Delhi Metro

Coordinates: 28°36′53″N 77°12′43″E / 28.61472°N 77.21194°E / 28.61472; 77.21194

Delhi Metro
Overview
Native name दिल्ली मेट्रो
Owner Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRCL)
Locale NCR, India
Transit type Rapid transit / Metro
Number of lines 6 colour-coded lines
Number of stations 160, including 6 Airport Express stations[1]
Daily ridership average 2.386 million[2]
Annual ridership 870.9 million (FY 2015)[3]
Chief executive Mangu Singh, MD[4]
Headquarters Metro Bhawan, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi – 110001.
Website Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (English)
Operation
Began operation 24 December 2002 (24 December 2002)
Operator(s) Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd (DMRC)
Number of vehicles 216 trains[1][5][6]
Train length 4/6/8 coaches[6][7]
Technical
System length 213 km (132 mi)[1][8][9]
Track gauge 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) (Indian gauge)
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) (Standard gauge)
Electrification Single phase 25 kV, 50 Hz AC through overhead catenary
Delhi Metro Rail Network (2013)

The Delhi Metro is a metro system serving Delhi and its satellite cities of Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida and Ghaziabad in National Capital Region in India.[10] Delhi Metro is the world's 12th largest metro system in terms of both length and number of stations.[11] A member of the Nova Group of Metros,[12] the network consists of five colour-coded regular lines and the faster Airport Express line, with a total length of 213 kilometres (132 mi)[1] serving 160 stations (including 6 on Airport Express line).[1] The system has a mix of underground, at-grade, and elevated stations using both broad-gauge and standard-gauge.[13] The metro has an average daily ridership of 2.4 million passengers, and, as of August 2010, had already carried over 1.25 billion passengers since its inception.[14]

Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), a state-owned company with equal equity participation from Government of India and Government of Delhi, built and operates the Delhi Metro. The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation has been certified by the United Nations as the first metro rail and rail-based system in the world to get "carbon credits for reducing greenhouse gas emissions" and helping in reducing pollution levels in the city by 630,000 tonnes every year.[15] DMRC operates around 2000 trips daily between 05:30 till 00:00 running with a headway varying between 1–2 minutes and 4–10 minutes.[16][17] The trains are usually of four, six and eight-coach. The power output is supplied by 25-kilovolt, 50-hertz alternating current through overhead catenary.

Planning for the metro started in 1984, when the Delhi Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system for the city. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) was incorporated in May 1995, construction started in 1998, and the first section, on the Red Line, opened in 2002. The development of network was divided into phases, Phase I containing 3 lines was completed by 2006, and Phase II in 2011. Phase III is scheduled for completion by 2016.

Rapid MetroRail Gurgaon which opened in 2013, whilst linked to Delhi Metro by the Yellow Line is a separate metro system (with a different owner/operator than the Delhi Metro), although tokens from the Delhi Metro can be used in its network.

History

Evolution of the Delhi Metro

Background

The concept of a mass rapid transit for New Delhi first emerged from a traffic and travel characteristics study which was carried out in the city in 1969.[18] Over the next several years, many official committees by a variety of government departments were commissioned to examine issues related to technology, route alignment, and governmental jurisdiction.[19] In 1984, the Delhi Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system, which would consist of constructing three underground mass rapid transit corridors as well augmenting the city's existing suburban railway and road transport networks.[20]

While extensive technical studies and the raising of finance for the project were in progress, the city expanded significantly resulting in a twofold rise in population and a fivefold rise in the number of vehicles between 1981 and 1998.[20] Consequently, traffic congestion and pollution soared, as an increasing number of commuters took to private vehicles with the existing bus system unable to bear the load.[18] An attempt at privatising the bus transport system in 1992 merely compounded the problem, with inexperienced operators plying poorly maintained, noisy and polluting buses on lengthy routes, resulting in long waiting times, unreliable service, extreme overcrowding, unqualified drivers, speeding and reckless driving.[21] To rectify the situation, the Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up a company called the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) on 3 May 1995, with E. Sreedharan as the managing director.[22]

Dr. E. Sreedharan handed over the charge as MD, DMRC to Mr. Mangu Singh on 31 December 2011.

Construction

Physical construction work on the Delhi Metro started on 1 October 1998.[23] After the previous problems experienced by the Kolkata Metro, which was badly delayed and 12 times over budget due to "political meddling, technical problems and bureaucratic delays", DMRC is a special purpose organisation vested with great autonomy and powers to execute this gigantic project involving many technical complexities, under a difficult urban environment and within a very limited time frame. DMRC was given full powers to hire people, decide on tenders and control funds.[24] The DMRC then consulted the Hong Kong MTRC on rapid transit operation and construction techniques.[25] As a result, construction proceeded smoothly, except for one major disagreement in 2000, where the Ministry of Railways forced the system to use broad gauge despite the DMRC's preference for standard gauge.[26]

The first elevated line of the Delhi Metro was inaugurated by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the Prime Minister of India, on 24 December 2002 & the first underground line was inaugurated by Dr Manmohan Singh in December 2004,[27] and thus, it became the second underground rapid transit system in India, after the Kolkata Metro. The first phase of the project was completed in 2006,[28] on budget and almost three years ahead of schedule, an achievement described by Business Week as "nothing short of a miracle".[29]

Construction accidents

On 19 October 2008, a girder launcher and a part of the overhead Blue Line extension under construction in Laxmi Nagar, East Delhi collapsed and fell on passing vehicles underneath. Workers were using a crane to lift a 400-tonne concrete span of the bridge when the launcher collapsed along with a 34-metre (112 ft) long span of the bridge on top of a Blueline bus killing the driver and a labourer.[30]

On 12 July 2009, a section of bridge collapsed while it was being erected at Zamrudpur, near East of Kailash, on the Central Secretariat – Badarpur corridor. Six people died and 15 were injured.[31] The following day, on 13 July 2009, a crane that was removing the debris collapsed, and with a bowling pin effect collapsed two other nearby cranes, injuring six.[32] On 22 July 2009, worker at Ashok Park Metro station was killed when a steel beam fell on him.[33] Over a hundred people, including 93 workers, have died since work on the metro began in 1998.[34]

Network

Network map

The Delhi Metro is being built in phases. Phase I completed 58 stations and 65.0 km (40.4 mi) of route length,[35] of which 13.0 km (8.1 mi) is underground and 52.1 km (32.4 mi) surface or elevated. The inauguration of the Dwarka–Barakhamba Road corridor of the Blue Line marked the completion of Phase I on October 2006.[28] Phase II of the network comprises 124.6 km (77.4 mi) of route length and 85 stations,[35] and is fully completed, with the first section opened in June 2008 and the last line opened in August 2011.[36] Phase III (103 km, 69 stations)[5] and Phase IV (113.2 km)[5] are planned to be completed by 2016[5] and 2021 respectively, with the network spanning 413 km (257 mi) by then.

