for 1983–84 with only seven teams but a 32-game schedule.

NASL champions

By year

Year	Winner (number of titles)	Runners-up	Top Team in Regular Season (points)	Top Scorer (points)	Winning Coach
1968	Atlanta Chiefs (1)	San Diego Toros	San Diego Toros (186 points)	Janusz Kowalik	Phil Woosnam
1969	Kansas City Spurs (1)	Atlanta Chiefs	Kansas City Spurs (110 points)	Kaizer Motaung	János Bédl
1970	Rochester Lancers (1)	Washington Darts	Washington Darts (137 points)	Kirk Apostolidis	Sal DeRosa[39]
1971	Dallas Tornado (1)	Atlanta Chiefs	Rochester Lancers (141 points)	Carlos Metidieri	Ron Newman
1972	New York Cosmos (1)	St. Louis Stars	New York Cosmos (77 points)	Randy Horton	Gordon Bradley
1973	Philadelphia Atoms (1)	Dallas Tornado	Dallas Tornado (111 points)	Kyle Rote, Jr.	Al Miller
1974	Los Angeles Aztecs (1)	Miami Toros	Los Angeles Aztecs (110 points)	Paul Child	Alex Perolli[40]
1975	Tampa Bay Rowdies (1)	Portland Timbers	Portland Timbers (138 points)	Steve David	Eddie Firmani
1976	Toronto Metros-Croatia (1)	Minnesota Kicks	Tampa Bay Rowdies (154 points)	Giorgio Chinaglia	Domagoj Kapetanović
1977	Cosmos (2)	Seattle Sounders	Fort Lauderdale Strikers (161 points)	Steve David	Eddie Firmani
1978	Cosmos (3)	Tampa Bay Rowdies	Cosmos (212 points)	Giorgio Chinaglia	Eddie Firmani
1979	Vancouver Whitecaps (1)	Tampa Bay Rowdies	New York Cosmos (216 points)	Oscar Fabbiani	Tony Waiters[41]
1980	New York Cosmos (4)	Fort Lauderdale Strikers	New York Cosmos (213 points)	Giorgio Chinaglia	Hennes Weisweiler & Yasin Özdenak
1981	Chicago Sting (1)	New York Cosmos	New York Cosmos (200 points)	Giorgio Chinaglia	Willy Roy
1982	New York Cosmos (5)	Seattle Sounders	New York Cosmos (203 points)	Giorgio Chinaglia[42]	Julio Mazzei
1983	Tulsa Roughnecks (1)	Toronto Blizzard	New York Cosmos (194 points)	Roberto Cabañas	Terry Hennessey
1984	Chicago Sting (2)	Toronto Blizzard	Chicago Sting (120 points)	Steve Zungul	Willy Roy

* Due to the NASL's nontraditional points system, in 1968, 1969, 1980, 1983 & 1984 the team with the best win-loss record did not win the regular season.^[43]
# The New York Cosmos dropped "New York" from its name for the 1977 and 1978 seasons, then returned to the full name.

By club

Club	Winner	Runner-Up	Seasons Won	Seasons Runner-Up
New York Cosmos	5	1	1972, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982	1981
Chicago Sting	2	0	1981, 1984	–
Atlanta Chiefs	1	2	1968	1969, 1971
Tampa Bay Rowdies	1	2	1975	1978, 1979
Toronto Metros/Blizzard	1	2	1976	1983, 1984
Dallas Tornado	1	1	1971	1973
Kansas City Spurs	1	0	1969	–
Rochester Lancers	1	0	1970	–
Philadelphia Atoms	1	0	1973	–
Los Angeles Aztecs	1	0	1974	–
Vancouver Whitecaps	1	0	1979	–
Tulsa Roughnecks	1	0	1983	–
Seattle Sounders	0	2	–	1977, 1982
San Diego Toros	0	1	–	1968
Washington Darts	0	1	–	1970
St. Louis Stars	0	1	–	1972
Miami Toros	0	1	–	1974
Portland Timbers	0	1	–	1975
Minnesota Kicks	0	1	–	1976
Fort Lauderdale Strikers	0	1	–	1980

