Royal Jordanian Air Force

Royal Jordanian Air Force
Royal Jordanian Air Force emblem
Founded	25 September 1955
Country	Jordan
Allegiance	King of Jordan
Branch	Air force
Type	Military aviation
Role	Aerial warfare
Size	12,000 Active (2012 est.)
Part of	Jordanian Armed Forces
Air Headquarter	Amman
Equipment	450 aircraft (2012 est.)
Commanders
Chief of Air Staff	Major General Mansour AlJobour[1]
Insignia
Roundel
Ensign
Aircraft flown
Attack	Bell AH-1 Cobra
Fighter	F-16 Fighting Falcon, Northrop F-5
Trainer	CASA C-101 Aviojet, Slingsby T-67 Firefly
Transport	Lockheed C-130 Hercules, CASA C-295

The Royal Jordanian Air Force (RJAF; Arabic: سلاح الجو الملكي الأردني, transliterated Silāḥ ul-Jawu al-Malakī ’al-Urdunī) is the air force branch of the Jordanian Armed Forces.

History

Early days

A de havilland Vampire FB.6 illustrating the markings of the Royal Jordanian Air Force

Jordan gained independence in 1946, but its first air bases had been set up in 1931 by the Royal Air Force. By 1950, Jordan began to develop a small air arm which came to be known as the Arab Legion Air Force (ALAF). The Royal Air Force assisted in training this small air arm and provided equipment. The ALAF's primary fighter was the de Havilland Vampire and a Vickers VC.1 Viking was operated as a VIP aircraft for use by the King of Jordan. By 1955 King Hussein realized the need for Jordan to have a more modern Air force, and on 25 September 1955 the RJAF was established. By 1958 the Royal Air Force had left Jordan and the RJAF had taken control of the airfields in the country.

1960s

In 1967, in the Six-Day War, Israel destroyed Jordan's Air Force of 21 British-manufactured Hawker Hunters.^[2][3]

1970s

In the 1970s the RJAF was modernised. Lockheed F-104 Starfighters were acquired from the United States following heavy losses in the Six-Day War. However, the Starfighter proved superfluous and several were given to the Pakistan Air Force with the last unit withdrawn from service in 1977 leaving a fighter gap that would not be filled until the arrival of the Dassault Mirage F1 in 1981. The RJAF also acquired Northrop F-5 Tigers via Iran during the reign of the Shah who procured them from the United States. Cessna T-37 Tweets were also acquired for the training role. In 1975, the RJAF gave its fleet of 31 Hawker Hunters to the Sultan of Oman's Air Force, having failed in their efforts to sell them to Rhodesia or Honduras. The Hunters were delivered to SOAF Thumrait between May and June 1975.

1980s

Following peace between Egypt and Israel in 1979, the RJAF began to modernize its fleet once again. The first part of this program was the procurement of the Dassault Mirage F1 which became the RJAF's frontline fighter supported by generous aid from wealthy oil-rich Arab states. The Mirage F1 was selected over the General Dynamics F-16/79 (an F-16A powered by the GE J79 turbojet series as opposed to the Pratt & Whitney F100, which had 25% more power in afterburn)^[4] while also acquiring the Northrop F-5 to complement the Mirage F1CJ/EJ in the process.

In the 1980s, the RJAF supported Saddam Hussein and the Iraqi regime during the Iran-Iraq War, committing their aircraft for combat training alongside Iraqi aircraft squadrons with one joint aircraft squadron. It remains unknown whether RJAF pilots took part in combat with Iran, although this seems unlikely. During the 1991 Desert Storm conflict, Jordan declared political support for the Iraqi regime, but the RJAF was never committed to combat in that war. The RJAF provided instruction for Iraqi pilots who also operated the similar Mirage F1.

Hunter F.73 of the Royal Jordanian Air Force in 1971

Some six Lockheed C-130H Hercules entered RJAF service and remain critical in supporting Jordan's peacekeeping efforts. In 1987 the RJAF received CASA C-101s to replace the T-37 in the training role.