Current routes

As of November 2015, with the completion of Phase I, Phase II and the beginning of operations on Phase III, the Delhi Metro network comprises five coloured lines (plus the Airport Express line), serving 154 metro stations (with 6 more stations on the Airport Express line, for a total of 160),[1][37] and operating on a total route length of 213 kilometres (132 mi).[1]

Line First operational Last extension Stations[37] Length
(km)[38]		 Terminals Rolling stock Track gauge
(mm)		 Power
     Red Line 2002-12-24 2008-06-04 2125.09Dilshad GardenRithala31 trains[39] 1676 25 kV OHE
     Yellow Line 2004-12-20 2015-11-10 3749Samaypur Badli HUDA City Centre60 trains[16] 1676 25 kV OHE
     Blue Line 2006-01-01 2010-10-30 4449.93Noida City Centre Dwarka Sector 2170 trains[17] 1676 25 kV OHE
2010-01-07 2011-07-14 78.74Yamuna BankVaishali 1676 25 kV OHE
     Green Line 2010-04-03 —14 15.14InderlokMundka16 trains[40] 1435 25 kV OHE
2011-08-27 —23.32Ashok Park MainKirti Nagar 1435 25 kV OHE
     Violet Line 2010-10-03 2015-09-06 2835.17ITOEscorts Mujesar38 trains[41] 1435 25 kV OHE
     Airport Express (Orange Line) 2011-02-23 —622.70New DelhiDwarka Sector 218 trains 1435 25 kV OHE
TOTAL 160[1] 213[1]

Red Line

Red Line
Main article: Red Line

The Red Line was first line of the Metro to be opened and connects Rithala in the west to Dilshad Garden in the east, covering a distance of 25.09 kilometres (15.59 mi).[39] It is partly elevated and partly at grade, and crosses the Yamuna River between Kashmere Gate and Shastri Park stations.[42] The inauguration of the first stretch between Shahdara and Tis Hazari on 24 December 2002 caused the ticketing system to collapse due to the line being crowded to four times its capacity by citizens eager to have a ride.[43][44] Subsequent sections were inaugurated from Tis Hazari – Trinagar (later renamed Inderlok) on 4 October 2003,[45] Inderlok – Rithala on 31 March 2004, and Shahdara – Dilshad Garden on 4 June 2008.[46] The red line has two interchange stations, the first Kashmere Gate with the yellow line and the second Inderlok with the green line.Starting from 24 November 2013 six coach trains will be inducted in a phased manner in red line.[47]

Yellow Line

Yellow Line

Inside a Delhi Metro on the yellow line
Main article: Yellow Line

The Yellow Line was the second line of the Metro and was the first underground line to be opened.[48] It runs for 49 kilometres (30 mi) from north to south and connects Samaypur Badli with HUDA City Centre in Gurgaon. The northern and southern parts of the line are elevated, while the central section passes through some of the most congested parts of Delhi is underground. The first section between Vishwa Vidyalaya and Kashmere Gate (built by Kumagai-Skanska-HCC-Itochu Joint Venture) opened on 20 December 2004, and the subsequent sections of Kashmere Gate – Central Secretariat opened on 3 July 2005, and Vishwa Vidyalaya – Jahangirpuri on 4 February 2009.[46] This line also possesses the country's deepest Metro station (the second deepest metro station in the world)[49] at Chawri Bazaar, situated 30 metres (98 ft) below ground level.[50][51] On 21 June 2010, an additional stretch from Qutub Minar to HUDA City Centre was opened, initially operating separately from the main line. However, Chhatarpur station on this line opened on 26 August 2010. Due to delay in acquiring the land for constructing the station, it was constructed using pre-fabricated structures in a record time of nine months and is the only station in the Delhi metro network to be made completely of steel.[52][53] The connecting link between Central Secretariat and Qutub Minar opened on 3 September 2010.[54]re on 10 November 2015, the line was further extended between Jahangirpuri and Samaypur Badli in Outer Delhi.[55] Interchanges are available with the Red Line and Kashmere Gate ISBT at Kashmere Gate station, Blue Line at Rajiv Chowk Station, Violet Line at Central Secretariat, Airport Express (Orange) Line at New Delhi, Rapid MetroRail Gurgaon at Sikandarpur and with the Indian Railways network at Chandni chowk Delhi Junction Railway station and New Delhi New Delhi railway stations.[56][57] Yellow line is the first line of Delhi Metro which has phased out all four coach trains with six and eight coach configuration. The Metro Museum at Patel Chowk Metro station is a collection of display panels, historical photographs and exhibits, tracing the genesis of the Delhi Metro. The museum was opened on 1 January 2009.[49]

Blue Line

Blue Line
Main article: Blue Line

The Blue Line was the third line of the Metro to be opened, and the first to connect areas outside Delhi.[58] Mainly elevated and partly underground,[59] it connects Dwarka Sub City in the west with the satellite city of Noida in the east, covering a distance of 47.4 kilometres (29.5 mi).[58] The first section of this line between Dwarka and Barakhamba Road was inaugurated on 1 January 2006, and subsequent sections opened between Dwarka – Dwarka Sector 9 on 1 April 2006, Barakhamba Road – Indraprastha on 11 November 2006, Indraprastha – Yamuna Bank on 10 May 2009, Yamuna Bank – Noida City Centre on 12 November 2009, and Dwarka Sector 9 – Dwarka Sector 21 on 30 October 2010.[46] This line crosses the Yamuna River between Indraprastha and Yamuna Bank stations,[42] and has India's second extradosed bridge across the Northern Railways mainlines near Pragati Maidan.[60] A branch of the Blue line, inaugurated on 8 January 2010, takes off from Yamuna Bank station and runs for 6.25 kilometres (3.88 mi) up to Anand Vihar in east Delhi.[61] It was further extended up to Vaishali which was opened to public on 14 July 2011.[62][63] A small stretch of 2.76 kilometres (1.71 mi) from Dwarka Sector 9 to Dwarka Sector 21 was inaugurated on 30 October 2010.[64][65] Interchanges are available with the Yellow Line at Rajiv Chowk station,[59] Green line at Kirti Nagar, Violet line at Mandi House, Airport Express (Orange) line at Dwarka Sector 21 and with the Indian Railways network and Interstate Bus Station (ISBT) at Anand Vihar station, which connects with Anand Vihar Railway Terminal and Anand Vihar ISBT.[66]