# The New York Cosmos dropped "New York" from its name for the 1977 and 1978 seasons, then returned to the full name.

NASL indoor champions

By year

Year	Winner (number of titles)	Runners-up	Top Team in Regular Season	Top Scorer	Winning Coach
1975	San Jose Earthquakes (1)	Tampa Bay Rowdies	San Jose Earthquakes 4-0 *(tournament only)	Paul Child	Ivan Toplak
1976	Tampa Bay Rowdies (1)	Rochester Lancers	Tampa Bay Rowdies 4-0 *(tournament only)	Julie Veee	Eddie Firmani
1979	Dallas Tornado (1)	Tampa Bay Rowdies	Dallas Tornado 2-0 *(tournament only)	Jim Ryan	Al Miller
1979–80	Tampa Bay Rowdies (2)	Memphis Rogues	Atlanta Chiefs 10-2	David Byrne	Gordon Jago
1980–81	Edmonton Drillers (1)	Chicago Sting	Chicago Sting 13-5	Karl-Heinz Granitza	Timo Liekoski
1981–82	San Diego Sockers (1)	Tampa Bay Rowdies	Edmonton Drillers 13-5	Juli Veee	Ron Newman
1983	Tampa Bay Rowdies (3)	Montreal Manic	Montreal Manic 4-2 *(double round-robin stage)	Laurie Abrahams Dale Mitchell	Al Miller
1983–84	San Diego Sockers (2)	New York Cosmos	San Diego Sockers 21-11	Steve Zungul	Ron Newman

By club

Club	Winner	Runner-Up	Seasons Won	Seasons Runner-Up
Tampa Bay Rowdies	3	3	1976, 1979–80, 1983	1975, 1979, 1981–82
San Diego Sockers	2	0	1981–82, 1983–84	–
San Jose Earthquakes	1	0	1975	–
Dallas Tornado	1	0	1979	–
Edmonton Drillers	1	0	1980–81	–
Rochester Lancers	0	1	–	1976
Memphis Rogues	0	1	–	1979–80
Chicago Sting	0	1	–	1980–81
Montreal Manic	0	1	–	1983
New York Cosmos	0	1	–	1983–84

Teams

Legend

     - existed before 1968 NASL formation.      - continued after 1984 NASL demise.      - existed before 1968 and after 1984.

