Nicaragua Canal

Nicaragua Canal

Nicaragua Canal Project (2014) (blue line). Stars indicate Brito and Camilo Locks. The red line is the border between Nicaragua (above) and Costa Rica (below).
Specifications
Status Construction approved but not started
History
Original owner Hong Kong Nicaragua Canal Development Investment Company (HKND Group)
Date of act 2013
Geography
Start point Brito
End point Bluefields

The Nicaraguan Canal (Spanish: Canal de Nicaragua), formally the Nicaraguan Canal and Development Project (also referred to as the Nicaragua Grand Canal, or the Nicaragua Interoceanic Grand Canal) is a planned shipping route through Nicaragua to connect the Caribbean Sea (and therefore the Atlantic Ocean) with the Pacific Ocean. As of November 2015, no significant construction has taken place.[1] It had been announced that construction of ports and locks would start before the end of 2015, but no money has yet been deposited for construction.[2] In November 2015 the date of commencement for major construction works was put back to late 2016.[3]

In June 2013, Nicaragua's National Assembly approved a bill to grant a 50-year concession to finance and manage the project to the private Hong Kong Nicaragua Canal Development Investment Company (HKND Group) headed by Wang Jing, a Chinese billionaire.[4][5][6][7][8][9] The concession can be extended for another 50 years once the waterway is operational.[10] Construction of the canal, estimated to cost 40 to 50 billion US dollars, began in December 2014, with completion due within five years.[11][12][13][14] However a media report in November 2015 suggested the project would now be delayed or even possibly scuttled due to the personal fortune of Wang Jing having taken a sudden dive with the recent Chinese stock market rout.[15] The Nicaraguan government has failed to present reliable information about whether or not the project can be financed, thus casting doubt over whether or not it can be completed.[16][17][18][19] Scientists are concerned about the environmental impact of the project, as Lake Nicaragua is Central America's key freshwater reservoir.[20]

Construction of a canal using the San Juan River as an access route to Lake Nicaragua was first proposed in the early colonial era. The United States abandoned plans to construct a waterway in Nicaragua in the early 20th century after it purchased the French interests in the Panama Canal.

History

Proposed canal routes in red (2013). Blue: Panama Canal. The canal, which started construction in 2014, will follow the second route from the top, south of Bluefields.[21]

Early history

The idea of constructing a manmade waterway through Central America is old. The colonial administration of New Spain conducted preliminary surveys. The routes suggested usually ran across Nicaragua, Panama, or the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico.

The history of attempts to build a Nicaragua canal connecting the Caribbean Sea and thus the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean goes back at least to 1825 when the Federal Republic of Central America hired surveyors to study a route via Lake Nicaragua. Many other proposals have followed. Despite the operation of the Panama Canal that opened in 1914, interest in a Nicaragua canal has continued. With emergence of globalization, an increase in commerce and the cost of fuel, and the limitations of the Panama Canal, the concept of a second canal across the American land bridge became more attractive, and in 2006 the president of Nicaragua, Enrique Bolaños, announced an intention to proceed with such a project.[22] Even with the Panama Canal expansion project, expected at that time to be completed in 2015, some ships would be too big for the Panama Canal.[23]

Contemporary

On September 26, 2012, the Nicaraguan Government and the newly formed Hong Kong Nicaragua Canal Development Group (HKND) signed a memorandum of understanding that committed HKND to financing and building the "Nicaraguan Canal and Development Project".[5][6][24] HKND Group is a private enterprise.[25]

The Nicaraguan Government subsequently approved the Master Concession Agreement with HKND on June 13, 2013 thereby granting the company "the sole rights to the HKND Group to plan, design, construct and thereafter to operate and manage the Nicaragua Grand Canal and other related projects, including ports, a free trade zone, an international airport and other infrastructure development projects."[26] The agreement will last for 50 years and is renewable for another 50 years.[27] HKND will pay the Government of Nicaragua 10M USD annually for 10 years, and thereafter a portion of the revenue starting at 1% and increasing later.[28] Stratfor indicated that after 10 years periodically ownership shares will be handed over to Nicaragua, so that after 50 years Nicaragua would be the majority shareholder.[29]

HKND Group has begun the study phase of development, to assess the technological and economic feasibility of constructing a canal in Nicaragua, as well as the potential environmental, social, and regional implications of various routes.[24] The canal and other associated projects would be financed by investors throughout the world and would generate jobs for Nicaragua and other Central American countries.[30]