Green Line

Main article: Green Line

Opened in 2010, Green Line (Line 5) is the fifth line of the Delhi Metro network and the first line on standard gauge, as opposed to previous broad gauge lines. It runs between Inderlok (station on the Red Line) and Mundka with a branch line connecting the line's Ashok Park Main station with Kirti Nagar station on the Blue Line. The completely elevated line, built as part of the Phase-II of Delhi Metro runs mostly along the busy NH 10 route in West Delhi. The line consists of 17 stations including an interchange station covering a total length of 18.46 km.This line also has the country's first standard-gauge maintenance depot at Mundka.[67] The line was opened in two stages, with the 15.1 km Inderlok – Mundka section opening on 3 April 2010[1] and the 3.5 km Kirti Nagar – Ashok Park Main branch line on 27 August 2011. On 6 August 2012,in a step that will improve commuting in National Capital Region, the Union government has approved extension of Delhi Metro from Mundka to Bahadurgarh in Haryana. The 11.18 km metro stretch will have seven stations at Mundka Industrial Area, Ghevra, Tikri Kalan, Tikri Border, Modern Industrial Estate, Bahadurgarh Bus Stand and City Park between Mundka and Bahadurgarh.

Violet Line

Violet Line
Main article: Violet Line

The Violet Line is the most recent line of the Metro to be opened, and the second standard-gauge corridor after the Green Line. The 37 km (23 mi) long line connects Escorts Mujesar in Faridabad to ITO, with 22.8 km (14.2 mi) being overhead and the rest underground.[41] The first section between Central Secretariat and Sarita Vihar was inaugurated on 3 October 2010, just hours before the inaugural ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games, and connects the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, which was the venue for the opening and closing ceremonies of the event.[68] Completed in just 41 months, it includes a 100 m (330 ft) long bridge over the Indian Railways mainlines and a 167.5 m (550 ft) long cable-stayed bridge across an operational road flyover, and connects several hospitals, tourist attractions, and a major industrial estate along its route.[41] Services are provided at intervals of 5 min.[68] An interchange with the Yellow Line is available at Central Secretariat through an integrated concourse.[41] On 14 January 2011, the remaining portion from Sarita Vihar to Badarpur was opened for commercial service, adding three new stations to the network and marking the completion of the line.[69] The section between Mandi House and Central Secretariat, was opened on 26 June 2014. After that a 971-metre section between ITO and Mandi House was opened on 8 June 2015. The latest addition to the line, an 14 km (8.7 mi) extension southwards till Escorts Mujesar in Faridabad was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 6 September 2015.[70] All the nine Metro stations of the Badarpur – Escorts Mujesar (Faridabad) section of Delhi Metro's Phase 3, have been awarded the highest possible rating (platinum) for adherence to green building norms, by the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC), which has devised a rating mechanism for Metro stations and buildings on a scale of platinum, gold, silver etc for following the green building specifications. The awards for these stations were given to DMRC's managing director, Dr. Mangu Singh by Dr. P C Jain, Chairperson, IGBC in the presence of DMRC's directors and senior officials on 10 September 2015.[71] Currently the Faridabad corridor of Delhi Metro Violet Line is the longest metro corridor outside of Delhi, consisting of 9 stations and the total length of corridor being 14 km.[72]

Airport Express

The interior of a Delhi Metro Airport Express train

The Airport Express line runs for 22.7 km (14.1 mi) from New Delhi Railway Station to Dwarka Sector 21, linking the Indira Gandhi International Airport. The line was operated by Delhi Airport Metro Express Pvt. Limited (DAMEL), a subsidiary of Reliance Infrastructure, the concessionaire of the line till 30 June 2013 and is now being operated by DMRC.[73] The line was constructed at a cost of ₹57 billion (US$840 million), of which Reliance Infrastructure invested ₹28.85 billion (US$420 million) and will pay fees on a revenue-share model.[74] The line has six stations (Dhaula Kuan and Delhi Aerocity became operational on 15 August 2011), with some featuring check-in facilities, parking, and eateries.[75] Rolling stock consists of six-coach trains operating at intervals of ten minutes and having a maximum speed of 135 km/h (84 mph).[75] Originally scheduled to open before the 2010 Commonwealth Games, the line failed to obtain the mandatory safety clearance, and was opened on 24 February 2011, after a delay of around 5 months. After 16 months of commencement of operations, the line was shut down for repairs of the viaducts on 8 July 2012.[76][77] The line reopened on 22 January 2013.[78] On 27 June 2013 Reliance Infrastructure Ltd intimated DMRC that they are unable to operate the line beyond 30 June 2013. Following this DMRC took over operations of Airport Express line from 1 July 2013 with an Operations and Maintenance team of 100 officials to handle the line.[79] In Jan 2015, DMRC reported that Airport Metro has recorded about 30 per cent rise in its ridership following the fare reduction of up to 40 per cent in July last year[80] On 14 September 2015 DMRC announced to reduce fares even further to improve the ridership of the line, the new fare structure will have maximum fare of Rs 60 and minimum of Rs 10 instead of Rs 100 and Rs 20 charged earlier, a reduction of about 40%.[81] DMRC has stated that this was done to reduce the crowding on Blue line, diverting some of the Dwarka-bound passengers to Airport Express Line, which is underutilised and faster compared to the Blue Line.

Planned extensions

Delhi Metro map with Phase I, phase II & proposed phase III routes

Delhi Metro was planned to be built in phases spread over around 20 years as with each phase having a target of five years and end of one phase marking the beginning of another. Phase I (65 km) and Phase II (125 km) were completed in 2006 and 2011, respectively, and Phase III and Phase IV are scheduled for completion in 2016 and 2021, respectively. Work on Phase III started in 2011 while planning for Phase IV has begun. Ex-chief of DMRC hinted that by the time Phase IV is completed, the city will need Phase V to cope with rising population and transport needs.[82]

Phase III

The deadline for completion of Phase 3 is 2016.[83] Out of 2 new lines and 11 route extensions proposed for Phase III, cabinet approvals have been obtained for 2 new lines and 10 route extensions totalling 167.27 km, with an estimated cost of ₹350 billion (US$5.2 billion).[84] Construction has already begun on many of these. In April 2014 the Delhi Lt. Governor gave approval for two further extensions.[85] All the approved lines are:.[86]

