New Democratic Party

This article is about the federal political party in Canada. For other political parties with the same name, see New Democratic Party (disambiguation).
New Democratic Party
Nouveau Parti démocratique
Active federal party
Leader Thomas Mulcair
President Rebecca Blaikie
National Director Anne McGrath
Founded August 3, 1961[1]
Merger of CCF, CLC
Preceded by Co-operative Commonwealth Federation,
New Party
Headquarters 300 - 279 Laurier Avenue
Ottawa, Ontario
K1P 5J9
Youth wing New Democratic Youth of Canada
Membership 128,351 (2012)[2]
Ideology Social democracy (Canadian)
Political position Centre-left[3]
International affiliation Progressive Alliance[4]
Socialist International[5]
Colours Orange
Seats in the House of Commons
44 / 338
Seats in the Senate
0 / 105
Website
English language: www.ndp.ca
French language: www.npd.ca
Politics of Canada
Political parties
Elections

The New Democratic Party (NDP; French: Nouveau Parti démocratique, NPD) is a social-democratic[6][7] federal political party in Canada. The current leader of the NDP is Thomas Mulcair, who was elected in the 2012 leadership election.

The NDP was founded in 1961 out of the merger of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) with the Canadian Labour Congress (CLC).

The provincial wing of the NDP currently forms governments in Manitoba and Alberta. Provincial parties have previously formed governments in British Columbia (1972–1975, 1991–2001), Nova Scotia (2009–2013), Ontario (1990–1995), and Saskatchewan (1971–1982, 1991–2007), and the territorial party formed the government in Yukon (the only territory with a partisan legislature) from 1985–1992 and 1996–2000. Unlike other political parties in Canada, the federal and provincial (or territorial) level NDPs are fully integrated, and have shared membership.[8]

Historically, the NDP has been Canada's third largest party in Parliament, at times aligning itself with the Liberal Party of Canada, as it did during the minority government of Pierre Trudeau. Following the 1993 federal election the NDP was reduced to fourth place behind the Bloc Québécois, a position it would maintain for most of the next two decades. In the 2011 federal election under the leadership of Jack Layton, the NDP won the second-most seats in the Canadian House of Commons, gaining the title of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition for the first time in the party's history. The NDP then lost 59 seats during the 2015 federal election and fell back to third place in Parliament.

Principles and policies

The NDP evolved in 1961 from a merger of the Canadian Labour Congress (CLC) and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). The CCF grew from populist, agrarian and socialist roots into a modern socialist party. Although the CCF was part of the Christian left and the Social Gospel movement,[9] the NDP is secular and pluralistic. It has broadened to include concerns of the New Left, and advocates issues such as gay rights, international peace, and environmental stewardship.

New Democrats today advocate, among other things:

Electoral achievements

The NDP has never formed the federal government, and formed the Official Opposition for the first time in the 41st Canadian Parliament.

Before 2011, the party had been a stable presence in the Canadian parliament, and was the third largest political party from 1961 to 1993, when the party lost official status. The NDP's peak period of policy influence in those periods was during the minority Liberal governments of Lester B. Pearson (1963–68) and Pierre Trudeau (1972-74). After reattaining official party status in 1997, the NDP played a similar role in the Liberal and Conservative minority governments of 2004-2011.

Provincial New Democratic Parties, which are organizationally sections of the federal party, have governed in half the provinces and a territory. The NDP currently governs the provinces of Manitoba and Alberta, forms the Official Opposition in British Columbia and Saskatchewan, and have sitting members in every provincial legislature except those of Quebec, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. The NDP has previously formed government in the provinces of Ontario, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Nova Scotia and the Yukon Territory.

While members of the party are active municipally, the party does not currently organize at that level. For example, though former Toronto mayor David Miller was an NDP member during his successful 2003 and 2006 mayoral campaigns, his campaigns were not NDP affiliated.

History

20th century

Origins and early history

Tommy Douglas, Leader: 1961-1971

In 1956, after the birth of the Canadian Labour Congress (CLC) by a merger of two previous labour congresses, negotiations began between the CLC and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) to bring about an alliance between organized labour and the political left in Canada. In 1958 a joint CCF-CLC committee, the National Committee for the New Party (NCNP), was formed to create a "new" social-democratic political party, with ten members from each group. The NCNP spent the next three years laying down the foundations of the New Party. During this process, a large number of New Party Clubs were established to allow like-minded Canadians to join in its founding, and six representatives from New Party Clubs were added to the National Committee. In 1961, at the end of a five-day long Founding Convention which established its principles, policies and structures, the New Democratic Party was born and Tommy Douglas, the long-time CCF Premier of Saskatchewan, was elected its first leader.[17] In 1960, before the NDP was founded, one candidate, Walter Pitman, won a by-election under the New Party banner.