Initial findings of the commercial analysis conducted by HKND Group indicate that the combined impact of growth in east–west trade and in ship sizes could provide a compelling argument for the construction of a second canal, substantially larger than the expanded Panama Canal, across Central America. Within 10–15 years, growth in global maritime trade is expected to cause congestion and delays in transit through the Panama Canal without a complementary route through the isthmus. Additionally, by 2030, the volume of trade that a Nicaragua Canal could serve will have grown by 240% from today.[31]

On June 10, 2013, The Associated Press reported that the National Assembly's Infrastructure Committee unanimously voted in favor of the project, with four members abstaining.[32] On June 13, 2013, Nicaragua's legislature passed the legislation granting the concession.[33] On June 15, Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega and the chairman of HKND Group, Wang Jing, signed the concession agreement giving HKND Group the rights to construct and manage the canal and associated projects for 50 years.[34] An HKND Group press release read, "HKND Group Successfully Obtains Exclusive Right to Develop and Manage Nicaragua Grand Canal for 100 Years".[35] Under the exclusive contract, Wang can skip building the canal (and making any payments to Nicaragua) and instead simply operate lucrative tax-free side projects.[36]

Wang Jing, a Chinese billionaire who leads and wholly owns HKND Group, announced at a press briefing in June 2013 that he had successfully attracted global investors to the 40 billion USD project.[11] In January 2014 Wang Jing and President Ortega issued a statement that construction of the project would begin in December 2014, and that it would be completed in 2019.[37][38]

On July 7, 2014, a 278 km (172.7 mi) route for the Nicaragua Canal was approved.[39] The route starts from the mouth of the Brito river on the Pacific side, passes through Lake Nicaragua, and ends in the Punta Gorda river on the Caribbean. The proposed canal would be between 230 meters and 520 meters (754.6 feet and 1,706 feet) wide and 27.6 meters (90.6 feet) deep. The Toronto Star noted that Chinese engineer Dong Yung Song said the canal's design called for the creation of a 400-square-kilometre (150 sq mi) artificial lake.[21] The water to fill the canal's giant locks would come from the artificial lake, not from Lake Nicaragua.

Daniel Ortega whose government approved the agreement within one week in June 2013 sees the canal as the second phase of the Nicaraguan Revolution predicting that it will pull Nicaragua out of poverty and lead to the creation of 250,000 jobs.[40]

The Moscow Times has reported that Russia will take part in the building of the Nicaragua Canal, viewing the project in part as an opportunity to pursue strategic interests in the region.[41] Construction was to begin on December 29, 2014,[42] and officially started a week earlier. However, due to Nicaragua’s volatile climate and seismic activity, feasibility concerns have emerged over the project’s future.[43] In November, 2015 HKND announced that there would be a delay in the construction of locks and excavations until late 2016 in order to fine-tune the design.[44]

The Nicaragua canal project has seen business rivalry greatly intensify in late 2014. China Harbor Engineering Company, an experienced construction company, has offered to design, construct, and finance a fourth set of locks, in Panama, where it opened a regional headquarters, which if built to the width of the proposed Nicaragua Canal, would cut across far fewer kilometers, and still cost only 10 billion USD according to the firm. Panama is in a much better financial situation than Nicaragua to afford taking on such debt, and already has a stream of income from its existing canals.[45] Furthermore, the Suez Canal, with financing already complete, has put competitive pressure on Panama, by initiating an expansion in August 2014 to double transit capacity, and finished in August 2015, which is before the 3rd set of locks in Panama is complete.[46]

Description of the Nicaragua Grand Canal

Lake Nicaragua is the center segment of the Nicaragua Canal, 2005

The 259.4 km long canal as planned will have three sections. The West Canal runs from Brito at the Pacific Ocean up the Rio Brito valley, crosses the continental divide, and after passing through the Rio Las Lajas valley enters Lake Nicaragua; its length is 25.9 km. The Nicaragua Lake section measures 106.8 km and runs from 4 km south of San Jorge to 8 km south of San Miguelito. The Eastern Canal is the longest section with 126.7 km and will be built along the Rio Tule valley through the Caribbean highland to the Rio Punta Gorda valley to meet the Caribbean Sea.

