New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney-General

New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney-General
Court	Court of Appeal of New Zealand
Decided	29 June 1987
Citation(s)	[1987] 1 NZLR 641, (1987) 6 NZAR 353
Transcript(s)	Available here
Court membership
Judge(s) sitting	Cooke P, Richardson, Somers, Casey and Bisson JJ
Keywords
Treaty of Waitangi, judicial review, State-Owned Enterprises Act

New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney-General, also known as the "Lands" case or "SOE" case, was a seminal New Zealand legal decision marking the beginning of the common law development of the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi.

Background

The Fourth Labour Government was embarking on a programme of commercialisation of government departments and on 1 April 1987 the State-Owned Enterprises Act 1986 came into force. The Act would allow assets and land owned by the Crown to be transferred to State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) which were government departments restructured and operated as companies.^[1]

After the introduction of the State-Owned Enterprises Bill into the House of Representatives on 30 September 1986, an interim report of the Waitangi Tribunal had been given to the Minister of Māori Affairs. The Tribunal report feared that land transferred to SOEs such as the Forestry Corporation or Land Corporation would then be out of the power of the Crown to return to iwi in accordance with Tribunal recommendations because the SOE would have sold the land to a private buyer or be unwilling to sell the land back to the Crown. These land transfers would equate to a large proportion of New Zealand's land surface area.^[2]

Included in the State-Owned Enterprises Act were two key sections, section 9 and section 27. Section 9 read, "9. Treaty of Waitangi — Nothing in this Act shall permit the Crown to act in a manner that is inconsistent with the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi."^[3] Section 27 concerned land transferred under the Act which was subject to a Waitangi Tribunal claim prior to the Governor-General's assent of the Act, 18 December 1986.^[4]

The main concern for the New Zealand Māori Council was that only where claims had been lodged before 18 December 1987 could the alienation of Māori lands be halted.

The Māori Council filed for a judicial review in March 1987 alleging in their statement of claim, "Unless restrained by this Honourable Court it is likely that the Crown will take action consequential on the exercise of statutory powers pursuant to the Act by way of the transfer of the assets the subject of existing and likely future claims before the Waitangi Tribunal in breach of the provisions of section 9 of the Act".

Judgments

The Māori Council succeeded in their appeal. The Court issued,

In addition the Court directed the Crown and the Maori Council to collaborate on a,

In their judgments the Court recognised a number of principles of the Treaty of Waitangi, including,

• Kawanatanga and tino rangatiratanga – the right of the Crown to govern and the right of Māori to continue to exercise self-determination,^[7]
• On-going partnership with obligations to act reasonably and in good faith,^[8]
• Duty to remedy past breaches,
• Active protection.^[9]

The Court also noted that the use of the phrase "Treaty principles" rather than terms of the Treaty, "calls for an assessment of the relationship the parties hoped to create by and reflect in that document, and an inquiry into the benefits and obligations involved in applying its language in today's changed conditions and expectation in the light of that relationship."

Significance

In December 1987 the Minister of Justice Geoffrey Plamer introduced the Treaty of Waitangi (State Enterprises) Bill into the House of Representatives to give effect to the scheme agreed between Crown and Māori Council as a result of the judgment. In December 1987, Cooke P delivered a Minute of the Court,

In New Zealand Māori Council v Attorney-General [2013] NZSC 6, the Supreme Court, "gave weight to the SOE case jurisprudence that vests the section 9 Treaty principles section as a paramount provision that contains a broad constitutional principle. The SOE case is “of great authority and importance to the law concerning the relationship between the Crown and Maori” (at [52])."^[11]

Shortly after the decision, Eddie Durie, Chief Judge of the Maori Land Court said, "Until the Court of Appeal decision two years ago which halted the transfer of assets to state-owned enterprises, Maori people had not won a case since 1847. You had a sort of judicial scoreboard - Settlers: 60, Maori: 1."^[12]

Glazebrook J has described the case thus,

References

Treaty of Waitangi Parties and Partners The Crown Māori New Zealand Parliament Pākehā Signatories William Hobson Hone Heke Te Rauparaha Tāmati Wāka Nene Important figures and groups Queen Victoria James Busby Henry Williams Important groups New Zealand Company Colonial Office Māori protest movement Waitangi Tribunal Office of Treaty Settlements Terminology Tino rangatiratanga Kawanatanga Taonga Sovereignty Legal Treaty of Waitangi Act Waitangi Day Act Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi R v Symonds Commemoration Waitangi Day Waitangi, Northland Treaty House