The influence of organized labour on the party is still reflected in the party's conventions as affiliated trade unions send delegates on a formula based on their number of members. Since approximately one-quarter of the convention delegates have recently been from affiliated labour groups, after the party changed to an Every Member Vote method of electing leaders in leadership races, labour delegate votes are scaled to 25% of the total number of ballots cast for leader.

Trudeau minority

At the 1971 leadership convention, an activist group called The Waffle tried to take control of the party, but were defeated by David Lewis with the help of trade union members. The following year, most of The Waffle split from the NDP and formed their own party. The NDP itself supported the minority government formed by the Pierre Trudeau-led Liberals from 1972 to 1974, although the two parties never entered into a coalition. Together they succeeded in passing several socially progressive initiatives into law such as pension indexing and the creation of the crown corporation Petro-Canada.[18]

In 1974, the NDP worked with the Progressive Conservatives to pass a motion of non-confidence, forcing an election. However, it backfired as Trudeau's Liberals regained a majority government, mostly at the expense of the NDP, which lost half its seats. Lewis lost his own riding and resigned as leader the following year.

Ed Broadbent

Under the leadership of Ed Broadbent (1975–1989), the NDP attempted to find a more populist image to contrast with the governing parties, focusing on more pocketbook issues than on ideological fervor. The party played a critical role during Joe Clark's minority government of 1979–1980, moving the non-confidence motion on John Crosbie's budget that brought down the Progressive Conservative government, and forced the election that brought Trudeau's Liberal Party back to power.

The result in 1980 created two unexpected results for the party: The first was an offer by Trudeau to form a coalition government to allow for greater Western representation in Cabinet and a "united front" regarding the upcoming Quebec referendum. Broadbent, aware that the NDP would have no ability to hold the balance of power and thus no leverage in the government, declined out of fear the party would be subsumed.

The second was Trudeau's Canada Bill to patriate the Constitution of Canada unilaterally and to bring about what would become the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Broadbent endorsed the initiative, which was directly opposed by the NDP government of Saskatchewan and many of the party's Western parties and members, creating severe internal tension. Broadbent would act as a moderating influence on Trudeau during the debates, and the eventual compromise that brought about the Constitution Act, 1982 was partially authored by Saskatchewan NDP Attorney General Roy Romanow.

In the 1984 election, which saw the Progressive Conservatives win the most seats in Canadian history, the NDP won 30 seats, while the governing Liberals fell to 40 seats. Struggles within the governing Conservatives and opposition Liberals would see dramatic rise in the NDP's polling fortunes.

The NDP saw a new record of 43 Members of Parliament (MPs) elected to the house in the election of 1988. The Liberals, however, had reaped most of the benefits of opposing free trade to emerge as the dominant alternative to the ruling government. In 1989, Broadbent stepped down after 14 years as federal leader of the NDP.[19]

Decline

Logo during the 1990s

At the party's leadership convention, former B.C. Premier Dave Barrett and Audrey McLaughlin were the main contenders for the leadership. During the campaign, Barrett argued that the party should be concerned with western alienation, rather than focusing its attention on Quebec. The Quebec wing of the NDP strongly opposed Barrett's candidacy, with Phil Edmonston, the party's main spokesman in Quebec, threatening to resign from the party if Barrett won.[20] McLaughlin ran on a more traditional approach, and became the first woman to lead a major Federal political party in Canada.

Although enjoying strong support among organized labour and rural voters in the Prairies, McLaughlin tried to expand their support into Quebec without much success. In 1989, the New Democratic Party of Quebec adopted a sovereigntist platform and severed its ties with the federal NDP. Under McLaughlin, the party did manage to win an election in Quebec for the first time when Edmonston won a 1990 by-election.

The NDP chose to align itself with the Progressive Conservatives and Liberals on the "yes" side of the Charlottetown Accord referendum in 1992. Barrett reluctantly endorsed it to comply with party policy (he opposed the Meech Lake Accord in 1987), but later referred to the NDP's support for the Accord as a mistake. Edmonston, a Quebec nationalist, frequently clashed with his own party over this position on Canadian federalism, and did not run for re-election.