Team	NASL Seasons	NASL Evolution of Franchise	Other Leagues
Atlanta Apollos	1973	Chiefs→Apollos	–
Atlanta Chiefs	1968-1972	Chiefs→Apollos	NPSL
Atlanta Chiefs (1979)	1979-1981	Caribous→Chiefs (1979)	–
Baltimore Bays	1968-1969	–	NPSL
Baltimore Comets	1974-1975	Comets→Jaws→Quicksilvers→Sockers	–
Boston Beacons	1968	–	USA
Boston Minutemen	1974-1976	–	–
Calgary Boomers	1981	Rogues→Boomers	–
California Surf	1978-1981	Stars→Surf	–
Caribous of Colorado	1978	Caribous→Chiefs (1979)	–
Chicago Mustangs	1968	–	USA
Chicago Sting	1975-1984	–	MISL
Cleveland Stokers	1968	–	USA
Connecticut Bicentennials	1977	Bicentennials→Connecticut→Stompers→Drillers	–
Cosmos	1977-1978	New York→Cosmos→New York	–
Dallas Tornado	1968-1981	–	USA
Denver Dynamos	1974-1975	Dynamos→Kicks	–
Detroit Cougars	1968	–	USA
Detroit Express	1978-1981	Express→Diplomats (1981)	–
Edmonton Drillers	1979-1982	Bicentennials→Connecticut→Stompers→Drillers	–
Fort Lauderdale Strikers	1977-1983	Darts→Gatos→Toros→Strikers→Minnesota	–
Golden Bay Earthquakes	1983-1984	San Jose Earthquakes→Golden Bay	MISL, WSA
Hartford Bicentennials	1975-1976	Bicentennials→Connecticut→Stompers→Drillers	–
Houston Hurricane	1978-1980	–	–
Houston Stars	1968	–	USA
Jacksonville Tea Men	1980-1982	Tea Men→Jacksonville	ASL, USL
Kansas City Spurs	1968-1970	–	NPSL
Las Vegas Quicksilvers	1977	Comets→Jaws→Quicksilvers→Sockers	–
Los Angeles Aztecs	1974-1981	–	–
Los Angeles Wolves	1968	–	USA
Memphis Rogues	1978-1980	Rogues→Boomers	–
Miami Gatos	1972	Darts→Gatos→Toros→Strikers→Minnesota	–
Miami Toros	1973-1976	Darts→Gatos→Toros→Strikers→Minnesota	–
Minnesota Kicks	1976-1981	Dynamos→Kicks	–
Minnesota Strikers	1984	Darts→Gatos→Toros→Strikers→Minnesota	MISL
Montreal Olympique	1971-1973	–	–
Montreal Manic	1981-1983	Fury→Manic	–
New England Tea Men	1978-1980	Tea Men→Jacksonville	–
New York Cosmos	1971-76, 1979-84	New York→Cosmos→New York	MISL
New York Generals	1968	–	NPSL
Oakland Clippers	1968	–	NPSL
Oakland Stompers	1978	Bicentennials→Connecticut→Stompers→Drillers	–
Philadelphia Atoms	1973-1976	–	–
Philadelphia Fury	1978-1980	Fury→Manic	–
Portland Timbers	1975-1982	–	–
Rochester Lancers	1970-1980	–	ASL
Saint Louis Stars	1968-1977	Stars→Surf	NPSL
San Antonio Thunder	1975-1976	Thunder→Team Hawaii→Roughnecks	–
San Diego Jaws	1976	Comets→Jaws→Quicksilvers→Sockers	–
San Diego Sockers	1978-1984	Comets→Jaws→Quicksilvers→Sockers	MISL, CISL
San Diego Toros	1968	–	NPSL
San Jose Earthquakes	1974-1982	Earthquakes→Golden Bay	–
Seattle Sounders	1974–1983	–	–
Tampa Bay Rowdies	1975-1984	–	AISA, ASL, APSL
Team America	1983	–	–
Team Hawaii	1977	Thunder→Team Hawaii→Roughnecks	–
Toronto Blizzard	1978-1984	Metros→Metros-Croatia→Blizzard	–
Toronto Falcons	1968	–	NPSL
Toronto Metros	1971-1974	Metros→Metros-Croatia→Blizzard	–
Toronto Metros-Croatia*	1975-1978	Metros→Metros-Croatia→Blizzard	NSL, CISL, CSL
Tulsa Roughnecks	1978-1984	Thunder→Team Hawaii→Roughnecks	–
Vancouver Royals	1968	–	USA
Vancouver Whitecaps	1974-1984	–	–
Washington Darts	1970-1971	Darts→Gatos→Toros→Strikers→Minnesota	ASL
Washington Diplomats	1974-1980	–	–
Washington Diplomats (1981)	1981	Express→Diplomats (1981)	–
Washington Whips	1968	–	USA

*Operated as Toronto Croatia from 1956 until they merged with the NASL's Toronto Metros in 1975, and then again after they sold-out of the NASL in 1979.

Of the 67 teams that played in the NASL over the course of its 17 seasons, many represent relocated franchises, and a handful represent the same franchise in the same location with changed names such as the Apollos, Cosmos and Earthquakes. The total number of unique clubs was 43.