Line Stations Length
(km)		 Terminals No. of interchanges
planned
     Yellow Line extension34.49JahangirpuriSamaypur Badli0|2015
     Violet Line extension79.37Central Secretariat Kashmere Gate2
1117.2BadarpurBallabgarh0
     Blue Line extension 34.295DwarkaNajafgarh1
66.675Noida City CentreNoida Electronic City1
     Green Line extension611.182Mundka Bahadurgarh City Park0
     Pink Line / Inner Ring Road Line (Line 7)[87] 3858.59MukundpurShiv Vihar 11
     Magenta Line / Outer Ring Road Line (Line 8)2538.24Janakpuri WestBotanical Garden4
     Red Line extension69.6Dilshad Garden New Bus Stand, Ghaziabad0
Total103156.317 18

Phase III will have 28 underground stations covering 41 km.[88] More than 20 tunnel boring machines are expected to be simultaneously used during construction of Phase III.[89] Delhi Metro is expecting a ridership of 4 million after completion of Phase III. DMRC has decided to use communication based train control (CBTC) for signalling which will allow trains to run at a short headway of 90 seconds.[90] Keeping this in mind and other constraints, DMRC changed its decision to build 9 car long stations for new lines and instead opting for shorter stations which can accommodate 6 car trains.

For the first time Delhi Metro will construct ring lines in Phase III. Till Phase II, Delhi Metro focused on expanding the reach of metro and thus built long radial lines. However, in Phase III, Delhi Metro is aiming to interconnect existing lines by ring lines to improve connectivity. This will not only help in reducing distances but will also relieve radial lines of some congestion.

Phase IV

Phase IV has a 2021 deadline, and tentatively includes further extensions to Sonia Vihar, Burari, Mukundpur, Reola Khanpur, Palam, Najafgarh, Narela, Ghazipur, Noida sector 62, extensions of Violet line, Green line, Line 8, having a total length of over 100 km.[35][91][92] There might be some changes in plan before actual construction starts on these lines.

Apart from these lines in Phases I to IV, plans have been mooted to construct a new line from Noida Sector 62 to Greater Noida which will intersect Indraprastha – Noida Sector 32 line.[93] The Ghaziabad Development Authority is planning to extend Delhi Metro lines deeper into Ghaziabad through extension of the Blue Line from Vaishali to Mehrauli via Indirapuram. The independently operated Gurgaon Metro, opened in November 2013, will also interchange with the Delhi Metro at Sikandarpur station on Yellow line.[94] For the year 2012–13, Noida development Authority has allocated Rs 5 billion for Metro extension, with City Center Metro line being extended till the crossing of Sector 71 and 72.[95]

VIP Travelers

So many dignitaries graced and enjoyed the travel by Metro, recent being French President Francois Hollande, who was on 3 day visit of India starting from 24th January 2016.[96]

Finances

Summary financials

The table below is based on the 2014–15 Annual Report.[97]

Of note, Delhi Metro has been operating with a loss on an EBT basis for the past few years. EBITDA margin declined from 73% in Fiscal 2007 to 35% in Fiscal 2015. That said, Debt to Equity improved from 1.43 in FY07 to 1.15 in FY15.

FY ending March Revenue EBITDA * EBT *
2007 ₹5.43 billion (US$80 million) ₹3.99 billion (US$59 million) ₹240 million (US$4 million)
2008 ₹5.04 billion (US$74 million) ₹3.00 billion (US$44 million) ₹261 million (US$4 million)
2009 ₹7.24 billion (US$107 million) ₹4.73 billion (US$70 million) ₹904 million (US$13 million)
2010 ₹7.38 billion (US$109 million) ₹3.56 billion (US$52 million) -₹902 million (US$13 million)
2011 ₹16.08 billion (US$237 million) ₹7.50 billion (US$110 million) -₹127 million (US$2 million)
2012 ₹22.48 billion (US$331 million) ₹9.33 billion (US$137 million) -₹681 million (US$10 million)
2013 ₹26.87 billion (US$396 million) ₹10.28 billion (US$151 million) -₹79 million (US$1 million)
2014 ₹31.98 billion (US$471 million) ₹10.62 billion (US$156 million) -₹0.60 billion (US$9 million)
2015 ₹35.62 billion (US$524 million) ₹12.40 billion (US$183 million) -₹2.75 billion (US$40 million)

Funding and capitalisation

DMRC is owned equally by the Delhi government and the Government of India.

As of March 2015, total debt stood at ₹246 billion (US$3.6 billion), while equity capital was ₹214 billion (US$3.2 billion).

Cost of the debt is 0% for Govt of India and Delhi government loans, and between 0.01% and 2.3% for Japan International Cooperation Agency loans. Of the equity capital, ₹163 billion (US$2.4 billion) is paid-up capital and rest is reserves and surplus.[97]

Operations

Inside the New Delhi metro station.
HUDA City Centre metro station
Train at HUDA City Centre metro station

Trains operate at a frequency of one to two minutes to five to ten minutes between 05:00 and 00:00, depending upon the peak and off-peak hours. Trains operating within the network typically travel at speed up to 50 km/h (31 mph), and stop for about 20 seconds at each station. Automated station announcements are recorded in Hindi and English. Many stations have services such as ATMs, food outlets, cafés, convenience stores and mobile recharge. Eating, drinking, smoking and chewing of gum are prohibited in the entire system. The Metro also has a sophisticated fire alarm system for advance warning in emergencies, and fire retardant material is used in trains as well as on the premises of stations.[98] Navigation information is available on Google Transit.[99] Since October 2010, the first coach of every train is reserved for women. However, last coaches are also reserved when the train changes tracks at the terminal stations in the Red, Green and Violet Lines.[100][101] To make travelling by metro a smoother experience, Delhi Metro has launched its own official app for smartphone users,(iPhone and Android) that will provide information on various facilities like nearest metro station, fare, parking availability, tourist spots near metro stations, security and emergency helpline numbers.[102]

Security

Security on the Delhi Metro is handled by the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), who have been guarding the system ever since they took over from the Delhi Police in 2007.[103] Closed-circuit cameras are used to monitor trains and stations, and feed from these is monitored by both the CISF and Delhi Metro authorities at their respective control rooms.[104] Over 3500 CISF personnel have been deployed to deal with law and order issues in the system, in addition to metal detectors, X-ray baggage inspection systems, and dog squads which are used to secure the system. About 5,200 CCTV cameras have been installed, which cover every nook and corner of each Metro station. Each of the underground stations has about 45 to 50 cameras installed while the elevated stations have about 16 to 20 cameras each. The monitoring of these cameras is done by the CISF, which is in charge of security of the Metro, as well as the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation.[105] Intercoms are provided in each train car for emergency communication between the passengers and the train operator.[106] Periodic security drills are carried out at stations and on trains to ensure preparedness of security agencies in emergency situations.[107] DMRC is also looking at raising the station walls and railings for the safety of passengers.[108]

