Nicaraguan general election, 1996
A general election was held in Nicaragua to elect a president and parliament on October 20, 1996.
Presidential election results[1]
Candidate | Party/Alliance | Votes | % |
---|---|---|---|
Arnoldo Alemán | Liberal Alliance (AL) = Constitutionalist Liberal Party (PLC) / Independent Liberal Party for National Unity (PLIUN) / Nationalist Liberal Party (PLN) / Neoliberal Party (PALI) | 896,207 | 50.99% |
Daniel Ortega | Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) | 664,909 | 37.83% |
Guillermo Antonio Osorno Molina | Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path (PCCN) | 71,908 | 04.09% |
Noel José Vidaurre Argüello | Conservative Party of Nicaragua (PCN) | 39,983 | 02.27% |
Benjamin Ramón Lanzas Selva | National Project (PRONAL) | 9,265 | 00.53% |
Sergio Ramírez Mercado | Sandinista Renovation Movement (MRS) | 7,665 | 00.44% |
Francisco José Mayorga Balladares | Bread and Strength Alliance (Pan y Fuerza) = National Action Party (PAN) / Republican Strength 96 Alliance (ASR) | 7,102 | 00.40% |
Francisco José Duarte Tapia | National Conservative Action (ACN) | 6,178 | 00.35% |
Edgar Enrique Quiñónes Tuckler | Nicaraguan Resistance Party (PRN) | 5,813 | 00.33% |
Andrés Abelino Robles Pérez | Nicaraguan Workers, Peasants and Professionals Unity Party (PUNOCP) | 5,789 | 00.33% |
Virgilio Abelardo Godoy Reyes | Independent Liberal Party (PLI) | 5,692 | 00.32% |
Jorge Alberto Díaz Cruz | National Justice Party (PJN) | 5,582 | 00.32% |
Alejandro Serrano Caldera | Unity Alliance (AU) = Social Christian Party (PCS) / Revolutionary Unity Movement (MUR) / Social Democratic Party (PSD) | 4,873 | 00.28% |
Elí Altamirano Pérez | Communist Party of Nicaragua (PC de N) | 4,802 | 00.27% |
Miriam Auxiliadora Argüello Morales | Popular Conservative Alliance (APC) | 4,632 | 00.26% |
Ausberto Narváez Argüello | Liberal Unity Party (PUL) | 3,887 | 00.22% |
Alfredo César Aguirre | National Opposition Union 96(UNO 96) = National Democratic Party (PND) / Conservative Action Movement (MAC) / Nicaraguan Democratic Movement (MDN) | 3,664 | 00.21% |
Allan Antonio Tefel Alba | National Renovation Movement (MORENA) | 2,641 | 00.15% |
James Odnith Webster Pitts | Democratic Action Party (PAD) | 1,895 | 00.11% |
Sergio Abilio Mendieta Castillo | Central American Integrationist Party (PIAC) | 1,653 | 00.09% |
Issa Moises Hassán Morales | Renovating Action Movement (MAR) | 1,393 | 00.08% |
Gustavo Ernesto Tablada Zelaya | Nicaraguan Socialist Party (PSN) | 1,352 | 00.08% |
Roberto Urcuyo Muñoz | Nicaraguan Democratic Party (PADENIC) | 890 | 00.05% |
Total valid votes | 1,757,775 | 100% | |
Spoilt and invalid votes | 91,587 | 04.95% | |
Total votes/Turnout | 1,849,362 | 76.39% | |
Registered voters | 2,421,067 | – | |
Population | 4,706,000 | – |
Legislative election [2]
Parties and alliances | Votes / National | % | Seats | Votes / Departmental | % | Seats | Total seats* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal Alliance (AL) = Constitutionalist Liberal Party (PLC) / Independent Liberal Party for National Unity (PLIUN) / Nationalist Liberal Party (PLN) / Neoliberal Party (PALI) | 789,533 | 45.97% | 09 | 781,068 | 45.25% | 33 | 42 |
Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) | 626,178 | 36.46% | 08 | 629,939 | 36.50% | 27 | 36** |
Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path (PCCN) | 63,867 | 03.72% | 01 | 63,986 | 03.71% | 02 | 04*** |
National Project (PRONAL) | 40,656 | 02.37% | 01 | 36,417 | 02.11% | 01 | 02 |
Conservative Party of Nicaragua (PCN) | 36,543 | 02.13% | 01 | 39,153 | 02.27% | 01 | 03**** |