Teams that played indoor seasons (1975–76, 1979–84)

Atlanta Chiefs (1979–81) Baltimore Comets (1975) Boston Minutemen (1975–76) Calgary Boomers (1980–81) California Surf (1979–81) Chicago Sting (1976, 1980–82, 1983–84) Dallas Tornado (1975–76, 1979, 1980–81) Detroit Express (1979–81) Edmonton Drillers (1980–82) Ft. Lauderdale Strikers (1979–81, 1983) Golden Bay Earthquakes (1983–84) Hartford Bicentennials (1975) Jacksonville Tea Men (1980–82) Los Angeles Aztecs (1975, 1979–81) Memphis Rogues (1979–80) Miami Toros (1975–76) Minnesota Kicks (1979–81)

Montreal Manic (1981–82, 1983) New England Tea Men (1979–80) New York Cosmos (1975, 1981–82, 1983–84) Philadelphia Atoms (1975) Portland Timbers (1980–82) Rochester Lancers (1975–76) Saint Louis Stars (1975–76) San Diego Jaws (1976) San Diego Sockers (1980–82, 1983–84) San Jose Earthquakes (1975–76, 1980–82) Seattle Sounders (1975, 1980–82) Tampa Bay Rowdies (1975–76, 1979–84) Toronto Blizzard (1980–82) Toronto Metros-Croatia (1975–76) Tulsa Roughnecks (1979–84) Washington Diplomats (1975–76) Vancouver Whitecaps (1975–76, 1980–82, 1983–84)

Commissioners

• 1967: Dick Walsh (USA) - After 18 years with the Los Angeles Dodgers, he was chosen to serve as commissioner of first the United Soccer Association (USA) in 1966, then the North American Soccer League (NASL), which resulted from the merger of the USA and the National Professional Soccer League (NPSL) prior to the 1968 season. He served the NASL through its first full season, 1968, then returned to baseball.
• 1967: Ken Macker (NPSL)
• 1968: Walsh and Macker co-commissioners
• 1969–83: Phil Woosnam - He is credited as an important factor in the development of the NASL, and had been a major figure in promoting the league and had secured TV contracts from CBS and ABC.^[44] He played a key role during 1970 in recruiting executives at Warner Communications to invest in an expansion team—the New York Cosmos.^[45] Woosnam oversaw the westward expansion of NASL in the early 1970s, establishing teams in Los Angeles, the Bay Area, Seattle, and Vancouver. However, he also guided the league into several poor business decisions, such as over-expansion to 24 teams, and the league's owners had been losing significant money^[44] and was removed from his duties as commissioner of the NASL in 1983 following a vote of the club owners.
• 1983–84: Howard J. Samuels - His pioneering methods in the petrochemical industry and success in the then niche household consumer market translated into posts as Vice President of the Mobil Oil Corporation, Commissioner of the North American Soccer League, and Chairman to Elms Capital Management, Alexander Proudfoot PLC, and Communities In Schools.
• 1984–85: Clive Toye (acting) - After the sudden death of Howard J. Samuels, Toye was appointed interim president of the NASL in December 1984.^[46] The league ceased operations the following Spring.

Annual honors

MVP, Rookie and Coach of the Year

Year	MVP	Rookie	Coach
1968	Janusz Kowalik	Kaizer Motaung	Phil Woosnam
1969	Pepe Fernandez	Pepe Fernandez	János Bédl
1970	Carlos Metidieri	Jim Leeker	Sal DeRosa
1971	Carlos Metidieri	Randy Horton	Ron Newman
1972	Randy Horton	Mike Winter	Kazimierz Frankiewicz
1973	Warren Archibald	Kyle Rote, Jr.	Al Miller
1974	Peter Silvester	Doug McMillan	John Young
1975	Steve David	Chris Bahr	John Sewell
1976	Pelé	Steve Pecher	Eddie Firmani
1977	Franz Beckenbauer	Jim McAlister	Ron Newman
1978	Mike Flanagan	Gary Etherington	Tony Waiters
1979	Johan Cruyff	Larry Hulcer	Timo Liekoski
1980	Roger Davies	Jeff Durgan	Alan Hinton
1981	Giorgio Chinaglia	Joe Morrone, Jr.	Willy Roy
1982	Peter Ward	Pedro DeBrito	Johnny Giles
1983	Roberto Cabanas	Gregg Thompson	Dragan Popović
1984	Steve Zungul	Roy Wegerle	Ron Newman

Teams named after NASL teams

The current Heritage Cup in Major League Soccer was developed as a way to remember the NASL's heritage by having teams named after NASL teams to participate for a special trophy. Today, two MLS teams, San Jose and Seattle, play for this trophy, although Portland and Vancouver are both eligible for the trophy if they decide to participate in this derby.