Both the West Canal and the East Canal will each have one lock with 3 consecutive chambers to raise ships to the level of Lake Nicaragua that has an average water elevation of 31.3 m, range 30.2-33.0 m. The western Brito Lock is 14.5 km inland from the Pacific, and the eastern Camilo Lock is 13.7 km inland from the Caribbean Sea. The dimensions of each of the chambers of the locks are 520 m (1,706 ft) long, 75 m (246 ft) wide, and 27.6 m (91 ft) threshold depth. As locks generally define the limit of the size of ships that can be handled, the Nicaragua Canal is being designed to allow passage for larger ships than those that pass through the Panama Canal. For comparison, the new third set of locks in the Panama expansion will only be 427 m (1,401 ft) long, 55 m (180 ft) wide, and 18.3 m (60 ft) deep.

No water from Lake Nicaragua is planned to be used to flood the locks; water will come from local rivers and recycling using water saving basins. The Camilo lock will be built adjacent to a new dam of the upper Punta Gorda river that creates a reservoir. This Atlanta Reservoir (or Lake Atlanta) will have a surface area of 395 km2. West of the Atlanta reservoir the Rio Agua Zarca will be dammed to create a second reservoir. This reservoir would have a surface area of 48.5 km2 and hold 1,100 gigalitres. A hydropower facility will be built at the dam and is expected to generate over 10 megawatts of power to be used for operations of the Camilo Lock. Both locks would also be connected to the country’s power grid and have back-up generator facilities. It is estimated that each lock uses about 9 megawatts of power.

At each oceanic entrance of the canal breakwaters and port facilities will be constructed. The Pacific port will be named Brito Port and the Caribbean one Aguila Port. Initially these two ports will help during construction and later become international ports. Their design capacity is 1.68 million TEU/year and 2.5 million TEU/year, respectively. Existing port facilities at Corinto and Bluefields will be improved to allow for shipment of material to the entry ports under construction. Fuel storage sites will be placed at the two port sites. Four lighthouses will be constructed at the entrances to the East and West Canals. In addition, the channel entrance on sea will be marked on both sides with a large sailing buoy about 3 kilometres (2 mi) offshore and 2 light buoys will mark the passage through Lake Nicaragua. Navigation and lock control centers will be established.

A free trade zone with commercial facilities as well as tourist hotels and an international airport at Rivas are planned to be built when canal construction is advanced.

Appropriate road improvements are planned. The Pan-American Highway would cross the canal via a bridge. Nicaragua Route 25 (Acoyapa-San Carlos) on the eastern side of Lake Nicaragua would get a ferry service. Both ports would get public road connections. HKND plans to construct a private gravel maintenance road on both sides of the canal.

The estimate for the workforce in 2020 when the project is completed is 3,700 people, and 12,700 in 2050 when traffic has increased.

Transit time will be about 30 hours. It is projected that by 2020 3,576 ships will pass the canal annually. The transit rate is expected to increase to 4,138 by 2030, and to 5,097 by 2050. For comparison, the Panama Canal handled 12,855 transits in 2009.[47]

Construction

As of November 2015, no significant construction has taken place.[1] It had been announced that construction of ports and locks would start before the end of 2015, but no money has yet been deposited for construction.[2] In November 2015 the date of commencement for major construction works was put back to late 2016.[3]

On December 22, 2014, Monday, the China-backed canal announced construction started in Rivas, Nicaragua. HKND Group Chairman Wang Jing spoke during the starting ceremony of the first works of the Interoceanic Grand Canal in Brito town. Construction of the new waterway will be run by HKND Group—Hong Kong-based HK Nicaragua Canal Development Investment Co Ltd., which is controlled by Wang Jing.[48] According to HKND's announced plans, as of January 2015, the project entails the development and building of the canal as well as a supporting infrastructure.[49] There will be four general phases. The pre-construction phase included getting permits, acquiring land and machinery and finalizing designs and plans. The early construction phase started in December 2014 will last through September 2015: it secures access to construction sites, provides the critical infrastructure and mobilizes the workforce. During the construction phase from September 2015 to March 2020, the canal will be dug and the locks built along with accompanying infrastructure. The commissioning phase from April 2020 to June 2020 includes testing of the locks and training of lock and tug boat operators.