McLaughlin and the NDP were routed in the 1993 election, where the party won only nine seats, three seats short of official party status in the House of Commons. The loss was blamed on the unpopularity of NDP provincial governments under Bob Rae in Ontario and Mike Harcourt in British Columbia and the loss of a significant portion of Western vote to the Reform Party, which promised a more decentralized and democratic federation along with right-wing economic reforms.

Into the 21st century

Recovery

McLaughlin resigned in 1995 and was succeeded by Alexa McDonough, the former leader of the Nova Scotia NDP. In contrast to traditional but diminishing Canadian practice, where an MP for a safe seat stands down to allow a newly elected leader a chance to enter Parliament via a by-election, McDonough opted to wait until the next election to enter Parliament.

The party recovered somewhat in the 1997 election, electing 21 members. The NDP made a breakthrough in Atlantic Canada, a region where they had been practically nonexistent at the federal level. Before 1997, they had won only three seats in the Atlantic in their entire history. However, in 1997 they won eight seats in that region, in the process unseating Liberal ministers David Dingwall and Doug Young. The party was able to harness the discontent of voters in the Atlantic, who were upset over cuts to employment insurance and other social programs.

Afterwards, McDonough was widely perceived as trying to move the party toward the centre of the political spectrum, in the Third Way mould of British Prime Minister Tony Blair. Union leaders were lukewarm in their support, often threatening to break away from the NDP, while Canadian Auto Workers head Buzz Hargrove called for her resignation. MPs Rick Laliberté and Angela Vautour crossed the floor to other parties during this term, to the Liberals and Progressive Conservatives respectively, reducing the NDP caucus to 19 seats.

In the November 2000 election, the NDP campaigned primarily on the issue of Medicare but lost significant support. The governing Liberals ran an effective campaign on their economic record and managed to recapture some of the Atlantic ridings lost to the NDP in the 1997 election. The initial high electoral prospects of the Canadian Alliance under new leader Stockwell Day also hurt the NDP as many supporters strategically voted Liberal to keep the Alliance from winning. The NDP finished with 13 MPs—just barely over the threshold for official party status.

The party embarked on a renewal process starting in 2000. A general convention in Winnipeg in November 2001 made significant alterations to party structures, and reaffirmed its commitment to the left. In the May 2002 by-elections, Brian Masse won the riding of Windsor West, Ontario, previously held for decades by a Liberal, former Deputy Prime Minister Herb Gray.

Rise under Jack Layton

Jack Layton was the first leader of the NDP to become Leader of the Official Opposition.

McDonough announced her resignation as party leader for family reasons in June 2002, and was succeeded by Jack Layton in January 2003. A Toronto city councillor and recent President of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities, Layton was elected at the party's leadership election in Toronto on January 5, 2003, defeating his nearest rival, longtime Winnipeg-area MP Bill Blaikie, on the first ballot with 53.5% of the vote.[21]

Layton had run unsuccessfully for the Commons three times in Toronto-area ridings. Like McDonough before him, Layton did not contest a seat in Parliament until the 2004 election. In the interim, he appointed Blaikie as deputy leader and made him parliamentary leader of the NDP.

2004 election

The 2004 election produced mixed results for the NDP. It increased its total vote by more than a million votes; however, despite Layton's optimistic predictions of reaching 40 seats, the NDP only gained five seats in the election, for a total of 19. The party was disappointed to see its two Saskatchewan incumbents defeated in close races[22] by the new Conservative Party (created by merger of the Alliance and PC parties), perhaps because of the unpopularity of the NDP provincial government. Those losses caused the federal NDP to be shut out in Saskatchewan for the first time since the 1965 election, despite obtaining 23% of the vote in the province.

Exit polls indicated that many NDP supporters voted Liberal to keep the new Conservative Party of Canada from winning. The Liberals had recruited several prominent NDP members, most notably former British Columbia Premier Ujjal Dosanjh, to run as Liberals as part of a drive to convince NDP voters that a reunited Conservative Party could sneak up the middle in the event of a split in the centre-left vote.

The NDP campaign also experienced controversy after Layton suggested the removal of the Clarity Act, considered by some to be vital to keeping Quebec in Canada and by others as undemocratic, and promised to recognize any declaration of independence by Quebec after a referendum. Although this position was consistent with NDP policy, some high-profile party members, such as NDP House Leader Bill Blaikie, publicly indicated that they did not share this view. (Layton would later reverse his position and support the Act in 2006.)