Players

During NASL's peak during the late 1970s and early 1980s, NASL brought some of the world's best soccer players to the United States. The trend was started when the New York Cosmos signed Pele in 1975. At one time, NASL teams fielded the captains of the past three World Cup-winning teams—Beckenbauer (1974), Alberto (1970), and Moore (1966). Of the European Footballer of the Year awards from 1968 to 1976, seven of the nine awards—Best (1968), Muller (1970), Cruyuff (1971, '73, '74), Beckenbauer (1972, '76)—were given to players who went on to play in NASL. The following table shows the most well-known NASL players who had collected international accolades before joining NASL.

Player	Position	NASL years	NASL club(s)	Accolades (Pre-NASL)
Pelé	FW	1975-77	New York Cosmos	Three World Cup championships with Brazil in 1958, 1962, 1970
Eusébio	MF	1975-79	Boston Minutemen; Toronto; Las Vegas	1965 European Footballer of the Year; 1966 World Cup Golden Boot (top scorer)
António Simões	MF	1975-79	Boston; San Jose; Dallas	1962 European Cup winner with Benfica; Member of Portugal's Magriços team that placed 3rd at 1966 World Cup
Juan Carlos Masnik	DF	1975	New York Cosmos	Captained Uruguay at the 1974 FIFA World Cup; Captained Nacional de Montevideo on winning the 1971 Intercontinental Cup and 1972 Copa Interamericana
Geoff Hurst	FW	1976	Seattle	Scored a hat trick for England at the 1966 World Cup Final; 1968 Euro All-Star Team
Bobby Moore	DF	1976; 1978	San Antonio; Seattle	Captained England to victory at the 1966 World Cup
George Best	MF	1976-82	Los Angeles Aztecs; Ft. Lauderdale; San Jose	1968 European Footballer of the Year
Gordon Banks	GK	1977-78	Ft. Lauderdale	GK for England during their 1966 World Cup championship run; Six-time FIFA Goalkeeper of the Year
Carlos Alberto	DF	1977-82	New York Cosmos; California	Captained Brazil to victory at the 1970 World Cup
Franz Beckenbauer	DF	1977-80; 1983	New York Cosmos	Captained Germany to victory at the 1974 World Cup
Johnny Giles	MF	1978	Philadelphia Fury	Won several titles with Leeds United
Björn Nordqvist	DF	1979-80	Minnesota	Former world record holder with 115 caps; Played at the 1970, 1974, and 1978 World Cups
Gerd Muller	FW	1979-81	Ft. Lauderdale	1970 European Footballer of the Year; Scored 10 goals at the 1970 World Cup; 1974 World Cup winner
Johann Cryuff	MF	1979-81	Los Angeles Aztecs; Washington Diplomats	Led the Netherlands to the 1974 World Cup final; European Footballer of the Year award in 1971, 1973, and 1974
Teófilo Cubillas	FW/MF	1979-83	Ft. Lauderdale	Joint 2nd highest scorer at the 1978 World Cup with 5 goals
Peter Lorimer	MF	1979-83	Toronto; Vancouver	Scored 255 goals for Leeds United
Johan Neeskens	MF	1979-84	New York Cosmos	Reached World Cup finals with the Netherlands in 1974 and 1978; Named to the 1974 World Cup All-Star Team; Won 3 European Cups with Ajax from 1971-1973
Rob Rensenbrink	MF	1980	Portland	Winner of the 1976 Onze d'Or; Reached World Cup finals with the Netherlands in 1974 and 1978; Second leading scorer at the 1978 World Cup
Ruud Krol	DF	1980	Vancouver Whitecaps	Captain of the Netherlands team that reached the 1978 World Cup Final
Oscar	DF	1980	New York Cosmos	Played for Brazil at the 1978 and 1982 World Cups
Elías Figueroa	DF	1981	Ft. Lauderdale	South American Footballer of the Year in 1974, 1975, and 1976; Named to the 1974 World Cup All-Star Team
Kazimierz Deyna	MF	1981-84	San Diego Sockers	Top scorer at the 1972 Olympics; Member of Poland team that finished 3rd at the 1974 World Cup; Won the Bronze Ball as the 3rd best player at the 1974 World Cup
Roberto Bettega	FW	1983-84	Toronto Blizzard	Named to the 1978 World Cup All-Star Team; Ranked third on Juventus' career goals scored (#2 at time of retirement)

