Nicholas A. Christakis

Nicholas A. Christakis
Born	(1962-05-07) May 7, 1962 United States
Residence	New Haven, Connecticut, United States
Nationality	American Greek
Fields	Sociology; Biosocial Science, Medicine
Institutions	University of Pennsylvania University of Chicago Harvard Medical School Harvard University Yale University
Alma mater	Yale University Harvard Medical School University of Pennsylvania
Doctoral advisor	Renée Fox

Nicholas A. Christakis (born May 7, 1962) is an American sociologist and physician known for his research on social networks and on the socioeconomic and biosocial determinants of behavior, health, and longevity. He is the Sol Goldman Family Professor of Social and Natural Science at Yale University.^[1] He directs the Human Nature Lab, and he is the Co-Director of the Yale Institute for Network Science.

He was elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences in 2006, and he was named a Fellow at the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2010.

In 2009, he was named to the Time 100, Time magazine's list of the 100 most influential people in the world.^[2] In 2009 and again in 2010, Christakis was named by Foreign Policy magazine to its list of top global thinkers.^[3]

Education

Christakis received a B.S. in biology from Yale University in 1984, where he won the Russell Henry Chittenden Prize. He received an M.D. from Harvard Medical School and an M.P.H. from the Harvard School of Public Health in 1989, winning the Bowdoin Prize on graduation.

In 1989, Christakis completed a residency in Internal Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Health System and then obtained a Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Pennsylvania. While at the University of Pennsylvania as a Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar, he worked with Renee C. Fox, a distinguished American medical sociologist; other members of his dissertation committee were methodologist Paul Allison and physician Sankey Williams. In his dissertation, which was published as Death Foretold,^[4] Christakis studied the role of prognosis in medical thought and practice, documenting and explaining how physicians are socialized to avoid making prognoses. He argued that the prognoses patients receive even from the best-trained American doctors are driven not only by professional norms but also by religious, moral, and even quasi-magical beliefs (such as the "self-fulfilling prophecy").

Christakis trained as a general internist. He completed his residency in 1991 at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. He was certified by the American Board of Internal Medicine in 1993.

Career

In 1995, Christakis started as an Assistant Professor with joint appointments in Departments of Sociology and Medicine at the University of Chicago. In 2001, he was awarded tenure in both Sociology and Medicine, however, left the University of Chicago to take up a position at Harvard. Until July 2013, he was Professor of Medical Sociology in the Department of Health Care Policy and a Professor of Medicine in the Department of Medicine at Harvard Medical School; a Professor of Sociology in the Department of Sociology in the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences; and an Attending Physician at the Harvard-affiliated Mt. Auburn Hospital.^[5][5]

In 2013, Christakis moved to Yale University, where he is a Professor of Sociology and a Professor of Medicine, with additional appointments in Evolutionary Biology and Biomedical Engineering.

From 2009 to 2013, Christakis and his wife, Erika Christakis, were Co-Masters of Pforzheimer House, one of Harvard's twelve residential houses.^[6] In February 2015, it was announced that Christakis would become the new master of Silliman College at Yale University, perhaps the first person to serve in this role at both Yale and Harvard.^[7]

Research

Christakis uses quantitative methods (e.g., mathematical models of network formation, statistical analysis of large observational studies, and experiments) to study social networks and other social factors that affect health. His work has spanned the fields of demography, sociology, sociobiology, behavior genetics, network science, and biosocial science. He is an author or editor of four books, more than 150 peer-reviewed academic articles, and numerous editorials in national and international publications.

Studies by Christakis and James H. Fowler suggested a variety of individuals' attributes like obesity,^[8] smoking cessation,^[9] and happiness^[10] rather than being individualistic, are causally correlated by contagion mechanisms that transmit these behaviors over long distances within social networks.^[11] Other work in the Christakis and Fowler Labs has also used experimental methods to study social networks,^[12][13] and has broadened to use many data sets and approaches.^[14] Christakis's Lab at has been supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), by the Pioneer Program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, by the Gates Foundation, and by other funders. In a TED talk,^[15] Christakis summarizes the broader implications of the role of networks in human activity.

In 2009, his group extended the study of social networks to genetics, publishing in Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences a finding that social network position may be partially heritable, and specifically that an increase in twins' shared genetic material corresponds to differences in their social networks.^[16] And in 2011, Fowler and Christakis published a follow-up paper on "Correlated Genotypes in Friendship Networks" in PNAS.^[17] Further work on this topic included "Friendship and Natural Selection" in PNAS in 2014.^[18] In 2012, in a paper in Nature, the group analyzed the social networks of the Hadza hunter gatherers, showing that human social network structure has ancient origins.^[19] Christakis and Fowler (and others) have argued that social networks are deeply related to human cooperation.^[12][13]

In 2010, Christakis and Fowler published a paper (based on the spread of H1N1 in Harvard College in 2009) regarding the use of social networks as 'sensors' for forecasting epidemics (of germs and other phenomena),^[20] beginning a program of research to deploy social networks to improve health and health care. In another TED talk,^[21] Christakis describes this effort and computational social science more generally. A follow-up paper in 2014 documented the utility of the approach in twitter.^[22]

Physician

Christakis has practiced as a home hospice physician, taking care of home-bound, dying patients.^[23] In Boston, from 2002 to 2006, Christakis worked as an attending physician on the Palliative Medicine Consult Service at Massachusetts General Hospital. In 2006, he moved to Mount Auburn Hospital, and in 2013, he moved to the Department of Medicine at Yale University.