The Liberals were re-elected, though this time as a minority government. Combined, the Liberals and NDP had 154 seats – one short of the total needed for the balance of power. As has been the case with Liberal minorities in the past, the NDP were in a position to make gains on the party's priorities, such as fighting health care privatization, fulfilling Canada's obligation to the Kyoto Protocol, and electoral reform.

The party used Liberal Prime Minister Paul Martin's politically precarious position caused by the sponsorship scandal to force investment in multiple federal programs, agreeing not to help topple the government provided that some major concessions in the federal budget were ceded to. The governing Liberals agreed to support the changes in exchange for NDP support on confidence votes. On May 19, 2005, by Speaker Peter Milliken's tie-breaking vote, the House of Commons voted for second reading on major NDP amendments to the federal budget, preempting about $4.5 billion in corporate tax cuts and funding social, educational and environmental programs instead.[23] Both NDP supporters and Conservative opponents of the measures branded it Canada's first "NDP budget". In late June, the amendments passed final reading and many political pundits concluded that the NDP had gained credibility and clout on the national scene.

2006 election
English version of logo used until 2012.

On November 9, 2005, after the findings of the Gomery Inquiry were released, Layton notified the Liberal government that continued NDP support would require a ban on private healthcare. When the Liberals refused, Layton announced that he would introduce a motion on November 24 that would ask Martin to call a federal election in February to allow for several pieces of legislation to be passed. The Liberals turned down this offer. On November 28, 2005, Conservative leader Stephen Harper's motion of no confidence was seconded by Layton and it was passed by all three opposition parties, forcing an election. Columnist Andrew Coyne has suggested that the NDP was unlikely to receive much credit for continuing to further prop up the Liberals, so they ended their support for the Martin government.

During the election, the NDP focused their attacks on the Liberal party, in order to counter Liberal appeals for strategic voting. A key point in the campaign was when Judy Wasylycia-Leis had asked the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) to launch a criminal investigation into the leaking of the income trust announcement.[24] The criminal probe seriously damaged the Liberal campaign and prevented them from making their key policy announcements, as well as bringing Liberal corruption back into the spotlight. After the election, the RCMP announced the conclusion of the income trust investigation and laid a charge of 'Breach of Trust' against Serge Nadeau, an official in the Department of Finance,[25] while Liberal Finance Minister Ralph Goodale was cleared of wrongdoing.[26]

The NDP campaign strategy put them at odds with Canadian Auto Workers (CAW), which had supported an NDP-backed Liberal minority government and which was only backing NDP candidates that had a chance of winning. After the campaign, the Ontario NDP expelled CAW leader Buzz Hargrove from the party (which has a common membership both federally and provincially, see below) for his support of the Liberals.

On January 23, the NDP won 29 seats, a significant increase of 10 seats from the 19 won in 2004. It was the fourth-best performance in party history, approaching the level of popular support enjoyed in the 1980s. The NDP kept all of the 18 seats it held at the dissolution of Parliament (Paul Dewar retained the riding of Ottawa Centre vacated by Broadbent). Bev Desjarlais, an NDP MP since 1997, unsuccessfully ran as an independent in her Churchill riding after losing the NDP nomination. While the party gained no seats in Atlantic Canada, Quebec, or the Prairie Provinces, it gained five seats in British Columbia, five more in Ontario and the Western Arctic riding of the Northwest Territories.

Conservative minority
Ed Broadbent and Jack Layton at a 2008 election rally in Toronto

The Conservatives won a minority government in the 2006 election, and initially the NDP was the only party that would not be able to pass legislation with the Conservatives. However, following a series of floor crossings, the NDP also came to hold the balance of power.

The NDP voted against the government in all four confidence votes in the 39th parliament, the only party to do so. These were votes on the United States-Canada softwood lumber dispute, extending the mission to Afghanistan, the 2006 Canadian federal budget and 2007 federal budget. However, it worked with the Conservatives on other issues. After forcing the Conservatives to agree to certain revisions, the NDP helped pass the Accountability Act. After the NDP fiercely criticized the initial Conservative attempt at a Clean Air Act, the Conservatives agreed to work with the NDP and other parties to revise the legislation.[27] The NDP also supported the government in introducing regulations on income trusts, fearing that trends toward mass trust conversions by large corporations to avoid Canadian income taxes would cause the loss of billions of dollars in budget revenue to support health care, pensions and other federal programs. At the same time, the NDP was also wary of the threat of investor losses from income trusts' exaggerated performance expectations.

