List of Nepenthes species

Sympatric upper pitchers of N. jamban (left) and N. lingulata (right) in Sumatran upper montane forest

This list of Nepenthes species is a comprehensive listing of all known species of the carnivorous plant genus Nepenthes. It includes 164 recognised extant species, 3 incompletely diagnosed taxa, and 3 nothospecies. Three possible extinct species are also covered.

The official IUCN conservation status of each species is taken from the latest edition of the IUCN Red List.[1] Unofficial assessments based on the IUCN criteria are also included, but are presented in italics. Unless otherwise noted, taxonomic determinations and all other information are sourced from Stewart McPherson's two-volume Pitcher Plants of the Old World, published in 2009.[2] Where recent literature provides an altitudinal distribution that falls outside the range given in Pitcher Plants of the Old World, the discrepancy is noted.

All major islands within a species's geographic range are included. Smaller surrounding islands are listed separately under "Minor islands", though these lists are not exhaustive. In the case of archipelagos such as the Philippines, the individual islands to which the species is native are shown in brackets.

Authorities are presented in the form of a standard author citation, using abbreviations specified by the International Plant Names Index.[3] Years given denote the year of the species's formal publication under the current name, thus excluding the earlier basionym date of publication if one exists.

Extant species

Species Authority Year Image Distribution Altitudinal distribution IUCN conservation status
Nepenthes abalata[4] Jebb & Cheek[4] 2013[4] Philippines (Culion, Cuyo, Malalison)[4] 0–20 m[4] Critically Endangered[4]
Nepenthes abgracilis[5] Jebb & Cheek[5] 2013[5] Philippines (Mindanao)[5] 670 m[5] Critically Endangered[5]
Nepenthes adnata Tamin & M.Hotta ex Schlauer 1994          Sumatra 600–1200 m Endangered
Nepenthes alata Blanco 1837 Philippines (Luzon)[6][nb 1] 550–? m[nb 1] Least Concern
Nepenthes alba Ridl. 1924 Peninsular Malaysia 1600–2187 m
Nepenthes albomarginata T.Lobb ex Lindl. 1849 Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra

Minor islands: Nias, Penang 		0–1100 m[nb 2] Conservation Dependent
Nepenthes alzapan[8] Jebb & Cheek[8] 2013[8] Philippines (Luzon)[8] 1800 m[8] Data Deficient
Nepenthes ampullaria Jack 1835 Borneo, Maluku Islands, New Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand

Minor islands: Bangka, Bengkalis, Ko Lanta, Ko Tarutao, Langkawi, Mendol, Mentawai Islands (Siberut), Meranti Islands (Padang, Rangsang, Tebing Tinggi), Nias, Penang, Riau Islands (Lingga Islands, Natuna Islands,[9] Riau Archipelago), Rupat[10] 		0–2100 m Least Concern
Nepenthes andamana[11] M.Catal.[11] 2010[11] Thailand[11] 0–50 m[12]
Nepenthes angasanensis Maulder, D.Schub., B.R.Salmon & B.Quinn 1999 Sumatra 2200–2800 m Conservation Dependent
Nepenthes appendiculata[13] Chi.C.Lee, Bourke, Rembold, W.Taylor & S.T.Yeo[13] 2011[13] Borneo[13] 1450–1700 m[13] Data Deficient[13]
Nepenthes argentii Jebb & Cheek 1997 Philippines (Sibuyan) 1400–1900 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes aristolochioides Jebb & Cheek 1997 Sumatra 1800–2500 m Critically Endangered
Nepenthes armin[14] Jebb & Cheek 2014 Philippines (Sibuyan) 750 m
Nepenthes attenboroughii A.S.Rob., S.McPherson & V.B.Heinrich 2009 Philippines (Palawan) 1450[15]–1726 m Critically Endangered
Nepenthes barcelonae[16] Tandang & Cheek[16] 2015[16] Philippines (Luzon)[16] Critically Endangered[16]
Nepenthes beccariana Macfarl. 1908 Nias, Sumatra?[17] unknown
(0–<800 m)[18] 		Data Deficient[19]
Nepenthes bellii K.Kondo 1969 Philippines (Dinagat, Mindanao) 0–800 m Endangered
Nepenthes benstonei C.Clarke 1999 Peninsular Malaysia 150[20]–1350 m[21] Data Deficient[17][19]
Nepenthes bicalcarata Hook.f. 1873 Borneo 0–?950 m[nb 3] Vulnerable
Nepenthes bokorensis Mey 2009 Cambodia 800–1080 m Endangered[22]
Nepenthes bongso Korth. 1839 Sumatra 1000–2700 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes boschiana Korth. 1839 Borneo 1200–1800 m[nb 4] Endangered
Nepenthes burbidgeae Hook.f. ex Burb. 1882 Borneo 1200–1800 m[nb 5] Endangered
Nepenthes burkei Hort.Veitch ex Mast. 1889 Philippines (Mindoro, Panay?) 1100–2000 m Conservation Dependent[19]
Nepenthes campanulata Sh.Kurata 1973 Borneo, Philippines (Palawan?[25]) 100–300 m[25] Vulnerable
Nepenthes ceciliae[26] Gronem., Coritico, Micheler, Marwinski, Acil & V.B.Amoroso[26] 2011[26] Philippines (Mindanao)[26] 1500–1880 m[26]
Nepenthes chang[27] M.Catal.[27] 2010[27] Thailand[27] 300–600 m[27]
Nepenthes chaniana C.Clarke, Chi.C.Lee & S.McPherson 2006 Borneo 1100–1800 m Endangered
Nepenthes cid[5] Jebb & Cheek[5] 2013[5] Philippines (Mindanao)[5] 770 m[5] Critically Endangered[5]
Nepenthes clipeata Danser 1928 Borneo 600–800 m Critically Endangered
Nepenthes copelandii Merr. ex Macfarl. 1908 Philippines (Camiguin?,[28][29][30] Mindanao) 1100–2400 m[15] Data Deficient[19]
Nepenthes cornuta[31] Marwinski, Coritico, Wistuba, Micheler, Gronem., Gieray & V.B.Amoroso[31] 2014[31] Philippines (Mindanao)[31] ~1000 m[31] Vulnerable[31]
Nepenthes danseri Jebb & Cheek 1997 Raja Ampat Islands (Waigeo)[32] 0–320 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes deaniana Macfarl. 1908 Philippines (Palawan) 1180–1296 m Near Threatened
Nepenthes densiflora Danser 1940 Sumatra 1700–3200 m Conservation Dependent
Nepenthes diatas Jebb & Cheek 1997 Sumatra 2400–2900 m Conservation Dependent
Nepenthes distillatoria L. 1753 Sri Lanka 0–700 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes dubia Danser 1928 Sumatra 1600–2700 m Critically Endangered
Nepenthes edwardsiana H.Low ex Hook.f. 1859 Borneo 1600–2700 m[nb 6] Vulnerable
Nepenthes ephippiata Danser 1928 Borneo 1300–2000 m[nb 7] Vulnerable
Nepenthes epiphytica[34] A.S.Rob., Nerz & Wistuba[34] 2011[34] Borneo[34] ~1000 m[34]
Nepenthes eustachya Miq. 1858 Sumatra 0–1600 Least Concern
Nepenthes extincta[35] Jebb & Cheek[35] 2013[35] Philippines (Mindanao)[35] c. 400 m[35] Critically Endangered[35]
Nepenthes eymae Sh.Kurata 1984 Sulawesi 1000–2000 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes faizaliana J.H.Adam & Wilcock 1991 Borneo 400–1600 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes flava Wistuba, Nerz & A.Fleischm. 2007 Sumatra 1800–2200 m
Nepenthes fusca Danser 1928 Borneo 300[36]–2500 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes gantungensis[37] S.McPherson, Cervancia, Chi.C.Lee, Jaunzems, Mey & A.S.Rob.[37] 2010[37] Philippines (Palawan)[37] 1600–1784 m[37] Vulnerable
Nepenthes glabrata J.R.Turnbull & A.T.Middleton 1984 Sulawesi 1600–2100 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes glandulifera Chi.C.Lee 2004 Borneo 1100–1700 m
Nepenthes graciliflora[6] Elmer[6] 1912[6] Philippines (Bohol, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Panay, Samar, Sibuyan)[6] 300–1280 m[6]
Nepenthes gracilis Korth. 1839 Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand

Minor islands: Bangka, Batu Islands, Belitung,[38] Bengkalis, Ko Lanta, Ko Tarutao, Labuan,[39] Langkawi, Mendol, Mentawai Islands (Siberut), Meranti Islands (Padang, Rangsang, Tebing Tinggi), Musala, Nias, Penang, Phuket, Riau Islands (Lingga Islands, Natuna Islands,[9] Riau Archipelago), Rupat[10] 		0–1100 m[nb 8] Least Concern
Nepenthes gracillima Ridl. 1908 Peninsular Malaysia 1400–2000 m[20] Endangered
Nepenthes gymnamphora Reinw. ex Nees 1824 Java, Sumatra 600–2800 m Least Concern
Nepenthes halmahera[32] Cheek[32] 2015[32] Maluku Islands (Halmahera)[32] 10–760 m[32] Critically Endangered[32]
Nepenthes hamata J.R.Turnbull & A.T.Middleton 1984 Sulawesi 1400–2500 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes hamiguitanensis[40] Gronem., Wistuba, V.B.Heinrich, S.McPherson, Mey & V.B.Amoroso[40] 2010[40] Philippines (Mindanao)[40] 1200–1600 m[40] Vulnerable[40]
Nepenthes hemsleyana[41] Macfarl.[41] 1908[41] Borneo[41] 0–200 m[42] Conservation Dependent[43]
Nepenthes hirsuta Hook.f. 1873 Borneo 200–1100 m[nb 9] Conservation Dependent
Nepenthes hispida Beck 1895 Borneo 100–800 m Conservation Dependent
Nepenthes holdenii[45] Mey[45] 2010[45] Cambodia[45] 600–800 m[45] Near Threatened[45]
Nepenthes hurrelliana Cheek & A.L.Lamb 2003 Borneo 1300[36]–2400 m
Nepenthes inermis Danser 1928 Sumatra 1500–2600 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes insignis Danser 1928 New Guinea, Schouten Islands (Biak) 0–850 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes izumiae Troy Davis, C.Clarke & Tamin 2003 Sumatra 1700–1900 m Data Deficient[46]
Nepenthes jacquelineae C.Clarke, Troy Davis & Tamin 2001 Sumatra 1700–2200 m Data Deficient[17][19] / Conservation Dependent[46]
Nepenthes jamban Chi.C.Lee, Hernawati & Akhriadi 2006 Sumatra 1800–2100 m
Nepenthes junghuhnii sensu Macfarl. in sched. nom.nud. 1917 Sumatra 1220 m Data Deficient[19]
Nepenthes kampotiana Lecomte 1909 Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam 0–600 m[20]
Nepenthes kerrii[47] M.Catal. & Kruetr.[47] 2010[47] Thailand