1991 Persian Gulf War and the 1990s

The fallout meant that the RJAF was impacted upon but contrary to some reports, it did not lose its operational tempo and was not forced to cannibalize aircraft for shortages of spare parts. Despite this, the RJAF had to rationalize its existing resources due to a temporary downfall in spare parts and supplies. However, economic difficulties forced the RJAF to seek upgrades rather than the purchase of new equipment originally planned.

Modernization schemes continued with seven F-5Es sold to Singapore and some funding used to upgrade most of the remaining others with the AN/APG-67 radar (found on the aborted Northrop F-20 Tigershark, once an aircraft under evaluation by the RJAF), modern fire control systems, and WVR AAMs, thus putting the F-5 on par with more modern aircraft in terms of electronics. Despite this, the F-5s lack a BVR combat capability.

Modern era

Dassault Mirage F1EJ

U.S. military assistance has been primarily directed toward upgrading Jordan’s air force, as recent purchases include upgrades to U.S.-made F-16 fighters, air-to-air missiles, and radar systems. Following the 1994 Israel–Jordan peace treaty and the lending of Jordanian support to the United States during the Persian Gulf War, the U.S. recommenced full military relations with Jordan starting with the donation of 16 General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon (12 F-16A and 4 F-16B) in storage at the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center (AMARC) at Davis Monthan AFB. Deliveries commenced in 1997 and were completed next year, replacing the Mirage F1CJs in the air-defence role, following extensive exercises with the existing Mirage F1CJ/EJ and F-5E/F in RJAF service and assuming the lead role.

Some 17 further ex-AMARC aircraft were also procured along with six ex-Royal Netherlands Air Force F-16BMs for training purposes (Combat Capable)^[5] along with 16 ex-Belgian F-16AM/BM in MLU (Mid Life Update, Block 20) standard in 2009,^[6] Another 2 ex-Spanish Mirage F1CE/EE aircraft were procured in 2006. In July/Aug 2011 RJAF received another 9 ex-Belgian F-16AM/BM MLU standard,^[7] thus boosting the RJAF's own multi-role capabilities.

Jordanian F-16s

RJAF pilots have participated in 'Bright Star' in Egypt against regional F-16 Fighting Falcons and have improved their skills considerably, especially in defining critical areas of upgrading. The AIM-120 AMRAAM has been procured by the RJAF and will improve combat capabilities of the basic F-16. Unlike the AIM-7M Sparrow III the AMRAAM is lighter and more versatile with superior ECM/ECCM and capable of engaging high-g targets, along with an active radar homing warhead (unlike the semi-active homing warhead of the 'Sparrow III') with standard datalink for mid-course guidance and correction purposes.

Some 17 Block 15 F-16s were sent to Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) where they were upgraded to MLU (Block 40) standard,^[8] this enabling advanced AGMs and latest PGMs to be carried. It remains unclear what will eventually complement the F-16s as the F-5s and F-1s dwindle in numbers due to economic, stress and fatigue reasons. In 2008 10 Northrop F-5E, 3 F-5EM and 2 F-5F were sold to Kenya. The remaining F-5s should be officially out of service by 2010, while and Mirage F1CJ/EJ are being slowly decommissioned, so the F-16MLU will remain the RJAF's standard fighters.

Most sources cite that the RJAF is seeking 80–90 F-16s and are now equipped with 79 F-16s (63 MLUs. The main goal seems to be having all F-16s in common upgraded version. The RJAF's F-16s are currently undergoing a new paint scheme to KA2 standard similar to the 'low visibility' fatigues adopted by the Royal Jordanian Land Force.

Jordanian F-5 Tiger II aircraft

Two light CASA C-295s have been procured and procurement is likely to continue of the type. RJAF also received smaller numbers of the Antonov An-32 from Ukraine for STOL operations for Royal Special Forces, although the status of the Jordanian An-32s is uncertain. One Lockheed C-130 Hercules was received in March 1997. In 2006 two Ilyushin Il-76MF freighters were purchased from Russia. In 2011 RJAF announced the intention to turn 2 of the CASA/IPTN CN-235 transport aircraft into small aerial gunships.