Since that election, the NDP caucus rose to 30 members following the victory of NDP candidate Thomas Mulcair in a by-election in Outremont. This marked the second time ever (and first time in seventeen years) that the NDP won a riding in Quebec. The party won 37 seats in the 2008 federal election, the best performance since the 1988 federal election total of 43.

Official Opposition, death of Jack Layton

Thomas Mulcair gives his acceptance speech after winning the NDP Leadership on March 24, 2012

In the 2011 federal election the NDP won a record 103 seats, becoming the Official Opposition for the first time in the party's history. The party had a historic breakthrough in Quebec, where they won 59 out of 75 seats. This meant that a majority of the party's MPs now came from a province where they had previously only ever elected two candidates in the party's history (Thomas Mulcair and Phil Edmonston, and not concurrently) and had not been fully organized since 1990 (see below). The NDP's success in Quebec was mirrored by the collapse of the Bloc Québécois, which lost all but four of its 47 seats, and the collapse of the Liberal Party nationally, which was cut down to just 34 seats, its worst-ever result. This also marked the first time in history where the Liberal Party was neither the government nor the Official Opposition, as the NDP had taken over the latter's role.

Jack Layton's performance on the French-language talk show Tout le monde en parle on April 3 was credited for improving his party's standing among francophone voters; it is the most widely watched TV show in Quebec.[28] He was also perceived to have performed well in the televised French-language party leaders' debate on April 13.

The NDP held or won seats in every province but Saskatchewan and Prince Edward Island, and also held the Western Arctic riding coextensive with the Northwest Territories. It got more than the 10% threshold required for reimbursement of campaign expenses in all but two ridings in the country, an unprecedented result for it.

In July 2011, Layton announced that he was suffering from a new cancer and would take a leave of absence, initially projected to last until the resumption of Parliament in September. He would retain his position of NDP Leader and Leader of the Opposition. The party confirmed his suggestion of Hull—Aylmer MP Nycole Turmel to carry out the functions of party leader in his absence. Layton died from his cancer on August 22, 2011. In his final letter, Layton called for a leadership election to be held in early 2012 to choose his successor,[29] which was held on March 24, 2012, and elected new leader Thomas Mulcair.[30]

2015 election

Despite early campaign polls which showed an NDP lead, the party lost 59 seats on election night and fell back to third place in Parliament. By winning 44 seats Mulcair was still able to secure the second best showing in the party's history, winning one more seat than Ed Broadbent managed in the 1988 election, but with a smaller share of the popular vote.[31] NDP seat gains in Saskatchewan and British Columbia were offset by numerical losses in almost every other region with the exception of Alberta and Manitoba, with the party being locked out of the Atlantic Region and the Territories, as well as losing over half of its seats in Ontario including all of its seats in Toronto. In Quebec the NDP lost seats to all three of the other major parties, namely the Liberals, Conservatives, and Bloc Québécois, though it still managed to place second in both vote share (25.4%) and seats (16) behind the Liberals, who formed a majority government.

Provincial and territorial wings

NDP leaders at the federal and provincial levels during a federal leaders summit on January 15, 2013.

Unlike most other Canadian parties, the NDP is integrated with its provincial and territorial parties. Membership lists are maintained by the provinces and territories. Being a member of a provincial or territorial section of the NDP includes automatic membership in the federal party. This precludes a person from supporting different parties at the federal and provincial levels. (This was illustrated by the case of Buzz Hargrove, who was expelled from the Ontario New Democratic Party after he backed Liberal leader Paul Martin in the 2006 federal election.)

There are three exceptions: Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, and Quebec. In Nunavut and in the Northwest Territories, whose territorial legislatures have non-partisan consensus governments, the federal NDP is promoted by its riding associations, since each territory is composed of only one federal riding.