Sandinista Renovation Movement (MRS) | 22,789 | 01.33% | 00 | 23,554 | 01.36% | 01 | 01 |
Nicaraguan Resistance Party (PRN) | 21,068 | 01.23% | 00 | 27,970 | 01.62% | 01 | 01 |
Unity Alliance (AU) = Social Christian Party (PCS) / Revolutionary Unity Movement (MUR) / Social Democratic Party (PSD) | 14,001 | 00.82% | 00 | 13,848 | 00.80% | 01 | 01 |
Independent Liberal Party (PLI) | 12,459 | 00.73% | 00 | 13,697 | 00.79% | 01 | 01 |
National Opposition Union 96 (UNO 96) = National Democratic Party (PND) / Conservative Action Movement (MAC) / Nicaraguan Democratic Movement (MDN) | 10,706 | 00.62% | 00 | 12,720 | 00.74% | 01 | 01 |
National Conservative Action (ACN) | 9,811 | 00.57% | 00 | 13,011 | 00.75% | 00 | 00 |
National Action Party (PAN) | 9,724 | 00.57% | 00 | 12,016 | 00.70% | 00 | 00 |
National Justice Party (PJN) | 8,155 | 00.47% | 00 | 8,527 | 00.49% | 00 | 00 |
Liberal Unity Party (PUL) | 7,531 | 00.44% | 00 | 9,893 | 00.57% | 00 | 00 |
Popular Conservative Alliance (APC) | 6,726 | 00.39% | 00 | 6,335 | 00.37% | 01 | 01 |
Communist Party of Nicaragua (PC de N) | 6,360 | 00.37% | 00 | 6,970 | 00.40% | 00 | 00 |
Nicaraguan Workers, Peasants and Professionals Unity Party (PUNOCP) | 5,641 | 00.33% | 00 | 5,067 | 00.29% | 00 | 00 |
Democratic Action Party (PAD) | 5,272 | 00.31% | 00 | 6,254 | 00.36% | 00 | 00 |
National Renovation Movement (MORENA) | 4,988 | 00.29% | 00 | 3,788 | 00.22% | 00 | 00 |
Nicaraguan Socialist Party (PSN) | 2,980 | 00.17% | 00 | 3,228 | 00.19% | 00 | 00 |
Central American Integrationist Party (PIAC) | 2,834 | 00.17% | 00 | 2,406 | 00.14% | 00 | 00 |
Marxist-Leninist Popular Action Movement (MAP ML) | 2,446 | 00.14% | 00 | 520 | 00.03% | 00 | 00 |
Renovating Action Movement (MAR) | 2,418 | 00.14% | 00 | 2,992 | 00.17% | 00 | 00 |
Nicaraguan Democratic Alliance (ADN) | 1,730 | 00.10% | 00 | 2,060 | 00.12% | 00 | 00 |
Social Democratic Party (PSD) | – | – | – | 724 | 00.04% | 00 | 00 |
Total valid votes | 1,717,416 | 100% | 20 | 1,726,143 | 100% | 70 | 93* |
Spoilt and invalid votes | 113,391 | 06.19% | – | 113,169 | 06.15% | – | – |
Total votes/Turnout | 1,830,807 | 75.62% | – | 1,839,312 | 75.97% | – | – |
Registered voters | 2,421,067 | – | – | 2,421,067 | – | – | – |
Population | 4,706,000 | – | – | 4,706,000 | – | – | – |
- Including three seats for unsuccessful presidential candidates.
- Including José Daniel Ortega Saavedra.
- Including Guillermo Antonio Osorno Molina.
- Including Noel José Vidaurre Argüello.
- Including Guillermo Antonio Osorno Molina.
- Including José Daniel Ortega Saavedra.
References
Bibliography
Alcántara Sáez, Manuel. Sistemas políticos de América Latina. Madrid: Tecnos. Two volumes. Volume two is “México, América Central y el Caribe.” Largely rewritten and updated second edition. 1999.
Anderson, Leslie and Lawrence C. Dodd. “ Nicaragua votes: the elections of 2001.” Journal of democracy 13, 3:80-93 (July 2002).
Blandón, María Teresa. “The Coalición Nacional de Mujeres: an alliance of left-wing women, right-wing women, and radical feminists in Nicaragua.” Radical women in Latin America: left and right. 2001. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University.
Booth, John A. and Patricia Bayer Richard. “The Nicaraguan elections of October 1996.” Electoral studies 16, 3:386-393 (September 1997).
Booth, John A. “Electoral observation and democratic transition in Nicaragua.” Electoral observation and democratic transitions in Latin America. 1998. La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego.
Booth, John A. and Thomas W. Walker. Understanding Central America. Boulder: Westview Press. Third edition. 1999.