The Jordanian Special Operations Aviation Brigade has been using Sikorsky UH-60L Blackhawk and MD Helicopters MD-530F helicopters for special operations and border security. Two squadrons of ex-US Army AH-1F Cobra gunships were delivered in the late 1990s/early 2000s. Some have been sold to Pakistan and AH-1Fs will be replaced by new AH-6I attack helicopters. After signing the MDAP 18 surplus Bell UH-1H helicopters were delivered in 1994, followed by another 18 in 1996. Two C-130B Hercules transport aircraft and 16 UH-1H helicopters have been delivered to the Iraqi Air Force. Three C-130E will be received from the US in exchange. Currently two squadrons of UH-1Hs and one of AS332 Super Pumas support Army operations.

Jordan assist Air forces in the Middle East, training Bahraini pilots and assisting Iraq. There is also a close cooperation with the USAF. The current commander of the Royal Jordan Air Force is Major General Mansour Aljobour.

Main air bases are:

• Muwaffaq Salti Air Base in Azraq,
• King Feisal bin Abdul Aziz Air Base in Jafr
• King Abdullah I Air Base – Marka, Amman
• King Abdullah II Air Base – Jabal Rabawi
• Prince Hassan Air Base – Hotel Five (H5)
• King Hussein Air College – Mafraq

Operations in Syria 2014–2015

On the morning of 16 April 2014, Jordanian air force fighter jets destroyed an undetermined number of vehicles trying to enter into Jordan by crossing the border from war-torn Syria during the Syrian Civil War.^[9]

On 23 September 2014, Jordanian air force aircraft joined in US-led air strikes against terrorist targets in Syria that later became known as Operation Inherent Resolve.

On 24 December 2014, an RJAF F-16 crashed near Raqqa, Syria, and its pilot, Flight Lieutenant Moaz Youssef al-Kasasbeh, was captured by Islamic State militants.^[10] On 30 December 2014, a member of the Jordanian parliament, Rula al-Hroob, told America's National Public Radio that the RJAF had suspended military operations over Syria in order to help secure al-Kasasbeh's release. An attempt by US special operations to rescue al-Kasasbeh from Raqqa on 1 January 2015 failed when their helicopters were driven off by heavy enemy fire.

Following unsuccessful negotiations about a prisoner exchange, on 3 February 2015 it was reported that Islamic State had murdered al-Kasasbeh by burning him alive, something that was done in early January but not revealed.^[11]

On 5 February 2015, the RJAF resumed operations against Islamic State targets. The whole daily target list was handed over to 20 Jordanian F-16s.^[12][13]

In February 2015 the US resupplied Jordan with munitions to be used in airstrikes against ISIS, including JDAM precision bombs. In the summer of 2015 Israel transferred 16 Bell AH-1E/F Cobras (4-6 to be used as spares) to be used by RJAF in the “border patrol” role, this is counter-insurgency role and in operations against Islamic State forces.^[14]

On 7 November 2015, The New York Times claimed that the RJAF had quietly suspended operations against targets in Syria, the last attack being in August, and instead diverted its aircraft to support Saudi-led operations against Houthi rebels in Yemen.^[15] This claim was contested by the Jordanian embassy in Washington, which told the paper that Jordan continued to conduct airstrikes on Islamic State targets.

Squadrons

Aircraft

The Royal Jordanian Air Force consists of about 12,000 officers and non-commissioned officers and a civilian. It contains six major air bases in addition to sixteen air squadrons, fourteen I-Hawk Batteries, two training school (fighter aviation training school, school of air combat). The Royal Jordanian Air Force Headquarters is at King Abdullah I Airbase in Amman. The tasks of the air force are to provide:

• Air Defense
• Support Ground Forces
• Airlift Operations
• Reconnaissance Operations
• Search & Rescue Operations

Current inventory

An F-16 flying an air refueling mission

Jordanian Air Force UH-60L on lift off

A C-130 Hercules fly over at the 2004 RIAT

A C-101 Aviojet aircraft of the Jordanian Air Force.