In Quebec, the New Democratic Party of Quebec and the federal NDP agreed in 1989 to sever their structural ties after the Quebec party adopted the sovereigntist platform. Since then, the federal NDP is not integrated with a provincial party in that province; instead, it has a section, the Nouveau Parti démocratique-Section Québec/New Democratic Party Quebec Section,[32] whose activities in the province are limited to the federal level, whereas on the provincial level its members are individually free to support or adhere to any party. However, following the 2011 election, it was announced the NDP planned on recreating a provincial party in Quebec in time for the next Quebec general election.[33]

Provincial and territorial parties, current seats, and leaders
Party Seats/Total Leader
Alberta New Democratic Party 54/87 Hon. Rachel Notley, MLA, Premier of Alberta
British Columbia New Democratic Party 34/85 John Horgan, MLA, Leader of the Opposition
New Democratic Party of Manitoba 37/57 Hon. Greg Selinger, MLA, Premier of Manitoba
New Brunswick New Democratic Party 0/55 Dominic Cardy
New Democratic Party of
Newfoundland and Labrador		 2/40 Earle McCurdy
Nova Scotia New Democratic Party 7/51 Maureen MacDonald, MLA (interim)
Ontario New Democratic Party 21/107 Andrea Horwath, MPP
New Democratic Party of Quebec 0/125 Pierre Ducasse
New Democratic Party of Prince Edward Island 0/27 Michael Redmond[34]
Saskatchewan New Democratic Party 9/58 Cam Broten, MLA, Leader of the Opposition
Yukon New Democratic Party 6/19 Elizabeth Hanson, MLA, Leader of the Opposition

(Provincial/Territorial wings of the NDP currently forming a government are in bold)

From 1963 to 1994 there was a New Democratic Party of Quebec, which split from the party over issues of Quebec sovereignty and after several mergers with other left-wing parties formed Québec solidaire in 2006.

Chart of the best showings for provincial parties, and the election that provided the results
Province/Territory Seats - Status Election years and party leaders at the time
Alberta 54 - Government 2015, Rachel Notley (Premier since 2015)
British Columbia 51 - Government 1991, Michael Harcourt (Premier 1991-1996)
Manitoba 37 - Government 2011, Greg Selinger (Premier since 2009)
New Brunswick 2 New Brunswick 1984 by-election, George Little
Newfoundland
and Labrador		 5 2011, Lorraine Michael
Nova Scotia 31 - Government 2009, Darrell Dexter (Premier from 2009 to 2013)
Ontario 74 - Government 1990, Bob Rae (Premier from 1990 to 1995)
Prince Edward Island 1 1996, Herb Dickieson
Quebec 1 1944, (CCF, David Côté)
Saskatchewan 55 - Government 1991, Roy Romanow (Premier from 1991 to 2001)
Yukon 11 - Government 1996, Piers McDonald (Premier 1996-2000)

The most successful provincial section of the party has been the Saskatchewan New Democratic Party, which first came to power in 1944 as the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation under Tommy Douglas and has won most of the province's elections since then. In Canada, Tommy Douglas is often cited as the Father of Medicare since, as Saskatchewan Premier, he introduced Canada's first publicly funded, universal healthcare system to the province. Despite the continued success of the Saskatchewan branch of the party, the NDP was shut out of Saskatchewan in the 2004 federal election for the first time since the 1965 election, a result which was repeated in 2006, 2008 and 2011. The New Democratic Party has also formed government in Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and in Yukon.

Ideological orientation

The federal NDP is widely portrayed as having voted to distance itself from a description of its politics as "socialist".[35] Its most recent statement on this matter, however, as contained in the preamble to the party's constitution as amended on 14 April 2013, gives the most prominent place to the "social democratic" tradition as a basis for the party's orientation. This version of the preamble does not exclude the importance of other ideological influences upon the party over the course of its history.[12][36]

Specific inclusion of the party's history as the continuation of the more radical Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, and specific identification of the "democratic socialist" tradition as a continuing influence on the party are part of the language of the preamble:

New Democrats are proud of our political and activist heritage, and our long record of visionary, practical, and successful governments. That heritage and that record have distinguished and inspired our party since the creation of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation in 1933 and the founding of the New Democratic Party in 1961.

New Democrats seek a future that brings together the best of the insights and objectives of Canadians who, within the social democratic and democratic socialist traditions, have worked through farmer, labour, co-operative, feminist, human rights and environmental movements, and with First Nations, Métis and Inuit peoples, to build a more just, equal, and sustainable Canada within a global community dedicated to the same goals.