Ticketing and recharge

For the convenience of customers, Delhi Metro commuters have three choices for ticket purchase. The RFID tokens are valid only for a single journey on the day of purchase and the value depends on the distance travelled, with fares for a single journey ranging from ₹8 (12¢ US) to ₹30 (44¢ US). Fares are calculated based on the origin and destination stations using a fare chart.[109] A common ticketing facility for commuters travelling on Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) buses and the Metro was introduced in 2011.[110] Travel cards are available for longer durations and are most convenient for frequent commuters. They are valid for one year from the date of purchase or the date of last recharge, and are available in denominations of ₹200 (US$2.90) to ₹1,000 (US$14.70). A 10% discount is given on all travel made on it.[111] A deposit of ₹50 (74¢ US) needs to be made to buy a new card which is refundable on the return of the card any time before its expiry if the card is not physically damaged.[109] Tourist cards can be used for unlimited travel on the Delhi Metro network over short periods of time. There are two kinds of tourist cards valid for one and three days respectively. The cost of a one-day card is ₹150 (US$2.20) and that of a three-day card is ₹300 (US$4.40), besides a refundable deposit of ₹50 (74¢ US) that must be paid at the time of purchasing the card.[109] According to new regime, the maximum permissible time limit for stay within the Metro system – 170 minutes at present – will now be 180 minutes for those buying tickets of Rs. 23 or above, 100 minutes for tickets costing Rs. 19–23, and 65 minutes for tickets up to Rs. 18.[112]

Problems

Metro station and train entering.

As the network has expanded, high ridership in new trains have led to increasing instances of overcrowding and delays on the Delhi Metro.[113][114] To alleviate the problem, 8 coach trains have been introduced in Yellow line and Blue line and an increase in the frequency of trains has been proposed.[113] Infrequent, overcrowded and erratic feeder bus services connecting stations to nearby localities have also been reported as an area of concern.[115][116]

Ridership

Delhi Metro has been registering a continuous increase in ridership since its inception. When Metro services were introduced in 2002, the average ridership was 80,000 passengers per day. As of 2015, daily ridership has risen to 2.6 million, with the latest ridership record set on 28 August 2015.

On 4 August 2014 daily ridership crossed the 2.7 million figure. Since then the highest ridership has kept on surpassing the previous best, compelling metro authorities to keep increasing the services on busy routes. Most recent Delhi Metro daily ridership record of 3.175 million passengers was reached on the eve of the Rakshabandhan (28 August 2015), when commuters poured in large numbers throughout the day.[2][117]

On 25 December 2014, it was reported that the ridership of the Airport Express had almost doubled in the past year to almost 600,000 passengers per month now, as compared to just above 300,000 at the beginning of the calendar year.[118]

Currently, Delhi Metro has about 220 trains of four, six and eight coaches totalling 1,290 coaches. It is further planning to add 421 more coaches on the existing route before the completion of phase 3. During the financial year 2015, DMRC on an average pressed 1,083 coaches in an hour (during peak hour), in 2012–13, the number was 819. On an average trains make 2,880 trips per day.[119]

Average Daily Ridership[120][121]
Year Ridership
2004–05
124,000
2005–06
268,000
2006–07
484,000
2007–08
625,000
2008–09
722,000
2009–10
919,000
2010–11
1,259,000
2011–12
1,660,000
2012–13
1,926,000
2013–14
2,190,000
2014–15
2,386,000

Rolling stock

A Phase I broad gauge train, supplied by Hyundai Rotem-BEML.[122]
A Phase II broad gauge train, supplied by Bombardier.
One of the six coach trains. Most trains of Blue & Yellow Lines have been upgraded from 4 to 6 & 8 coaches to increase capacity.

The Metro uses rolling stock of two different gauges. Phase I lines use 1,676 mm (5.499 ft) broad gauge rolling stock, while three Phase II lines use 1,435 mm (4.708 ft) standard gauge rolling stock.[123] Trains are maintained at seven depots at Khyber Pass and Sultanpur for the Yellow Line, Mundka for the Green Line, Najafgarh and Yamuna Bank for the Blue Line, Shastri Park for the Red Line, and Sarita Vihar for the Violet Line.[41][124][125][126][127]

Maglev trains were initially considered for some lines of Phase 3, but DMRC decided to continue with conventional rail in August 2012.[128]

Broad gauge

The rolling stock is manufactured by two major suppliers. For the Phase I, the rolling stock was supplied by a consortium of companies comprising Hyundai Rotem, Mitsubishi Corporation, and MELCO.The coaches have a very similar look to MTR Rotem EMU, except with only 4 doors and use sliding doors. The coaches were initially built in South Korea by ROTEM,[125] then in Bangalore by BEML through a technology transfer arrangement.[129] These trains consist of four 3.2-metre (10 ft) wide stainless steel lightweight coaches with vestibules permitting movement throughout their length and can carry up to 1500 passengers,[130] with 50 seated and 330 standing passengers per coach.[131] The coaches are fully air conditioned, equipped with automatic doors, microprocessor-controlled brakes and secondary air suspension,[132] and are capable of maintaining an average speed of 32 km/h (20 mph) over a distance of 1.1 km (0.68 mi).[131] The system is extensible up to eight coaches, and platforms have been designed accordingly.[130]

The rolling stock for Phase II is being supplied by Bombardier Transportation, which has received an order for 614 cars worth approximately US$1.1 billion.[133] While initial trains were made in Görlitz, Germany and Sweden, the remainder will be built at Bombardier's factory in Savli, near Vadodara.[134] These trains are a mix of four-car and six-car consists, capable of accommodating 1178 and 1792 commuters per train respectively. The coaches possess several improved features like Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras with eight-hour backup for added security, charging points in all coaches for cell phones and laptops, improved air conditioning to provide a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius even in packed conditions and heaters for winter.[135]

Standard gauge

The standard gauge rolling stock is manufactured by BEML at its factory in Bangalore. The trains are four-car consists with a capacity of 1506 commuters per train,[136] accommodating 50 seated and 292 standing passengers in each coach.[131] These trains will have CCTV cameras in and outside the coaches, power supply connections inside coaches to charge mobiles and laptops, better humidity control, microprocessor-controlled disc brakes,[137] and will be capable of maintaining an average speed of 34 km/h (21 mph) over a distance of 1.1 km (0.68 mi).[131]