HKND describes the project as the largest civil earthmoving operation in history. Most of this will consists of dry excavation to form the canal with an estimate of 4,019 MCM (million cubic metres) material of rock and soil. There will be 739 MCM freshwater dredging (Lake Nicaragua) and 241 MCM marine dredging. Marine dredging of the oceanic access canal will be required on the Pacific side for 1.7 km and on the Caribbean Sea for 14.4 km. Disposal of excavation material will be done usually along the canal in designated disposal areas typically within 3 km of the canal.

Two concrete plants and a steel plant are planned to support the project. While cement will be probably imported, construction aggregate will come from local quarry near the two locks.

HKND estimates that about 50,000 people will be employed during the 5-year construction, about half of them from Nicaragua, 25% from China, and the remainder from various countries. 1,400 workers will be in office or administrative positions and the rest in the field. The management offices will be rented or purchased near Rivas. Workers will live in one of nine camps, which besides food and shelter would also provide health care and security. These are “closed” camps, that is workers cannot leave the camp unless part of an organized activity. The work schedule calls for 12 hour shifts for seven days a week. Domestic workers work two weeks and get one week off, while foreign workers are 6 weeks on and get 2 weeks off (management) or 22 weeks on, 4 weeks off (blue collar workers).

Plans available for review

The construction company has provided a project description for review on open source and the report was dated as of December 2014.

On 2 September 2015, Pang Wai Kwok (Executive VP of HKND Group) was interviewed by Nicaraguan journalist Carlos Solis and it was determined that up to 3,000 people might be employed on the canal project within the year. However, the labor force depends on the winner of the contract bid and Mr. Kowk stated that anyone in the world is eligible to work on the canal.[50][51]

Financing

Project costs are estimated in the region of 40 to 50 billion US dollars[26][52][53] Beside private money provided by Wang Jing at the start-up, further influx of financial support is expected from investors. An IPO was reported to be in preparation by the end on 2014.[54] XCMG, a state-owned Chinese construction company will provide machinery and take 1.5 to 3% of HKND shares in return.[55]

As of the end of 2014 no major investors have been named. There has been speculation that the Chinese government provides financial backing for the project, but China as well as Wang Jing have denied this.[28][53] Wang Jing lost nearly 85% of his wealth during the 2015 Chinese stock market crash, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index.[56]

The economic development potential for the canal project is relatively measurable with Panama, however the World Bank describes the country of Nicaragua as the second poorest (in Latin America and Caribbean).[57] The World Bank has compiled a data list of projects that the impoverished nation has on record and the majority of the efforts are geared towards infrastructure and agricultural needs, but there is no explicit title project that will support the canal line of effort.[58]

Issues

Wang Jing admitted that the project has financial, political and engineering risks.[59] With the high cost of the project that independently has been estimated to be about 100 billion US dollars[29] it remains to be seen if it will be fully funded.[53][59] The project is supposed to be completed in 2020, but Stratfor, an analyst agency, believes this target to be an “unrealistic goal”.[29] As the Panama Canal still has capacity and is undergoing a renovation, projections for the traffic of the Nicaragua canal may be optimistic. Further, a coast-to-coast railway line may be built by China in Honduras and could affect utilization of the canal.[59][60] Also, North American land bridges in Mexico and the United States will compete in the traffic between Asia and the east coast of the United States. Thus, competition may undermine the economic viability of the Canal.[29]

A major environmental concern is the impact of the project on Lake Nicaragua, the largest source of freshwater in Nicaragua.[28] An oil spill would have serious and lasting consequences. Other problems would be the impact of dredging bringing up toxic sediments, the disruption of migration patterns of animal species, and the potential to introduce invasive species to the Lake. Environmental studies had not been released by HKND when the project officially started in December 2014. Claims by the Nicaraguan Academy of Sciences that hundreds of thousands of hectares of pristine forests and wetlands would be destroyed and that the environmental study performed for the canal was not independent were refuted by several scientists who participated in the environmental impact study performed by ERM[61]