— Constitution of the New Democratic Party of Canada, Effective April 2013

Current members of Parliament

The 2011 federal election gave the NDP 103 seats. Following the death of Jack Layton and the defection of Saint-Maurice—Champlain MP Lise St-Denis to the Liberal Party,[37] they were reduced to 101; Craig Scott's victory in the by-election to succeed Layton brought the party caucus back to 102 members, but they returned to 101 with the decision of Thunder Bay—Superior North MP Bruce Hyer to sit as an independent. On February 28, 2013, Claude Patry of Jonquière—Alma defected to the Bloc Québécois bringing seats held to 100 members. Olivia Chow, MP for Trinity—Spadina, resigned her seat on March 12, 2014 to run for mayor of Toronto. Manon Perreault became an independent. Sana Hassainia left the party to sit as an independent on August 20, 2014, citing a policy dispute over the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.[38] Jean-François Larose left the party to form the new Quebec-based political party, Strength in Democracy, with former Bloc Quebecois MP Jean-Francois Fortin.[39]

Only two NDP incumbents who ran for re-election were defeated: Jim Maloway in Elmwood—Transcona (MB), and Tony Martin in Sault Ste. Marie (ON). Bill Siksay in Burnaby—Douglas (BC) chose not to run again, but Kennedy Stewart retained the seat for the NDP.

For a list of NDP MPs and their critic portfolios, see New Democratic Party Shadow Cabinet.

42nd Parliament

Federal leaders

# Picture Leader Started Ended Birth Death Ridings while leader
1 Thomas Clement "Tommy" Douglas August 3, 1961 April 24, 1971 October 20, 1904 February 24, 1986 Burnaby—Coquitlam, Nanaimo—Cowichan—The Islands, BC
2 David Lewis April 24, 1971 July 7, 1975 June 23, 1909 May 23, 1981 York South, ON
3 John Edward "Ed" Broadbent July 7, 1975 December 5, 1989 March 21, 1936 - Oshawa—Whitby, Oshawa, ON
4 Audrey Marlene McLaughlin December 5, 1989 October 14, 1995 November 7, 1936 - Yukon, YK
5 Alexa Ann McDonough October 14, 1995 January 25, 2003 August 11, 1944 - Halifax, NS
6 John Gilbert "Jack" Layton January 25, 2003 August 22, 2011 (leave of absence from July 28, 2011) July 18, 1950 August 22, 2011 Toronto—Danforth, ON
interim Nycole Turmel July 28, 2011 March 24, 2012 September 1, 1942 - Hull—Aylmer, QC
7 Thomas Joseph "Tom" Mulcair March 24, 2012 Incumbent October 24, 1954 - Outremont, QC

Election results

Election Leader Votes % Seats +/– Position Government
1962 Tommy Douglas 1,044,754 13.6
19 / 265
 Increase 11 Decrease 4th Providing Parliamentary Support
1963 Tommy Douglas 1,044,701 13.2
17 / 265
 Decrease 2 Steady 4th Providing Parliamentary Support
1965 Tommy Douglas 1,381,658 17.9
21 / 265
 Increase 4 Increase 3rd Providing Parliamentary Support
1968 Tommy Douglas 1,378,263 17.0
22 / 264
 Increase 1 Steady 3rd Third party
1972 David Lewis 1,725,719 17.8
31 / 264
 Increase 9 Steady 3rd Providing Parliamentary Support
1974 David Lewis 1,467,748 15.4
16 / 264
 Decrease 15 Steady 3rd Third party
1979 Ed Broadbent 2,048,988 17.9
26 / 282
 Increase 10 Steady 3rd Third party
1980 Ed Broadbent 2,165,087 19.8
32 / 282
 Increase 6 Steady 3rd Third party
1984 Ed Broadbent 2,359,915 18.8
30 / 282
 Decrease 2 Steady 3rd Third party
1988 Ed Broadbent 2,685,263 20.4
43 / 295
 Increase 13 Steady 3rd Third party
1993 Audrey McLaughlin 939,575 6.9
9 / 295
 Decrease 34 Decrease 4th No status
1997 Alexa McDonough 1,434,509 11.1
21 / 301
 Increase 12 Steady 4th Fourth party
2000 Alexa McDonough 1,093,748 8.5
13 / 301
 Decrease 8 Steady 4th Fourth party
2004 Jack Layton 2,127,403 15.7
19 / 308
 Increase 6 Steady 4th Providing Parliamentary Support
2006 Jack Layton 2,589,597 17.5
29 / 308
 Increase 10 Steady 4th Fourth party
2008 Jack Layton 2,515,288 18.2
37 / 308
 Increase 8 Steady 4th Fourth party
2011 Jack Layton 4,508,474 30.6
103 / 308
 Increase 66 Increase 2nd Opposition
2015 Thomas Mulcair 3,441,409 19.7
44 / 338
 Decrease 59 Decrease 3rd Third party

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Democratic Party.