Airport Express

Eight 6-car trains supplied by CAF Beasain were imported from Spain.[138] CAF held 5% equity in the DAME project, and Reliance Infrastructure held the remaining 95%[139] before DMRC took over the operations. The trains on this line are of a premium standard compared to the existing metro trains and have in-built noise reduction and padded fabric seats. The coaches are equipped with LCD screens for entertainment of the passengers and also provide flight information for convenience of air travellers. The trains are fitted with an event recorder which can withstand high levels of temperature and impact and the wheels have flange lubrication system for less noise and better riding comfort.[100]

Signalling and telecommunication

Inside a Hyundai Rotem coach.
European signalling system on the Delhi Metro

The Delhi Metro uses cab signalling along with a centralised automatic train control system consisting of automatic train operation, Automatic Train Protection and automatic train signalling modules.[140] A 380 MHz digital trunked TETRA radio communication system from Motorola is used on all lines to carry both voice and data information.[141] For Blue Line Siemens Transportation Systems has supplied the electronic interlocking Sicas, the operation control system Vicos OC 500 and the automation control system LZB 700 M.[142] An integrated system comprising optical fibre cable, on-train radio, CCTV, and a centralised clock and public address system is used for telecommunication during train operations as well as emergencies.[143] For Red and Yellow lines ALSTOM has supplied signalling system and for line Green and Voilet Bombardier Transportation has supplied CITYFLO 350 signalling system.

The Airport Express line has introduced WiFi services at all stations along the route on 13 January 2012.[144] Connectivity inside metro trains travelling on the route is expected in the future. The WiFi service is provided by YOU Broadband & Cable India Limited.[145]

A fully automated, operatorless train system has been offered to Delhi Metro by the French defence and civilian technologies major Thales.[146]

Environment and aesthetics

The Delhi Metro has won awards for environmentally friendly practices from organisations including the United Nations,[147] RINA,[148] and the International Organization for Standardization,[148] becoming the second metro in the world, after the New York City Subway, to be ISO 14001 certified for environmentally friendly construction.[149] Most of the Metro stations on the Blue Line conduct rainwater harvesting as an environmental protection measure.[150] It is also the first railway project in the world to earn carbon credits after being registered with the United Nations under the Clean Development Mechanism,[151] and has so far earned 400,000 carbon credits by saving energy through the use of regenerative braking systems on its trains.[152] To reduce its dependence on non-renewable sources of energy, DMRC is looking forward to harness solar energy and install solar panels at the Karkardooma, Noida Sector-21, Anand Vihar and Pragati Maidan Metro stations and DMRC's residential complex at Pushp Vihar.[153][154]

The Metro has been promoted as an integral part of community infrastructure, and community artwork depicting the local way of life has been put on display at stations.[155] Students of local art colleges have also designed decorative murals at Metro stations,[156] while pillars of the viaduct on some elevated sections have been decorated with mosaic murals created by local schoolchildren.[157] The Metro station at INA Colony has a gallery showcasing artwork and handicrafts from across India,[158] while all stations on the Central Secretariat – Qutub Minar section of the Yellow Line have panels installed on the monumental architectural heritage of Delhi.[159] The Nobel Memorial Wall at Rajiv Chowk has portraits of the seven Nobel Laureates from India: Rabindranath Tagore, CV Raman, Hargobind Khorana, Mother Teresa, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Amartya Sen and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and provide details about their contribution to society and a panel each on Alfred Nobel and the Nobel Prizes.