Butler, Judy, David R. Dye, Jack Spence, and George Vickers. La democracia y sus descontentos: los nicaragüenses en la hora de las elecciones. Cambridge: Hemisphere Initiatives, Washington Office on Latin America. Also published in English as Democracy and its discontents: Nicaraguans face the election. 1996.
Chamorro, Carlos F. “Polarización política y elecciones en Nicaragua.” Elecciones y democracia en América Latina 1992-1996: urnas y desencanto político. 1998. San José: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos. 1998.
Close, David. Nicaragua : the Chamorro years. Boulder: Lynne Reinner. 1999.
Elections in the Americas A Data Handbook Volume 1. North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. Edited by Dieter Nohlen. 2005.
Fiallos Oyanguren, Mariano. “Nicaragua: sistema de elección de los diputados ante la Asamblea Nacional.” Sistemas de elecciones parliamentarias y su relación con la gobernabilidad democrática. 2000. San José: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos.
Fisk, Daniel W. The 1998 Nicaraguan Atlantic Coast elections: post-election report. Washington, D.C.: CSIS Americas Program. 1998.
González, Victoria. “Mujeres somocistas: ‘La Pechuga’ y el corazón de la dictadura nicaragüense (1936–1979).” Entre silencios y voces: género e historia en América Central, 1750-1990. 1997. San José: Centro Nacional para el Desarrollo de la Mujer y la Familia.
Hoyt, Katherine. The many faces of Sandinista democracy. Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies. 1997.
Isbester, Katherine. Still fighting: the Nicaraguan women’s movement, 1977-2000. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. 2001.
Kampwirth, Karen. Feminism and the legacy of revolution: Nicaragua, El Salvador, Chiapas. Athens: Ohio University Press. 2004.
Luciak, Ilja A. “Women in the transition. The revolutionary left, gender equality, and democratization: a comparison of El Salvador and Nicaragua.” Pensamiento propio series 2, 6:207-242 (enero-abril 1998). Spanish edition published separately in this issue.
Luciak, Ilja A. After the revolution: gender and democracy in El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Guatemala. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. (Also published as Después de la revolución. San Salvador: UCA Editores). 2001.
McCoy, Jennifer L. and Shelley A. McConnell. “ Nicaragua: beyond the revolution.” Current history 96, 607:75-80 (February 1997).
Metoyer, Cynthia Chavez. Women and the state in post-Sandinista Nicaragua. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. 2000.
Millett, Richard L. “ Nicaragua: the politics of frustration.” Latin American politics and development. 2000. Boulder: Westview Press. Fifth edition, fully revised and updated. 2000.
Núñez Vargas, Eduardo. “Nicaragua: elecciones generales, 20 de octubre de 1996.” Boletín electoral latinoamericano 16:37-68 (julio-diciembre 1996).
Ortega Hegg, Manuel. “Participación y democracia en Nicaragua.” Pasos hacia una nueva convivencia: democracia y participación en Centroamérica. 2001. San Salvador: FUNDAUNGO.
Patterson, Henry. “The 1996 elections and Nicaragua’s fragile transition.” Government and opposition 32, 3: 380-398 (summer 1997).
Payne, Douglas W. The 1996 Nicaragua elections: post-election report. Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies. 1996.
Political handbook of the world 1996. New York, 1997.
Rios Rocha, Hilda Mercedes and Gloria Esther Tenorio S. “Las mujeres y las elecciones de 1996.” Mujeres, realidad y nuevas perspectivas. 1997. Managua: Instituto de Investigaciones Mujer y Cambio.
Saballos, Marvin. “ Nicaragua 1996: conteo rápido electoral. Educación democrática para una sociedad en transición.” Boletín electoral latinoamericano 17:159-184 (enero-junio 1997).
Traña Galeano, Marcia. Apuntes sobre la historia de Managua. Managua: Aldilá Editor. 2000.
Vargas, Oscar-René. “Resultados de las elecciones en Nicaragua: crisis o un gran acuerdo.” Pensamiento propio series 2, 2:72-92 (septiembre-diciembre 1996).
Vargas, Oscar-René. El Sandinismo: veinte años después. Managua: Centro Nicaragüense de Escritores. 1999.
Walker, Thomas W. “ Nicaragua: transition through revolution.” Repression, resistance, and democratic transition in Central America. 2000. Wilmington: SR Books.
Wheaton, Philip. E. Hope in the midst of chaos: contradictions for peace & reconciliation in Nicaragua. Uppsala: Life and Peace Institute. 2002.
Zub K., Roberto. Protestantismo y participación política en Nicaragua: un análisis de las raíces, characterísticas e influencias de la participación individual y partidaria. Managua: CIEETS, UENIC-MLK. 2002.
|