The project faces opposition within Nicaragua. Fabio Gadea, Ortega’s political opponent, indicated that the government violated democratic principles when making the agreement with HKND and that the agreement curtails Nicaragua’s sovereignty.[28] Opposition leader Eliseo Nuñez called the deal “part of one of the biggest international scams in the world.”[28] Legal challenges that the deal violates constitutional rights were rejected by the Supreme Court and a retrospective rewriting of the constitution placed HKND beyond legal challenge.[40] HKND has been granted the right to expropriate landowners within 5 km on each side of the canal and pay only cadastral value, not market value for property.[40] Wang Jing, however, promised to pay fair market value.[62] The estimates of the number of people who will be displaced range from 29,000[63] to more than 100,000.[40] There are indications of local opposition to intended expropriations.[63] Thus, according to an activist leader an unrest in Rivas in December 2014 in opposition to the canal left two protesters dead, although no evidence ever was produced to justify his claim.[64] Studies of the social impact regarding displacement of people had not been released when the project officially started. The CIDH, Nicaragua’s Human Rights Commission, has strongly criticised the government for not looking into the project’s impact on citizens, not to mention the fact that citizens were not involved in decision-making.[65]

The apparent lack of experience of Wang Jing and his HKND Group in large-scale engineering has been cited as a risk.[59][66] While the reserves of the Nicaraguan National Bank serve as collateral on part of Nicaragua, HKND has no such potential liability.[67]

There is concern that the project might not get finished and the country’s situation would deteriorate.[28] Due to Nicaragua's volatile climate and seismic activity, it has also been questioned whether or not the canal is feasible.[68]

Protests against the construction of the canal erupted shortly after the official ceremony marking the beginning of the construction. Farmers protested against the possible eviction from their lands due the construction of the canal.

The protesters against the construction of the canal also fear that the canal will bring massive environmental destruction to Lake Nicaragua and the Atlantic Autonomous Regions.[69]

As of August 2015, there has been conflicting perspectives whether the canal project is in deed a work to be completed. Alternative motives have been explored and other projects have taken priority against the water transportation venture as the standing conspiracy is that the Chinese government is leveraging the canal for other purposes than trade.[1]

Environmental standards

Safety

Richard Condit, from the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, believes that the project will develop environmental protection in a country that currently lacks "institutional capacity" to meet ecological demand.[70] One of the occupational or safety concerns associated with large-scale industrialization is the death toll. A Canadian pilot was the first fatality during the Hong Kong-led Nicaragua Canal project as of October 2, 2015.[71] Historically, the construction phase has caused the highest amount of casualties as noted during the French effort on the Panama Canal. Mr. Atkinson was flying alone on the western side of Lake Nicaragua during an aerial survey.

Sustainability

The survey site was on the same side as NicarAgua-Dulce which is the only ecotourism group in Nicaragua that is affiliated with The International Ecotourism Society and it is located north of the proposed canal site.[72] Falling in line with ecotourism, the Nicaragua's Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources has promoted formal workshops at each level of education (primary, secondary and post-secondary), however there is no curriculum relevant to the pending canal project.[73] The American-led Foundation for Sustainable Development (FSD) is another partner that provides training initiatives to Nicaraguans that cannot access formal education. One of FSD's support sites is located at Tola which is within close proximity of the proposed Brito-Pacific canal opening.[74]

The willingness to accept pollution and the Nicaraguan government's ability to declare property rights in favor of an "environmental permit" for HKND is a signal towards measurable and strong sustainability.[75]

Impact on foreign economies

Trade relationships
Trade Agreement Members
Organization of American States

Mexico-Central America

(Mexico-Northern Triangle)
  • Mexico
  • El Salvador
  • Nicaragua
  • Honduras
  • Guatemala
  • Costa Rica
North American Free Trade
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Mexico
Central America and Dominican Republican Free Trade
  • United States
  • El Salvador
  • Dominican Republic
  • Nicaragua
  • Guatemala
  • Costa Rica
Trans-Pacific Partnership
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Japan

The impact on neighboring economies, like Honduras and El Salvador, is crucial since they are aligned with the Mexico-Northern Triangle free trade agreement through the Declaration of Tuxtla Gutiérrez.[76][77] The competing economies of Guatemala and Honduras are in close proximity to the Nicaraguan Canal project, so the GDP of each nation will be influenced by expanded export/import operations and trade cooperation through agencies like the promotion authority in El Salvador.[78] The Organization of American States is the leading proponent for exchange and trade coordination for the southern economies of the American continent.