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Delhi Metro About Us Introduction". DMRC. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  2. 1 2
  3. ↑ "Annual Report 2014-2015" (PDF). DMRC.
  4. ↑ "Mangu Singh to be next Metro chief". The Times of India. 20 October 2011.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Annual Report 2012-2013" (PDF). DMRC. 30 September 2013. pp. 5–6. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  6. 1 2 "DMRC To Induct Two Six-Coach Trains by the End of This Month on Line-3" (Press release). DMRC. 3 December 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  7. ↑ "Delhi Metro to add extra coaches". Business Standard. 6 January 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
  8. ↑ "ITO – Mandi house metro section details" (Press release). DMRC. 8 June 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  9. ↑ http://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-metro-line-to-badli-opens-today/story-vNivRRC0L3fCiMZe7vcsqM.html
  10. ↑ "Delhi Metro marks 11th anniversary". The Hindu. 25 December 2013.
  11. ↑ http://www.dailypioneer.com/sunday-edition/sunday-pioneer/landmark/delhi-metro-to-be-7th-largest-in-world-by-2016.html
  12. ↑ http://www.delhimetrorail.com/whatnew_details.aspx?id=t1VdbdGoV5clld
  13. ↑ Sadana, Rashmi. "Metrocity Journal: Delhi's Changing Landscape". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
  14. ↑ "Press Release: Delhi metro's total ridership since 2002 crosses the total population of India" (Press release). DMRC. 23 August 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  15. ↑ Cities / Delhi : Delhi Metro gets UN certification. The Hindu (26 September 2011). Retrieved on 24 October 2011.
  16. 1 2 "Delhi Metro Operations Update" (Press release). DMRC. 26 November 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  17. 1 2 "More trains from Dwarka to Noida". The Times of India. 27 November 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  18. 1 2 Siemiatycki 2006, p. 279
  19. ↑ Siemiatycki 2006, pp. 279–280
  20. 1 2 "History of Delhi Metro". DMRC. Retrieved 17 September 2009.
  21. ↑ Pucher, John; Nisha Korattyswaroopam,; Neenu Ittyerah (2004). "The Crisis of Public Transport in India" (pdf). Journal of Public Transportation 7 (4): 1–20. Retrieved 17 September 2009.
  22. ↑ "Structure of Delhi Metro". DMRC. Retrieved 17 September 2009.
  23. ↑ "Delhi metro rail work begins but without fanfare". The Indian Express.
  24. ↑ "Delhi Metro showcases public sector success". The Indian Express. 13 April 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
  25. ↑ "China Business/International Business". MTR. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  26. ↑ "Delhi Metro Rail to adopt BG system". The Hindu Business Line. 7 August 2000. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
  27. ↑ "Indian PM launches Delhi metro". BBC News. 24 December 2002. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  28. 1 2 "Phase 1 complete, Pragati Maidan now on Metro map". Express India. 27 October 2006. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
  29. ↑ Nandini Lakshman (19 March 2007). "The Miracle-Worker of the Delhi Metro". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
  30. ↑ "Delhi Metro bridge collapses; 1 dead". IBN Live (CNN-IBN). 19 October 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
  31. ↑ "A chronology of Delhi Metro accidents". Hindustan Times Online (Indo-Asian News Service). 12 July 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
  32. ↑ Megha Suri (14 July 2009). "Day 2: 3 cranes fall, Metro image takes beating". The Times of India. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
  33. ↑ "Labourer dies at Delhi Metro construction site". Central Chronicle. 22 July 2009. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  34. ↑ Atul Mathur (7 December 2009). "City's nightmare on wheels". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
  35. 1 2 3 "Delhi Metro Phase I and II". DMRC. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  36. ↑ Smriti Kak Ramachandran (17 September 2007). "Delhi Metro confident of meeting deadline". The Hindu. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
  37. 1 2 "Metro Station Numbers". DMRC. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  38. ↑ Sanjay Kapoor (4 September 2010). "Metro:The Complete Picture". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  39. 1 2 Atul Mathur (17 September 2009). "A swankier, smarter Metro". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 12 November 2009.
  40. ↑ "Delhi Metro crosses new horizons". Hindustan Times. 3 April 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 "Additional Information" (Press release). DMRC. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  42. 1 2 "On May 3, Metro to cross Yamuna again". The Times of India. 24 April 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  43. ↑ "Prime Minister inaugurates Metro Rail services between Tis Hazari and Shahdara" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 24 December 2002. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  44. ↑ "Passengers swamp Delhi's new metro". Sydney Morning Herald. 27 December 2002. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  45. ↑ "70,000 travel by Tri Nagar-Tis Hazari Metro rail". The Times of India. 5 October 2003. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  46. 1 2 3 "Metro Station Information". DMRC. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
  47. ↑ "DMRC to introduce six-coach trains on Dilshad Garden-Rithala line on Sunday". The Times of India. 23 November 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  48. ↑ "A subterranean journey begins". The Times of India. 20 December 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  49. 1 2 http://www.railnews.co.in/delhi-metro-museum-celebrates-3rd-anniversary-unveils-exhibitations-at-7-metro-stations-organise-quiz-competition-for-homeless-children/
  50. ↑ "Metro creating a marvel in Walled City". The Hindu. 8 January 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  51. ↑ "Technological marvel set to unfold on July 2". The Hindu. 29 June 2005. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  52. ↑ "Chhattarpur Metro Station To Become Operational From Tomorrow" (Press release). DMRC. 25 August 2010. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
  53. ↑ "Chattarpur station to open today". The Times of India. 26 August 2010. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
  54. ↑ "Gurgaon gets a lifeline as CST-Qutub corridor opens". Sify News. 4 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  55. ↑ "Jahangirpuri – Samaypur Badli Metro corridor flagged off for Passenger Services" (Press release). DMRC. 10 November 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  56. ↑ Nidhi Sharma (29 June 2005). "New Delhi Metro station, your connect with National rail". The Times of India. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  57. ↑ "Secretariat to DU in 18 minutes flat". The Hindu. 1 July 2005. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  58. 1 2 "Metro enters Noida, set to change travelling habits of people". Daily News and Analysis. 12 November 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  59. 1 2 "Metro to travel underground and overhead". The Times of India. 28 December 2005. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
  60. ↑ Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar (12 November 2006). "Delhi Metro just got bigger and better". The Hindu. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
  61. ↑ "Delhi Anand Vihar Metro line opens for public". The Economic Times. 7 January 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
  62. ↑ "Anand Vihar – Vaishali Section To Open For Passenger Services From 14th July 2011" (Press release). DMRC. 13 July 2011.
  63. ↑ "Vaishali Metro to kick off on July 14 minus Maya". Times of India. 13 July 2011.
  64. ↑ "Press Release: DMRC Extends Metro Services To Dwarka Sector 21 on Line-3" (Press release). DMRC. 30 October 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
  65. ↑ "Noida Metro line extended to Dwarka Sec-21". The Hindu. 30 October 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
  66. ↑ "40000 Footfalls at Anand Vihar Metro on Day 1". Outlook India. 7 January 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
  67. ↑ "Metro gets first standard gauge depot". The Hindu. 23 February 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  68. 1 2 "Metro from Central Secretariat to Sarita Vihar too". The Times of India. 3 October 2010. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
  69. ↑ "DMRC opens Sarita Vihar–Badarpur section". Hindustan Times. 14 January 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
  70. ↑ "Janpath to Faridabad: On Sunday morning, a Metro ride for PM Modi". Hindustan Times. PTI. 6 September 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  71. ↑ http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=FghLyznclJwZklld
  72. ↑ http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/ncr-s-longest-metro-line-in-faridabad/article1-800767.aspx
  73. ↑ Megha Suri Singh (17 August 2010). "Hawk-eyed vigil on airport metro line". The Times of India. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
  74. ↑ "Delhi Airport Express rail link opens". Railway Gazette International. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  75. 1 2 "Airport Express Link: Metro gives a preview". The Indian Express. 6 November 2009. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
  76. ↑ "Airport Metro misses CWG deadline". NDTV. 3 October 2010. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
  77. ↑ "Cities / Delhi : Airport to be 20 minutes from Connaught Place from Wednesday". The Hindu. 21 February 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  78. ↑ "Delhi Airport Metro Express back on track". Financial Express. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  79. ↑ "Delhi Metro takes over operations of Airport Express Line". The Hindu. 1 July 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  80. ↑ "Airport Metro sees 30% rise in ridership after fare reduction". Business Standard. 1 January 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  81. ↑ "DMRC to reduce Airport line fares". The Times of India. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  82. ↑ "Metro to cover whole of Delhi by 2012". Economic Times. 11 December 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  83. ↑ deadline for completion of Phase 3