Works

Books

Christakis's first book, Death Foretold: Prophecy and Prognosis in Medical Care, was published by the University of Chicago Press in 1999.^[4]

Along with James Fowler, Christakis is the author of Connected: The Surprising Power of Our Social Networks and How They Shape Our Lives, published in September 2009.^[24][25] It was awarded the "Books for a Better Life" Award in 2010 and has been translated into nearly 20 languages. Connected draws on previously published and unpublished studies and makes several new conclusions about the influence of social networks on human health and behavior. In Connected, Christakis and Fowler put forward their "three degrees of influence" rule about human behavior, which theorizes that each person's individual social influence can stretch roughly three degrees before it fades out.^[26]

Christakis has also edited two clinical textbooks published by Oxford University Press.^[27][28]

Other writings

Social networks

• Christakis, NA; Fowler, JH (26 July 2007). "The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network Over 32 Years" (PDF). New England Journal of Medicine 357 (4): 370–379. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa066082. PMID 17652652. 
• Christakis, NA; Fowler, JH (22 May 2008). "Quitting in Droves: Collective Dynamics of Smoking Behavior in a Large Social Network" (PDF). New England Journal of Medicine 358 (21): 2249–2258. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa0706154. PMC 2822344. PMID 18499567. 
• Fowler, J. H; Christakis, N. A (3 January 2009). "The Dynamic Spread of Happiness in a Large Social Network" (PDF). British Medical Journal 337 (768): a2338. doi:10.1136/bmj.a2338. PMC 2600606. PMID 19056788. 
• Fowler, JH; Dawes, CT; Christakis, NA (10 February 2009). "Model of genetic variation in human social networks" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (6): 1720–1724. doi:10.1073/pnas.0806746106. PMC 2644104. PMID 19171900. 
• Fowler, JH; Christakis, NA (March 2010). "Cooperative Behavior Cascades in Human Social Networks" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (12): 5334–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.0913149107. PMC 2851803. PMID 20212120. 
• Christakis, NA; Fowler, JH (September 2010). "Social Network Sensors for Early Detection of Contagious Outbreaks" (PDF). PLoS ONE 5 (9): e12948. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012948. PMC 2939797. PMID 20856792. 
• Fowler, JH; Settle, JE; Christakis, NA (January 2011). "Correlated Genotypes in Friendship Networks" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (5): 1993–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.1011687108. PMC 3033315. PMID 21245293. 
• Rand, D; Arbesman, S; Christakis, NA (November 2011). "Dynamic Social Networks Promote Cooperation in Experiments with Humans" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (48): 19193–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.1108243108. PMC 3228461. PMID 22084103. 
• Apicella, CL; Marlowe, FW; Fowler, JH; Christakis, NA (January 2012). "Social Networks and Cooperation in Hunter-Gatherers" (PDF). Nature 481 (7382): 497–501. doi:10.1038/nature10736. PMID 22281519. 
• Nishi, CL; Shirado, FW; Rand, JH; Christakis, NA (March 2015). "Inequality and Visibility of Wealth in Experimental Social Networks". Nature 526 (7382): 426–429. doi:10.1038/nature15392. PMID 22281519. 

Bereavement, caregiver burden, marriage, and health

• Christakis, NA; Allison, PD (February 2006). "Mortality after the Hospitalization of a Spouse" (PDF). New England Journal of Medicine 354 (7): 719–730. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa050196. PMID 16481639. 
• Elwert, F; Christakis, NA (February 2006). "Widowhood and Race" (PDF). ASR: American Sociological Review 71 (1): 16–41. 
• Elwert, F; Christakis, NA (November 2008). "The Effect of Widowhood on Mortality by the Causes of Death of Both Spouses" (PDF). American Journal of Public Health 98 (11): 2092–2098. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.114348. PMC 2636447. PMID 18511733. 

Prognosis

• Christakis, NA (1999). Death Foretold: Prophecy and Prognosis in Medical Care. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-10471-3. 
• Alexander, M; Christakis, N (July 2008). "Bias and Asymmetric Loss in Expert Forecasts: A Study of Physician Prognostic Behavior with Respect to Patient Survival" (PDF). Journal of Health Economics 27 (4): 1095–1108. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2008.02.011. PMID 18539349. 

Controversy

On October 29, Christakis's wife Erika Christakis, a Lecturer on Early Childhood Education at the Yale Child Study Center, wrote an e-mail to Yale undergraduates on the role of free expression in universities, and arguing, from a developmental perspective, that students might wish to consider whether administrators should provide guidance on Halloween attire or whether students might wish to be allowed to ‘dress themselves.’^[29] This e-mail was in response to an earlier e-mail sent to undergraduates by administrators at Yale which encouraged students to be mindful of racial sensitivities when choosing Halloween costumes.^[30] The e-mail played a role in substantial protests on campus that received national attention in the United States.^[31] Christakis and his wife were criticized by some Yale students for placing "the burden of confrontation, education, and maturity on the offended" in response to remarks perceived as racially insensitive,^[32] but others claimed that Erika Christakis was defending the rights to free expression of all Yale students.^[33][34] Ninety-five Yale faculty members signed a letter supporting the Christakises; this letter noted that the Christakises distinguished support for freedom of expression from supporting the content of such expression and furthermore stated that "One can differ with her suggestion that administrative bodies should not play such an oversight role at Yale, but the suggestion itself clearly does not constitute support for racist expression." ^[35]

References

External links

• Yale Sociology Page
• Human Nature Lab
• Pubmed page with papers by Nicholas A. Christakis
• Nicholas Christakis at TED