After the devaluation of Chinese currency and the turbulence in the Chinese Stock Market, Wang Jing's financial status has caused distress in the project's momentum.[79] The economy of China has indirectly halted the canal effort in Nicaragua and potentially immediate economic development for the region of Central American economies.[80]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 McDonald, Michael D (August 19, 2015). "China's Building a Huge Canal in Nicaragua, But We Couldn't Find It". Bloomberg.
  2. 1 2 Otis, John (June 4, 2015). "Nicaraguan Canal Plan Riles Landholders". The Wall Street Journal.
  3. 1 2 Jonathan Watts (27 November 2015). "$50bn Nicaragua canal postponed as Chinese tycoon's fortunes falter". Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  4. ↑ "Nicaragua canal plan not a joke - Chinese businessman". BBC News. 2013-06-26. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
  5. 1 2 "Nicaragua taps China for canal project". Nicaragua dispatch. Sep 2012.
  6. 1 2 "Nicaragua signs memorandum with Chinese company to build a canal between two oceans". Inside Costa rica. 2012-09-10.
  7. ↑ Watts, Jonathan (6 June 2013). "Nicaragua fast-tracks Chinese plan to build canal to rival Panama". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  8. ↑ Watts, Jonathan; Richards, Gareth (6 June 2013). "Nicaragua gives Chinese firm contract to build alternative to Panama Canal". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2013-06-12.
  9. ↑ "Nicaragua Congress approves ocean-to-ocean canal plan". BBC News. 2013-06-13. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  10. ↑ De Cordoba, Jose (2013-06-13). "Nicaragua Revives Its Canal Dream". The Wall Street Journal Online. Retrieved 2014-03-09.
  11. 1 2 Forsythe, Michael (June 25, 2013). "Chinese Billionaire Says Nicaragua Canal Has Investors". Bloomberg News.
  12. ↑ Watts, Jonathan; Richards, Gareth (November 20, 2014). "Nicaraguans promised 'big Christmas present' with work due on new canal". The Guardian. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
  13. ↑ "Nicaragua canal: Construction to begin in December". BBC News. 20 November 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  14. ↑ "Nicarágua constrói canal para concorrer com Panamá". RTP Notícias (in Portuguese). Rádio e Televisão de Portugal. December 23, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
  15. ↑ South China Morning Post 2015/11/28 "Chinese company postpones US$50 billion canal project in Nicaragua as chairman’s personal fortune tumbles"
  16. ↑ "Doubts deepen over Chinese-backed Nicaragua canal as work starts". Reuters. December 26, 2014.
  17. ↑ "Doubts raised over Nicaraguan canal project as trade patterns shift". South China Morning Post. 18 January 2015.
  18. ↑ Tim Rogers (30 January 2015). "Watch Nicaraguan student challenge Sandinista canal rep in Spain". Nicaragua Dispatch. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  19. ↑ PanAm Post Staff. "Nicaragua Grand Canal a Road to Ruin". PanAm Post.
  20. ↑ Passary, Sumit (5 March 2015). "Scientists Wary About Environmental Effects Of Canal-Building Project In Nicaragua". Tech Times. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  21. 1 2 Oakland Ross (2014-07-14). "Nicaragua-Chinese partnership announces planned route for proposed inter-oceanic canal". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 2014-09-03. The eastern portion of the channel’s length will include the construction of a 400-square-kilometer lake, according to Chinese engineer Dong Yung Song. As a result, he said, the canal’s construction will not reduce the depth of Lake Nicaragua itself.
  22. ↑ Tobar, Hector; Kraul, Chris (September 30, 2006). "Rival to Panama Canal Planned". Los Angeles Times (Latimes.com). Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  23. ↑ Sara Miller Llana (November 26, 2006). "Megaships may displace boats in Lake Nicaragua". USA Today.
  24. 1 2 "The project". HKND Group.
  25. ↑ Dettoni, Jacopo (2013-06-10). "Chinese developer of US$40bn Nicaragua's interoceanic canal "100% private"". BN Americas. Retrieved 2015-05-26.
  26. 1 2 "Project Background". HKND. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  27. ↑ "HKND: The man behind the Nicaragua Canal". Maritime-CEO. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brianna Lee (August 15, 2014). "Nicaragua's Canal Project Pushes Forward Despite Economic, Environmental Questions". International Business Times. Retrieved 2015-05-26.
  29. 1 2 3 4 "Nicaragua's Canal Dreams Are Still Alive". Stratfor. September 27, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
  30. ↑ "Business: Nicaragua looking to give Chinese company concession to build canal". The Washington Post (news summary). 2013-06-06.