Minor islands: Langkawi?[48] 		400–500 m
Nepenthes khasiana Hook.f. 1873 India 500–1500 m Endangered[19]
Nepenthes kitanglad[35] Jebb & Cheek[35] 2013[35] Philippines (Mindanao)[35] 1800–2100 m[35] Critically Endangered[35]
Nepenthes klossii Ridl. 1916 New Guinea 930[49]–2000 m Endangered
Nepenthes kongkandana M.Catal. & Kruetr.[50] 2015[50] Thailand 0–50 m
Nepenthes kurata[35] Jebb & Cheek[35] 2013[35] Philippines (Mindanao)[35] c. 1400 m[35] Critically Endangered[35]
Nepenthes lamii Jebb & Cheek 1997 New Guinea 3200–3520 m[51] Least Concern
Nepenthes lavicola Wistuba & Rischer 1996 Sumatra 2000–2600 m Critically Endangered
Nepenthes leonardoi[52] S.McPherson, Bourke, Cervancia, Jaunzems & A.S.Rob.[52] 2011[52] Philippines (Palawan)[52] 1300–1490 m[52] Least Concern
Nepenthes leyte[35] Jebb & Cheek[35] 2013[35] Philippines (Leyte)[35] 900 m[35] Critically Endangered[35]
Nepenthes lingulata Chi.C.Lee, Hernawati & Akhriadi 2006 Sumatra 1700–2100 m
Nepenthes longifolia Nerz & Wistuba 1994 Sumatra 300–1100 m Vulnerable[17][19] / Critically Endangered[46]
Nepenthes lowii Hook.f. 1859 Borneo 1650–2600 m[nb 10] Vulnerable
Nepenthes macfarlanei Hemsl. 1905 Peninsular Malaysia 900–2150 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes macrophylla (Marabini) Jebb & Cheek 1997 Borneo 2200–2642 m[nb 11] Critically Endangered
Nepenthes macrovulgaris J.R.Turnbull & A.T.Middleton 1988 Borneo 300–1200 m[nb 12] Vulnerable
Nepenthes madagascariensis Poir. 1797 Madagascar 0–500 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes mantalingajanensis Nerz & Wistuba 2007 Philippines (Palawan) 1700–2085 m Least Concern
Nepenthes mapuluensis J.H.Adam & Wilcock 1990 Borneo 700–800 m Near Threatened
Nepenthes masoalensis Schmid-Hollinger 1977 Madagascar 0–400 m Endangered
Nepenthes maxima Reinw. ex Nees 1824 D'Entrecasteaux Islands,[55] Maluku Islands, New Guinea, Sulawesi

Minor islands: Wowoni?[56] 		40[57]–2600 m Least Concern
Nepenthes merrilliana Macfarl. 1911 Philippines (Dinagat, Mindanao, Samar[58]) 0–1100 m[15] Vulnerable
Nepenthes micramphora V.B.Heinrich, S.McPherson, Gronem. & V.B.Amoroso 2009 Philippines (Mindanao) 1100–1635 m
Nepenthes mikei B.R.Salmon & Maulder 1995 Sumatra 1100–2800 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes mindanaoensis Sh.Kurata 2001 Philippines (Dinagat, Mindanao) 0–1400 m Endangered[19]
Nepenthes mira Jebb & Cheek 1998 Philippines (Palawan) 1550–1605 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes mirabilis (Lour.) Rafarin[59] 1869[59] Australia, Borneo, Cambodia, Caroline Islands (Palau, Yap), China (Guangdong Province, Hainan,[60] Hong Kong, Macau), D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Java, Laos, Louisiade Archipelago, Maluku Islands, Myanmar, New Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines (Dinagat, Mindanao), Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam

Minor islands: Babi, Bangka, Banyak Islands, Batu Islands, Bengkalis, Enggano, Ko Lanta, Ko Tarutao, Langkawi, Mendol, Mentawai Islands (North Pagai, Siberut, Sipura, South Pagai), Meranti Islands (Padang, Rangsang, Tebing Tinggi), Nias, Penang, Phuket, Riau Islands (Lingga Islands, Riau Archipelago), Rupat,[10] Tawi-Tawi,[35] Wowoni?[56] 		0–1500 m Least Concern
Nepenthes mollis Danser 1928 Borneo ~1800 m Data Deficient
Nepenthes monticola[51] A.S.Rob., Wistuba, Nerz, M.Mansur & S.McPherson[51] 2011[51] New Guinea[51] 1400–2620 m[51] Least Concern
Nepenthes muluensis M.Hotta 1966 Borneo 1700–2400 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes murudensis Culham ex Jebb & Cheek 1997 Borneo 2000–2423 m Endangered
Nepenthes naga Akhriadi, Hernawati, Primaldhi & M.Hambali 2009 Sumatra 1500–2000 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes negros[6] Jebb & Cheek[6] 2013[6] Philippines (Biliran, Negros)[6] Critically Endangered[6]
Nepenthes neoguineensis Macfarl. 1911 D'Entrecasteaux Islands, New Guinea, Raja Ampat Islands (Misool?[49]) 0–1400 m Least Concern
Nepenthes nigra[61] Nerz, Wistuba, Chi.C.Lee, Bourke, U.Zimm. & S.McPherson[61] 2011[61] Sulawesi[61] 1500–2700 m[61] Least Concern
Nepenthes northiana Hook.f. 1881 Borneo 0–500 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes ovata Nerz & Wistuba 1994 Sumatra 1700–2100 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes palawanensis[62] S.McPherson, Cervancia, Chi.C.Lee, Jaunzems, Mey & A.S.Rob.[62] 2010[62] Philippines (Palawan)[62] 1100–1236 m[62] Endangered
Nepenthes paniculata Danser 1928 New Guinea ~1460 m Endangered
Nepenthes pantaronensis[31] Gieray, Gronem., Wistuba, Marwinski, Micheler, Coritico & V.B.Amoroso[31] 2014[31] Philippines (Mindanao)[31] "intermediate altitudes"[31] Near Threatened[31]
Nepenthes papuana Danser 1928 New Guinea 0–1300 m Least Concern
Nepenthes peltata Sh.Kurata 2008 Philippines (Mindanao) 865–1635 m
Nepenthes pervillei Blume 1852 Seychelles 350–750 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes petiolata Danser 1928 Philippines (Mindanao) 1450–1900 m Data Deficient[19]
Nepenthes philippinensis Macfarl. 1908 Philippines (Busuanga, Coron, Culion, Linapacan, Palawan)[15][63] 0–600 m Least Concern
Nepenthes pilosa Danser 1928 Borneo ~1600 m Data Deficient
Nepenthes pitopangii Chi.C.Lee, S.McPherson, Bourke & M.Mansur[64] 2009[64] Sulawesi 1400–1800 m[48] Vulnerable
Nepenthes platychila Chi.C.Lee 2002 Borneo 900–1400 m
Nepenthes pulchra[65] Gronem., S.McPherson, Coritico, Micheler, Marwinski & V.B.Amoroso[65] 2011[65] Philippines (Mindanao)[65] 1300–1800 m[65]
Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack 1835 Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra

Minor islands: Bangka, Labuan,[39] Riau Islands (Lingga Islands, Natuna Islands,[9] Riau Archipelago)[10] 		0–1200 m[nb 13] Least Concern
Nepenthes rajah Hook.f. 1859 Borneo 1500–2650 m Endangered
Nepenthes ramispina Ridl. 1909 Peninsular Malaysia 900–2000 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes ramos[66] Jebb & Cheek[66] 2013[66] Philippines (Mindanao)[66] 670 m[66] Critically Endangered[66]
Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miq. 1852 Borneo, Sumatra