Attendance

Yearly average attendance

Season	Lowest	Low Team	Average	Highest	High Team	2nd Highest	2nd Team
1968	2,441	Los Angeles Wolves	4,699	8,510	Kansas City Spurs	6,840	Washington Whips
1969	1,601	Baltimore Bays	2,930	4,273	Kansas City Spurs	3,371	Atlanta Chiefs
1970	2,398	Kansas City Spurs	3,163	4,506	Rochester Lancers	3,894	Washington Darts
1971	2,440	Montreal Olympique	4,154	5,993	Toronto Metros	5,871	Rochester Lancers
1972	2,112	Miami Gatos	4,780	7,773	St. Louis Stars	7,173	Toronto Metros
1973	3,317	Atlanta Apollos	5,954	11,501	Philadelphia Atoms	7,474	Dallas Tornado
1974	3,458	Toronto Metros	7,770	16,584	San Jose Earthquakes	13,454	Seattle Sounders
1975	2,641	Baltimore Comets	7,930	17,927	San Jose Earthquakes	16,826	Seattle Sounders
1976	2,571	Boston Minutemen	10,295	23,828	Seattle Sounders	23,121	Minnesota Kicks
1977	3,848	Connecticut Bicentennials	13,558	34,142	*Cosmos	32,775	Minnesota Kicks
1978	4,188	Chicago Sting	13,084	47,856	*Cosmos	30,928	Minnesota Kicks
1979	5,626	Philadelphia Fury	14,201	46,690	New York Cosmos	27,650	Tampa Bay Rowdies
1980	4,465	Philadelphia Fury	14,440	42,754	New York Cosmos	28,435	Tampa Bay Rowdies
1981	4,670	Dallas Tornado	14,084	34,835	New York Cosmos	23,704	Montreal Manic
1982	4,922	Edmonton Drillers	13,155	28,749	New York Cosmos	21,348	Montreal Manic
1983	4,212	San Diego Sockers	13,258	29,166	Vancouver Whitecaps	27,242	New York Cosmos
1984	5,702	San Diego Sockers	10,759	14,263	Minnesota Strikers	13,924	Vancouver Whitecaps

*Cosmos dropped "New York" from name for 1977 and 1978 seasons

Single-game attendance records

The New York Cosmos hold 21 of the 24 top attendance records in NASL history. Of the 107 games involving NASL clubs that have drawn 40,000+ fans, 66 were Cosmos' matches at Giants Stadium, including Soccer Bowl '78. The table below ranks teams by the number of 40,000+ crowds they attracted.^[47][48]

Team	40,000+	Highest Single Attendance	Notes
New York Cosmos	66 matches	77,691 vs Ft. Lauderdale (1977)	playoff game
Tampa Bay Rowdies	12 matches	56,389 vs California (1980)	Fourth of July fireworks display after game
Minnesota Kicks	8 matches	49,572 vs San Jose (1976)	playoff game
Seattle Sounders	6 matches	58,125 vs New York (1976)	first sporting event in Kingdome
Montreal Manic	4 matches	58,542 vs Chicago (1981)	playoff game
Vancouver Whitecaps	3 matches	60,342 vs Seattle (1983)	first sporting event in BC Place
Soccer Bowl	3 matches	53,326 Tulsa vs Toronto (1983)	excludes Soccer Bowl '78
Los Angeles Aztecs	2 matches	48,483 vs Washington (1980)	Fourth of July fireworks display after game
Washington Diplomats	1 match	53,351 vs New York (1980)	nationally televised on ABC
Minnesota Strikers	1 match	52,621 vs Tampa Bay (1984)	Beach Boys concert after game
Team America	1 match	50,108 vs Ft. Lauderdale (1983)	Beach Boys concert after game

