Nikkō (priest)

Nikkō (日興, 1246–1333), also known as Nikkō Shōnin, is the founder of a major branch of Nichiren Buddhism that includes several schools of Japanese Buddhism. His full Buddhist name was Hawaki-bō Byakuren Ajari Nikkō (伯耆房 白蓮阿闍梨 日興).

Early life

Nikkō was born at Kajikazawa in Koma District of Kai Province.[1] His father, Oi-no Kitsuroku, died when Nikkō was a child. He was raised by his grandfather. As a child, he entered the Tendai temple Shijuku-in, in Suruga Province. He received his education here, which as well as Tendai doctrine, included Chinese classics, Japanese literature, poetry, calligraphy, as well as other subjects.[1]

Conversion to Nichiren's teachings

In 1257, Nichiren visited Jisso-ji Temple, which was closely affiliated with Shijuku-in Temple, to study at the sutra library for his 'Risshō Ankoku Ron' (立正安国論, Eng. Establishing the Correct teaching for the Peace of the Land). Nikkō served Nichiren here, and decided to become his disciple.

He served Nichiren closely from then until the latter's passing. According to historical documents of Nichiren Shōshū, Nikkō accompanied Nichiren on his two exiles. Nikkō is also credited with preserving many of Nichiren's voluminous writings. He was particularly careful to ensure the survival of Nichiren's many letters written in simple characters (Kana) for uneducated followers.

As one of Nichiren's senior disciples

On October 8, 1282, Nikkō was one of six senior priests whom Nichiren designated to carry on his faith after his death. According to Nichiren Shōshū doctrine, on October 13 Nichiren further designated Nikkō the chief priest of Kuon-ji, the temple at Mt. Minobu where Nichiren had spent the last years of his life, in a document called Minobu-zan Fuzoku-sho ("Document entrusting Mt. Minobu"); however, the authenticity of this document is disputed by other branches of Nichiren. Later that day, Nichiren died at Ikegami, now part of Tokyo.

Following Nichiren's funeral, Nikkō left Ikegami on October 21 to carry Nichiren's ashes back to Mt. Minobu, arriving on October 25. On the hundredth-day anniversary of Nichiren's death, Nikkō, the other five senior priests, and their disciples conducted a 100th-day memorial service, after which the others departed for the localities where they were active.

From then on Nikkō carried out his duties as chief priest of Kuon-ji, teaching disciples and looking after the laity. Central to his work was attending to Nichiren's tomb, and collecting and cataloging Nichiren's many writings, all to ensure the untainted perpetuation of Nichiren's teachings.

Over the following years, the other five senior priests only rarely returned to Mt. Minobu, and they began to slowly deviate from what Nikkō viewed as Nichiren's orthodox teachings. For example, some started to worship images of Sakyamuni Buddha or to identify themselves as priests of the Tendai school. The steward of the district, a convert of Nikkō's called Hagiri Sanenaga, also began to commit "heresies"—actions such as building a private temple dedicated to the Buddha Amida and visiting Shintō shrines—with assurances from one of the other six senior priests, Mimbu Nikō (民部日向, 1253–1314), that this was acceptable.

These developments eventually led Nikkō to conclude that the spirit of Nichiren could no longer reside at Mt. Minobu, and that Kuon-ji was not the place for perpetuating Nichiren's teachings. As the priest whom Nichiren had selected to be his sole successor as high priest, Nikkō decided it was time to leave.

Nikkō left Mt. Minobu with his disciples in the spring of 1289. Nanjo Tokimitsu, a lay believer residing near Mt. Fuji in today's Fujinomiya, offered them a place to stay, later donating a tract of land for a new temple that became Taiseki-ji Temple. Taiseki-ji is today the head temple of the Nichiren Shōshū school and, since its founding on October 12, 1290, has always been a major center of the Kōmon-ha (興門派, also called the 富士派: Fuji-ha) branch of Nichiren Buddhism, as the schools stemming from Nikkō were traditionally known.

After his involvement with the founding of Taiseki-ji, Nikkō named his disciple Nichimoku (1260–1333) as his successor and retired a few miles away to Omosu, where he founded a seminary and temple, Ikegami Honmon-ji, and concentrated on training disciples until his death in the second lunar month of 1333 at the age of 87.

Legitimacy as Nichiren's successor

Some followers of the Nichiren schools stemming from Nikkō, in particular Nichiren Shōshū, view Nikkō as the sole legitimate successor to Nichiren and therefore the high priest of the school. This is based on a document dated the ninth lunar month of 1282 called the Nichiren ichigo guhō fuzoku-sho ("Document assigning all the teachings spread by Nichiren during his lifetime"). In this document, Nichiren entrusts the "entirety of his lifetime of teaching" to Nikkō and names him the "supreme leader of propagation of the true teaching". Schools stemming from the other five elders, many of which are now amalgamated into Nichiren Shu based at Kuon-ji, reject this claim, as the document does not exist in Nichiren's hand or any of His immediate disciples.

Some of Nikkō's direct disciples also eventually spawned schools that deviated to some degree or another from the doctrines maintained by Taiseki-ji, often due to political pressure or internal power plays. Over their history, these sub-schools, sometimes no more than single temples, have reverted to and separated themselves from Taisekiji repeatedly; in the post-war period.

Original Japanese terms

  1. ^ 身延山付嘱書, also called the Ikegami sōjō (池上相承) "Succession document [written at] Ikegami"
  2. ^ 日蓮一期弘法付嘱書: Nichiren ichigo guhō fuzoku-sho
  3. ^ 日蓮一期の弘法: Nichiren ichigo no guhō
  4. ^ 本門弘通の大導師: Honmon Guzū no Daidōshi

References

  1. 1 2 The Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism: "Nikkō"

Sources

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Sunday, February 07, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.