  84. ↑ "Delhi Metro rings in the New Year under new chief". Jagran Post. 1 January 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  85. ↑ "Jung wants better access to all Metro stations". Indian Express. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  86. ↑ http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Phase-III_documetnt/pdf/61PH-III_DMRC_-Model.pdf
  87. ↑ "NFaster, greener trains for new lines". Times of India. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
  88. ↑ "Delhi Metro To Construct Record Number of Underground Corridors in Phase 3" (Press release). DMRC. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  89. ↑ "Tunnelling work starts for Metro's Phase III". Economic Times. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  90. ↑ "Metro to introduce advanced signalling system in Phase-III". Economic Times. 15 December 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  91. ↑ "DMRC to surpass London Metro by 2021". Hindustan Times. 18 November 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  92. ↑ "A Metro link for Narela Sub City". The Hindu. 29 January 2005.
  93. ↑ Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar (25 December 2006). "Delhi Metro map to cover Greater Noida". The Hindu. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
  94. ↑ Megha Suri (30 January 2010). "Pvt metro link to get Central nod soon". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  95. ↑ "Metro line between Noida, Greater Noida approved". The Times of India. 10 July 2012.
  96. ↑ "PM Modi, President Hollande Ditch Cavalcades, Ride Metro To Gurgaon". 25 January 2016.
  97. 1 2 "2015 Annual Report" (pdf). DMRC. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
  98. ↑ "Measures to Ensure Safe Passage for Metro Train Passengers" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 27 August 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  99. ↑ "Delhi Metro routes now on Google Maps". The Economic Times. 5 March 2010. Archived from the original on 7 March 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
  100. 1 2 "Delhi Metro to reserve coach for women from October 2". The Times of India. 26 September 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  101. ↑ "Women get exclusive coach in Delhi Metro". Hindustan Times. 2 October 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  102. ↑ "DMRC launches smart phone app". The Hindu. 23 August 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  103. ↑ "CISF to take over Delhi Metro security". The Times of India. 7 March 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  104. ↑ "Delhi metro parking areas to be bought under CCTV cameras". Daily News and Analysis. 21 March 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  105. ↑ Megha Suri Singh (30 March 2010). "Moscow blasts put Metro security in alert mode". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  106. ↑ "Commuters Guide to Security on Delhi Metro" (pdf). DMRC. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  107. ↑ "Mock drills at 4 Metro stations". The Times of India. 26 March 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  108. ↑ "Metro to raise height of walls at stations". The Times of India. 9 May 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  109. 1 2 3 "Route & fare". DMRC. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  110. ↑ "Common tickets for DTC, Metro by 2011". Sify News. 26 March 2010.
  111. ↑ "10% Discount on Metro SMART CARDS". DMRC.
  112. ↑ "Amount of time spent in Delhi metro station will depend on cost of ticket". ABP Live. IANS. 8 January 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
  113. 1 2 Sweta Dutta (16 November 2009). "Widening reach, Metro looks at ways to ease rush". The Indian Express. Retrieved 21 November 2009.
  114. ↑ Atul Mathur (19 November 2009). "Crowded stations, slow trains". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 21 November 2009.
  115. ↑ Atul Mathur (8 December 2009). "Feeder service or the lack of it". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
  116. ↑ "Parking, feeder bus woes on Metro's Noida line". India Today. 12 November 2009. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
  117. ↑ {http://www.dailypioneer.com/todays-newspaper/rakhi-rush-ties-road-delhi-metro-traffic-in-knots.html}
  118. ↑ Singh, Pragya (25 December 2014). "100 per cent rise in Airport Metro Line ridership". The Asian Age. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  119. ↑ http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/delhi-metro-steep-rise-in-ridership-beats-network-expansion/story-Q4FrOwPnIgI1j7wbVZk09L.html
  120. ↑ "2014 Annual Report" (pdf). DMRC. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  121. ↑ http://www.delhimetrorail.com/OtherDocuments/DELHI1-92english.pdf
  122. ↑ Reuters – Hyundai Rotem gets m order to supply trains. In.reuters.com. Retrieved on 24 October 2011.
  123. ↑ "Delhi Metro gets standard gauge train". The Hindu Business Line. 18 March 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  124. ↑ Sweta Dutta (13 May 2009). "Eight depots for Metro as it chugs along ever-widening network". The Indian Express. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
  125. 1 2 "Delhi Metro, India". Railway-Technology.com. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
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  127. ↑ "Delhi Metro constructs Asia's highest train washing plant". The Economic Times. 25 April 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
  128. ↑ "Delhi Metro says no to Maglev technology". Indian Express. 8 August 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  129. ↑ P. Manoj (25 August 2005). "BEML to rake in big money from proposed metro projects". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
  130. 1 2 "Second Metro rail arrives in Delhi". The Times of India. 15 October 2002. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
  131. 1 2 3 4 "Rolling Stock: Ensuring Passenger Comfort, Safety and Reliability" (jpg). DMRC. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  132. ↑ "Metro Rail gets first train". The Hindu. 27 July 2002. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
  133. ↑ "Bombardier to Deliver Further 76 MOVIA Metro Cars to Delhi Metro from Savli India Site". Press Release. Bombardier. 5 September 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  134. ↑ "Bombardier to supply coaches to Delhi Metro". projectsmonitor.com.
  135. ↑ "Metro to get swankier, bigger coaches". The Times of India. 17 September 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
  136. ↑ "BEML delivers India's 1st standard gauge metro car". The Economic Times. 11 September 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
  137. ↑ Smriti Kak Ramachandran (30 July 2009). "Trial run begins on first standard gauge Metro line". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  138. ↑ "Airport line handed over to Reliance Infra". Indian Express. 20 May 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  139. ↑ "Delhi Airport line contracts finalised" (PDF). Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles.
  140. ↑ "Technical Notes: Signalling". DMRC. Archived from the original on 12 March 2008. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
  141. ↑ "Delhi Metro Railway Corporation, India" (PDF). Motorola Electronics. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
  142. ↑ "Metro Line 3, New Delhi, India". Siemens AG. Retrieved 6 July 2008.
  143. ↑ "Technical Notes: Telecommunication". DMRC. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
  144. ↑ "Delhi Airport Metro Express". Delhi metro times. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  145. ↑ "Reliance Metro Airport Express,WiFi-enabled,EVS Chakravarthy, CEO YOU Broadband". Business Wire India. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  146. ↑ "Delhi Metro offered fully-automated, driverless train system". Retrieved 25 May 2012.
  147. ↑ "Delhi Metro gets UN certificate for preventing carbon emission". The Times of India. 22 February 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
  148. 1 2 "Delhi Metro gets OHSAS 18001". DMRC. Archived from the original on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
  149. ↑ "Press Release: Delhi Metro Receives ISO 14001 For Eco-friendly Systems". USAID. 24 December 2002. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  150. ↑ "Delhi Metro shows the way with water harvesting units". The Times of India. 26 September 2005. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  151. ↑ "Delhi Metro is first rail project to earn carbon credits". The Economic Times. 5 January 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  152. ↑ Neha Sinha (20 December 2009). "Delhi Metro on track to earn carbon credits". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  153. ↑ "Metro mulls solar panels at stations to go green". The Times of India. 5 June 2012.
  154. ↑ "Delhi Metro to install three new solar power plants". IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  155. ↑ Siemiatycki 2006, p. 284
  156. ↑ Anuradha Mukherjee (13 December 2002). "Vibrant murals bring cheer". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
  157. ↑ Preeti Jha (10 October 2007). "Murals by Salwan Public School students decorate Metro pillars on Pusa Road". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  158. ↑ "At INA Metro station, a gallery for traditional art, crafts". Indian Express. 2 September 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
  159. ↑ Smriti Kak Ramachandran (2 September 2010). "Delhi metro gets a handicrafts gallery". The Hindu. Retrieved 21 September 2010.

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