See also

• Soccer Bowl
• Category:North American Soccer League players
• Record attendances in United States club soccer
• North American Soccer League (1968–1984) on television

References

External links

• American Soccer History Archives
• NASL Attendance Figures on Kenn.com
• The NASL: It's Alive But On Death Row - A salary cap has saved the soccer league from complete collapse, but its future looks forbidding indeed by Clive Gammon Sports Illustrated May 7, 1984
• Archived NASL page
• Complete Results from 1968-1984

North American Soccer League (1968–84) Broadcasters USSF CSA Portal Contemporary NASL Seasons USA 1967 NPSL 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 Indoor 1975 1976 Indoor 1976 1977 1978 1979 indoor 1979 1979-80 Indoor 1980 1980-81 Indoor 1981 1981-82 Indoor 1982 1983 Indoor 1983 1983-84 Indoor 1984 Associated competitions Soccer Bowl (NASL Championship) NASL Indoor Championship Clubs Atlanta Chiefs Baltimore Bays Baltimore Comets Boston Beacons Boston Minutemen Boston Rovers Calgary Boomers California Surf Chicago Mustangs Chicago Spurs Chicago Sting Cleveland Stokers Caribous of Colorado Connecticut Bicentennials Dallas Tornado Denver Dynamos Detroit Cougars Detroit Express Edmonton Drillers Fort Lauderdale Strikers Team Hawaii Houston Hurricane Houston Stars Jacksonville Tea Men Kansas City Spurs Las Vegas Quicksilvers Los Angeles Aztecs Los Angeles Wolves Memphis Rogues Miami Toros Minnesota Kicks Minnesota Strikers Montreal Manic Montreal Olympique New England Tea Men New York Cosmos New York Generals New York Skyliners Oakland Clippers Oakland Stompers Philadelphia Spartans Philadelphia Atoms Philadelphia Fury Pittsburgh Phantoms Portland Timbers Rochester Lancers San Antonio Thunder San Diego Jaws San Diego Sockers San Diego Toros San Francisco Golden Gate Gales San Jose Earthquakes Seattle Sounders St. Louis Stars Tampa Bay Rowdies Team America Toronto Blizzard Toronto City Toronto Falcons Tulsa Roughnecks Vancouver Royals Vancouver Whitecaps Washington Darts Washington Diplomats Washington Whips

Soccer Bowl (NASL Championship) All 1967 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Winners Los Angeles Wolves Oakland Clippers Atlanta Chiefs Kansas City Spurs Rochester Lancers Dallas Tornado New York Cosmos Philadelphia Atoms Los Angeles Aztecs Tampa Bay Rowdies Toronto Metros-Croatia Cosmos Vancouver Whitecaps New York Cosmos Chicago Sting New York Cosmos Tulsa Roughnecks Chicago Sting NSC Minnesota Stars Tampa Bay Rowdies New York Cosmos San Antonio Scorpions New York Cosmos

Defunct soccer leagues in the United States Outdoor soccer leagues AFA (1884) American Cup (1885–1924) ALPF (1894–95) NAFL (1895–1921) AAFA Cup (1912–13) ASL (1921–33) ASL (1933–83) NASFL (1946–47) USA (1967) NPSL (1967) NASL (1968–84) USL (1984–85) WSA (1985–89) LSSA (1987–92) ASL (1988–89) APSL (1990–94) Indoor soccer leagues MISL (1978–92) NPSL (1984–2001) CISL (1993–97) EISL (1997–98) WISL (1998–2001) MISL (2001–08) AISL (2002–08) XSL (2008–09) MISL (2008–14) Women's soccer leagues WUSA (2001–03) WPS (2009–11) USL W-League (1995–2015)

Preceded by American Soccer League

Division 1 Soccer League in the United States 1967–84

Succeeded by Major League Soccer