Retired aircraft

Previous notable aircraft operated by Jordan consisted of the de Havilland Dove, F-104 Starfighter, Dassault Mirage F1, Cessna T-37, Boeing 727, Gulfstream III, An-12 Cub, Bulldog 125, Alouette III, Aérospatiale Gazelle and the Sikorsky S-76^[20][21]

Armament

• Air-to-Air missile
• 890 AIM-9J/P/M-9 (450 AIM-9J, 340 AIM-9P,100 AIM-9M9)
• AIM-9X Sidewinder
• 180 AIM-120C AMRAAM(130 AIM-120C-7, 50 AIM-120C-5)^{[22][23][24][25]}
• 64 AIM-7M Sparrow
• 225 R550 Magic
• 75 Super 530
• 75 R.530
• Air-to-Surface missile
• 705 AGM-65G Maverick
• 50 AS-30L
• BGM-71E/F (Mounted on Cobra)
• AGM-114K/M Hellfire II in use with AH-6i, ATK C-235, AT-802U.
• Hydra 70 2.75 inch rocket
• DAGR in use with AH-6i, ATK C-235, AT-802U.
• APKWS use on CN-235 gunship.
• Bombs
• 150 MK20 Rockeye II Cluster bomb ^[26]
• 200 CBU-71 Cluster bomb ^[26]
• BLG-66 Belouga CBU
• BLU-107 Durandal anti-runway bomb
• MK-82, MK-83, MK-84 Low-Drag GPBs.
• Joint Direct Attack Munition
• GBU-12 Paveway II
• Aircraft Pods
• Sniper Advanced Targeting Pod ^[27][28][29]
• AN/ALQ-211 AIDEWS
• AN/ALQ-131 Block II^[30]
• AN/AAQ-13 Navigation Pod
• ACMI Pod
• AN/ALE-47 Airborne Countermeasures Dispenser System^[31]
• Target drones
• 82 TTL BTT-3 Banshee with 5 launchers

Note: These Figures refer only to quantities of missiles from the transactions and not to the actual quantity of missiles in RJAF.

Royal Jordanian Air Defence

• Royal Jordanian air defense is part of the Royal Jordanian Air Force is equipped with Surface-to-Air missiles and Anti-Aircraft guns and Radar stations, as well as modern Electronic Warfare center and electronic countermeasure which is linked to command and control (C2) centers.
• Jordan provided with an integrated, real-time air picture across multiple command centers and many remote sites to better protect the country’s airspace. The system, known as Omnyx™, will combine sensor, voice and data communications to provide interoperability throughout the Royal Jordanian Air Force and other elements of Jordan’s armed forces. With input from radars and other data links, the system will assist in detecting incoming air traffic and also provide the capabilities needed for airspace management, air sovereignty and air defense missions.^[32]
• RJAF C2 and EW Capability
  • Omnyx™ System enabling Jordanian Air Force to track and identify aircraft, evaluate any threats, initiate or monitor airborne engagements and enhance situational awareness of Jordanian airspace at all times.^[32][33]
  • Jordan have a C4ISR subsystem capable of serving multiple internal services and agencies within Jordan and An Air Defense subsystem capable of early warning of air attack and real-time Command and Control (C2) of national air defense forces.^{[34][35][36][37]}
  • RADIANT C4I National EW network, connecting regional control centers, ground radars and AD assets.
  • Jordan has the ability to detect cruise missiles, aircraft and unmanned drones at long distances through the project linking a modern Russian radar (Protivnik GE) bought by Jordan recently with some U.S. 3D radars such as (FPS-117, TPS-77, TPS-43E) and Gap-filler radars with ADSI (Air Defence System Integrator)^[38] and all Fire Units to build air defence umbrella (IADS).
• Air Surveillance Radars
  • 1 AN/FPS-117 3D Radar ^[39]
  • 2 AN/TPS-77 3D Radar
  • – Protivnik GE 3D Radar bought in 2009–2010 ($25 million / 804.91 million Rubles deal)
  • 3 TPS-43E 3D Radar
  • 5 AN/TPS-63 Tactical 2D Radar
  • 5 Marconi S711 Radar (Upgraded by AMS UK in 2005)
  • Gap-filler & Border Surveillance radars
• AA Gun System
  • 60 Flakpanzer Gepard
  • 48 ZSU-23-4 Shilka
  • 181 M163 Vulcan (81 VADS transferred from Belgium to Jordan in 2005)
• MANPADS
  • 182 Dzhigit launchers (2x SA-24 Igla-S) on light vehicles + 1800 Igla-S missiles.
  • 100 SA-18 Igla from Russia in 2001.
  • 200 SA-14 Strela 3
  • 300 SA-7B Strela 2
  • 300 FIM-43C Redeye
• Short-Range Tactical SAM System
  • 48 SA-8 OSA-AKM System
  • 50 9K35 ZREB-BD Gopher (Upgraded & Manufactured by JELS) System
  • Unknown No. SA-22 Pantsir-S1E
• Medium & Long Range Air Defence
  • 22 MIM-23 Hawk Phase III with MIM-23B/E Missiles (upgraded from 1998 to 2008)
    • In the period from 1998 to 2008 was the purchase of the components of 8 Hawk Phase III batteries gradually and upgrade 14 old Hawk batteries to latest phase (Phase III ),^[40] Jordan has more than 1200 Hawk missiles (600 MEI-23E missiles), The decision has not been taken yet whether the system will be upgraded or it will be replaced by a modern air defense system from Russia (Buk-M2E) or Europe (SAMP/T, NASAMS) or USA (SL-AMRAAM ER).
  • 3 MIM-104 Patriot unknown type Batteries^[41] (12 launchers)
    • Jordan plans to deploy further four Patriot air defense batteries^[42][43]