Minor islands: Bangka, Mentawai Islands (Siberut), Nias, Riau Islands (Natuna Islands[9])[10] 		0–2200 m Least Concern
Nepenthes rhombicaulis Sh.Kurata 1973 Sumatra 1600–2000 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes rigidifolia Akhriadi, Hernawati & Tamin 2004 Sumatra 1000–1600 m Critically Endangered
Nepenthes robcantleyi Cheek[67] 2011[67] Philippines (Mindanao)[67] ~1800 m[67] Critically Endangered[67]
Nepenthes rosea[68] M.Catal. & Kruetr.[68] 2014[68] Thailand[68] 450–520 m[68]
Nepenthes rowaniae F.M.Bailey 1897 Australia 0–80 m Least Concern
Nepenthes samar[69] Jebb & Cheek[69] 2013[69] Philippines (Samar)[69] "low elevation"[69] Critically Endangered[69]
Nepenthes sanguinea Lindl. 1849 Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand 300–1800 m Conservation Dependent
Nepenthes saranganiensis Sh.Kurata 2003 Philippines (Mindanao) 1800–2100 m
Nepenthes sibuyanensis Nerz 1998 Philippines (Sibuyan) 1250–1500 m[nb 14] Vulnerable
Nepenthes singalana Becc. 1886 Sumatra 2000–2900 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes smilesii Hemsl. 1895 Cambodia,[72] Laos, Thailand, Vietnam[73] 0[72]–1500 m
Nepenthes spathulata Danser 1935 Java, Sumatra 1100–2900 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes spectabilis Danser 1928 Sumatra 1400–2200 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes stenophylla Mast. 1890 Borneo 800–2600 m[nb 15] Least Concern
Nepenthes sumagaya[74] Cheek[74] 2014[74] Philippines (Mindanao)[31] 1600–2247 m[31] Endangered[31]
Nepenthes sumatrana (Miq.) Beck 1895 Sumatra 0–800 m Critically Endangered
Nepenthes suratensis[75] M.Catal.[75] 2010[75] Thailand[75] 0–200 m[48] Critically Endangered
Nepenthes surigaoensis Elmer 1915 Philippines (Mindanao) 800–1200 m[nb 16]
Nepenthes talaandig[31] Gronem., Coritico, Wistuba, Micheler, Marwinski, Gieray & V.B.Amoroso[31] 2014[31] Philippines (Mindanao)[31] ~1000 m[31] Vulnerable[31]
Nepenthes talangensis Nerz & Wistuba 1994 Sumatra 1800–2500 m Endangered
Nepenthes tboli[77] Jebb & Cheek 2014 Philippines (Mindanao) 1463 m
Nepenthes tenax C.Clarke & R.Kruger 2006 Australia 0–80 m Least Concern
Nepenthes tentaculata Hook.f. 1873 Borneo, Sulawesi 400–2550 m Least Concern
Nepenthes tenuis Nerz & Wistuba 1994 Sumatra 1000–1200 m Endangered
Nepenthes thai[22] Cheek[22] 2009[22] Thailand[22] 500–600 m[22] Endangered[22]
Nepenthes thorelii Lecomte 1909 Vietnam 10–20 m[78] Data Deficient
Nepenthes tobaica Danser 1928 Sumatra 380–1800 m[nb 17] Least Concern
Nepenthes tomoriana Danser 1928 Sulawesi 0–500 m Vulnerable
Nepenthes treubiana Warb. 1891 New Guinea, Raja Ampat Islands (Misool?) 0–80 m[nb 18] Least Concern
Nepenthes truncata Macfarl. 1911 Philippines (Dinagat, Leyte, Mindanao)[15] 0–1500 m Endangered
Nepenthes ultra[79] Jebb & Cheek[79] 2013[79] Philippines (Luzon)[79] 1.5–40(–400?) m[79][nb 19] Endangered[79]
Nepenthes undulatifolia[80] Nerz, Wistuba, U.Zimm., Chi.C.Lee, Pirade & Pitopang[80] 2011[80] Sulawesi[80] ~1800 m[80] Data Deficient[80]
Nepenthes veitchii Hook.f. 1859 Borneo 0–1600 m Near Threatened
Nepenthes ventricosa Blanco 1837 Philippines (Luzon, Panay, Sibuyan)[15] 1000–2000 m Near Threatened
Nepenthes vieillardii Hook.f. 1873 New Caledonia 0–850 m Least Concern
Nepenthes villosa Hook.f. 1852 Borneo 1600–3240 m[nb 20] Vulnerable
Nepenthes viridis[81] Micheler, Gronem., Wistuba, Marwinski, W.Suarez & V.B.Amoroso[81] 2013[81] Philippines (Dinagat, Samar)[81]

Minor islands: numerous unspecified islets off Dinagat[81]
Nepenthes vogelii Schuit. & de Vogel 2002 Borneo 1000–1500 m
Nepenthes weda[32] Cheek[32] 2015[32] Maluku Islands (Halmahera)[32] 415–1014 m[32] Critically Endangered[32]
Nepenthes zygon[82] Jebb & Cheek 2014 Philippines (Mindanao)