References

  1. ↑ Neville, William (August 3, 1961). "Douglas Leads New Party, 'Democratic' Tag in Name". The Vancouver Sun (Vancouver). UPI. p. 1. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
  2. ↑ "NDP membership increase not as great as you might think". Yahoo! News. 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
  3. ↑ Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. (2013). Britannica Book of the Year 2013. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-62513-103-4.
  4. ↑ http://progressive-alliance.info/participants/
  5. ↑ "Member Parties of the Socialist International". Socialist International. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  6. ↑ The party is widely described as social democratic:
  7. ↑ Describes that the NDP is presenting itself as a progressive party to unite progressives into the NDP.
  8. ↑ Marc Guinjoan (2014). Parties, Elections and Electoral Contests: Competition and Contamination Effects. Ashgate. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-4724-3910-9.
  9. ↑ Bob Stewart (1983). "The United Church of Canada in British Columbia" (PDF). Retrieved April 15, 2011.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Quadri, Omair (13 October 2015). "Platform comparison: Where the parties stand on the top campaign issues". Globe and Mail. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  11. ↑ Fedio, Chloe (11 June 2015). "NDP Leader Tom Mulcair says he'll seek mandate for Senate abolition". CBC News. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  12. 1 2 NDP convention: A new preamble is approved. Macleans.ca (2013-04-14). Retrieved on 2014-04-12.
  13. ↑ Dehaas, Jeff (14 August 2015). "Fact Check: NDP and Liberals on the $15 minimum wage". CTV News. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  14. ↑ NDP | Jack Layton's speech on Canada's role in the world Archived October 22, 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ O'Malley, Kady (3 December 2014). "NDP bid to endorse proportional representation to be free vote for Liberals". CBC News. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  16. ↑ Bolen, Michael (21 August 2015). "Mulcair pledges NDP will decriminalize pot 'the minute we form government'". CBC News. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  17. ↑ The evolution of CCF into NDP: 1961 and after
  18. ↑ "David Lewis - Federal NDP Leader 1971-75 - Biography of David Lewis". Canadaonline.about.com. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
  19. ↑ "CBC News Indepth: Ed Broadbent". Cbc.ca. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
  20. ↑ J. T. Morley. "Barrett, David". Thecanadianencyclopedia.com. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
  21. ↑ CBC News - Indepth Backgrounder: NDP Leadership Race
  22. ↑ The New Democratic Party
  23. ↑ "CBC News Indepth: Budget 2005". Cbc.ca. June 24, 2005. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  24. ↑ "Income trust a major campaign turning point". CTV.ca. January 22, 2006. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
  25. ↑ "Canada News Centre - Centre des nouvelles du Canada". News.gc.ca. September 29, 2008. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
  26. ↑ "Goodale cleared in trust case". Canada.com. February 16, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
  27. ↑ "Harper agrees to send Clean Air Act to committee". Cbc.ca. November 1, 2006. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  28. ↑ François Lauzon (Aug 25, 2011). "Did sovereignist Lepage opened doors for Jack Layton?". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
  29. ↑ Layton, Jack. "A letter to Canadians from the Honourable Jack Layton". New Democratic Party of Canada. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
  30. ↑ "Mulcair, Topp to face off in final NDP ballot". Vancouver Sun. 24 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
  31. ↑ Elizabeth McSheffrey (2015-10-21). "Better luck next time, Mr. Mulcair". National Observer. Retrieved 2015-10-23.
  32. ↑ "Nouveau Parti Démocratique | Nouveau Parti Démocratique Section Québec". Npd.qc.ca. March 31, 2010. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
  33. ↑ "NDP coming to Quebec for next election". CBC News. August 17, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  34. ↑ "New Democratic Party of Prince Edward Island". Ndppei.ca. Archived from the original on May 5, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
  35. ↑ "NDP votes to take socialism out of party constitution". CBC.
  36. ↑ "Constitution of the New Democratic Party of Canada, Effective April 2013" (PDF). New Democratic Party of Canada.
  37. ↑ "NDP MP Lise St-Denis jumping to Liberals". CBC News. January 10, 2012. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
  38. ↑ http://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/Politique/2014/08/20/003-depart-sana-hassainia-npd-quebec.shtml
  39. ↑ http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/jean-fran%C3%A7ois-fortin-jean-fran%C3%A7ois-larose-form-new-political-party-1.2807417

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