Markings

The roundel of the RJAF is three circles, with black, white and green circles, going from outside to inside. At the top of the roundel is a red triangle containing the seven-pointed star of the Flag of Jordan. The tails of aircraft usually carry an image of the flag of Jordan.

Personnel

Chiefs of Air Staff

US General Martin E. Dempsey (left) with Major-General Malek Al-Habashneh the chief of the RJAF in 2013.

The Royal Jordanian Air Force is headed by the Chief of Air Staff. The chiefs of the RJAF are as follows:^[44]

• 1956-1962 Major (Colonel) Ibrahim Osman
• 1962 Major Jereis Msharbash
• 1962 Major Sahal Hamzeh
• 1962-1970 Major (Major-General) Saleh El Kurdi
• 1971-1973 Brigadier Walid Sharafuddin
• 1973-1976 Brigadier Abboud Salem Hassan
• 1976-1980 unknown
• 1980-1982 Brigadier (Major-General) Tayseer Zarour
• 1983-1993 Brigadier (Lieutenant-General) Ihsan Shurdom
• 1993-1994 Brigadier (Major-General) Awni Bilal
• 1994-1995 Brigadier (Major-General) Mohammed El Qudah
• 1995-1999 Brigadier (Major-General) Mohammed Khair Ababneh
• 1999-2002 Brigadier (Major-General) So'oud Nuseirat
• 2002-2004 Brigadier (Major-General) His Royal Highness Prince Faisal bin Hussein
• 2004-2006 Brigadier (Major-General) Hussein Al Biss
• 2006-2010 Brigadier (Major-General) Hussein Shodash
• 2010-2013 Brigadier (Major-General) Malek Al-Habashneh
• 2013- Brigadier (Major-General) Mansor Aljobour

Notable persons

• Muath al-Kasasbeh, Royal Jordanian Air Force pilot captured, held hostage, and burned alive by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

See also

• List of air forces
• List of F-104 Starfighter operators

References

• Griffin, David J., 60 Years of the Hawker Hunter, 1951 to 2011

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Royal Jordanian Air Force.

• Official Site of the Royal Jordanian Air Force
• Royal Jordanian Airforce courtesy of Scramble.nl
• Royal Jordanian Air Force F-16s