  31. ↑ "Trends in Global Shipping Trade Demand A New Canal". HKND Group. 2014. Archived from the original on 11 May 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  32. ↑ Luis Galeano (June 11, 2013). "Nicaraguan legislators push ahead on giving Chinese company concession to build, operate canal". Associated Press.
  33. ↑ "Home Page - HKND Group Nicaragua Canal Global Trade Project". hknd-group.com. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  34. ↑ "Nicaragua's Ortega, Chinese businessman sign canal agreement". Startribune.com. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  35. ↑ HKND Group Successfully Obtains Exclusive Right to Develop and Manage Nicaragua Grand Canal for 100 Years http://hknd-group.com/hknd-group-exclusive-right/
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  37. ↑ Titcomb, J. (2014-01-12). "£24bn rival to Panama Canal to break ground this year". The Telegraph (London: Telegraph Media Group). Retrieved 2014-03-09.
  38. ↑ "Official Note" (PDF). HKND Group. 2014-01-10. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
  39. ↑ "Nicaragua approves route for $40 billion canal linking oceans". Reuters. July 8, 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  40. 1 2 3 4 Nina Lakhani (October 26, 2014). "Giant canal threatens way of life on the banks of Lake Nicaragua". London: The Telegraph. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
  41. ↑ "Russia Plans to Join Nicaragua Canal Project". The Moscow Times. May 6, 2014.
  42. ↑ "Nicaragua launches construction of inter-oceanic canal". BBC News.
  43. ↑ "If You Dig It, Will They Come? Nicaragua’s Controversial Canal". worldpoliticsreview.com.
  44. ↑ "Controversial Nicaragua canal project delayed". Al Jazeera. 25 November 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  45. ↑ "China Wants Stake in Panama Canal, Proposes Fourth Set of Locks". The Epoch Times. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  46. ↑ "Egypt's Expansion of the Suez Canal Could Ruin the Mediterranean Sea". VICE News. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  47. ↑ "ACP 2009 Annual Report" (PDF). Panama Canal Authority. 2009. Retrieved 2015-01-22.
  48. ↑ "尼加拉瓜大运河开工中国公司拥有100年运营权". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  49. ↑ Project description
  50. ↑ "El Nuevo Diario: "The fall in oil prices has benefited the Canal"". HKND Group. Retrieved 2015-09-27.
  51. ↑ "Entrevista "La caída del precio del petróleo ha beneficiado al canal"". El Nuevo Diario. Retrieved 2015-09-27.
  52. ↑ "Nicaragua launches construction of inter-oceanic canal". BBC. December 23, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  53. 1 2 3 "Has Beijing backed a US$50bn canal project in Nicaragua? Funding mystery continues". South China Morning Post. December 28, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
  54. ↑ "Nicaragua canal developer HKND plans IPO – CEO". Reuters. December 23, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  55. ↑ Matthew Miller (May 4, 2014). "China's 'ordinary' billionaire behind grand Nicaragua canal plan". Reuters. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  56. ↑ "GCR - News - Wang’s billions slashed by stock fall, raising doubts over Nicaragua canal". globalconstructionreview.com.
  57. ↑ "Nicaragua | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  58. ↑ "Projects & Operations - All Projects | The World Bank". www.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  59. 1 2 3 4 Forsythe, Michael (June 25, 2013). "Chinese Billionaire Says Nicaragua Canal Has Investors". Bloomberg News. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
  60. ↑ Rebecca Conan (June 21, 2013). "Chinese firm to develop US20bn Panama Canal alternative in Honduras". BN americas. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
  61. ↑ . Jeffrey McCrary, Aldo Hernandez, Octavio Saldana, Ricardo Rueda (2015). "Biodiversity on Canal Route Already at Risk" (PDF). Nature. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  62. ↑ "Nicaragua, Rio San Juan: 2 dead after confrontations between farmers and state over canal construction". anarchistnews.org. December 29, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
  63. 1 2 Peter Orsi (December 21, 2014). "Rising anger as Nicaragua canal to break ground". AP. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
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  65. ↑ Cecilia Medal Salaverry (14 August 2015). "Nicaragua Canal: A violation of civil liberties". Development and Cooperation (D+C). Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  66. ↑ "Canal Construction To Generate Strong Opposition". Business Monitor News and Views. December 28, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
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  72. ↑ "Nicaragua Dulce Ecotourism Granada Nicaragua :: Ecotours in Nicaragua". www.nicaraguadulce-ecotourism.com. Retrieved 2015-10-23.
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