Incompletely diagnosed taxa

The following undescribed taxa are taken from Pitcher Plants of the Old World and its supplementary volume, New Nepenthes, published in 2011.[48]

Taxon Image Distribution Altitudinal distribution
Nepenthes sp. Anipahan[83] Philippines (Palawan)[83] 1200–1400 m[83]
Nepenthes sp. Luzon[84] Philippines (Luzon)[84] 1220 m[84]
Nepenthes sp. Misool Raja Ampat Islands (Misool) 0–30 m

Nothospecies

Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek recognised the following three nothospecies in their monographs on the genus ("A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)" (1997) and "Nepenthaceae" (2001)). In the recent literature, these taxa have generally been treated as natural hybrids rather than as species.[2][17][23][24] Of the three, N. × kinabaluensis has the strongest claim to species status, as it grows in two large, self-sustaining populations independent of its putative parent species.[23][85] These populations are reportedly true breeding.[23] Jumaat Haji Adam and C. C. Wilcock advocated the recognition of N. × kinabaluensis as a species in a 1998 article.[86]

Nothospecies Parent species Authority Year Image Distribution Altitudinal distribution IUCN conservation status
Nepenthes × hookeriana N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana Hort.Veitch ex Mast. 1881 Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra[36] 0–450 m[7] Least Concern[19]
Nepenthes × kinabaluensis N. rajah × N. villosa Sh.Kurata ex Sh.Kurata 1984 Borneo[36] 2420–3030 m[36] Endangered[19]
Nepenthes × trichocarpa N. ampullaria × N. gracilis Miq. 1858 Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra,[36] Thailand[73] 0–800 m[23] Least Concern[19]

Extinct species

Fossil pollen of various provenance, much of it originally described under the form taxon Droseridites, has been tentatively assigned to Nepenthes by several authors.[87][88][89] The following three species were transferred to the genus Nepenthes by Wilfried Krutzsch in 1985.[87]

Species Authority Year Location Age
Nepenthes echinatus (Hunger) Krutzsch 1985 Europe Palaeocene
Nepenthes echinosporus (R.Potonié) Krutzsch 1985 Europe Palaeocene
Nepenthes major (Krutzsch) Krutzsch 1985 Europe Palaeocene

Some authors consider Droseridites major and D. parvus as synonyms of Nepenthidites laitryngewensis.[90][91]

Pollen from the Kerguelen Islands originally described as D. spinosus has also been interpreted as belonging to Nepenthes.[92]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Under the narrow circumscription of Cheek & Jebb (2013), N. alata is restricted to northern Luzon, with the more southerly plants previously referred to this species actually representing N. graciliflora, N. negros, and N. ramos.[6] This N. alata sensu stricto has an altitudinal distribution of 550 m and above.[6]
  2. ↑ Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give an upper altitudinal limit of 1200 m for N. albomarginata.[7]
  3. ↑ Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) cite a record of N. bicalcarata from Mount Periok in Brunei at c. 1600 m.[7]
  4. ↑ Cheek & Jebb (2001) give a range of 780–1880 m for N. boschiana,[23] while Clarke (1997) gives a range of 900–1880 m.[24]
  5. ↑ Cheek & Jebb (2001) give an upper altitudinal limit of 2250 m for N. burbidgeae,[23] while Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give a range of 1100–2300 m.[7]
  6. ↑ Cheek & Jebb (2001), Clarke (1997) and Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give a lower altitudinal limit of 1500 m for N. edwardsiana.[7][23][24]
  7. ↑ Cheek & Jebb (2001) give a lower altitudinal limit of 1000 m for N. ephippiata.[23] The species has reportedly been collected from Bukit Raya at 2000–2270 m.[7][33]
  8. ↑ Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give an upper altitudinal limit of 1700 m for N. gracilis.[7]
  9. ↑ Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give a range of 150–1500 m for N. hirsuta,[7] while Mansur & Brearley (2008) report finding it at elevations as low as 160 m.[44]
  10. ↑ Cheek & Jebb (2001) give a lower altitudinal limit of 1600 m for N. lowii,[23] while Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give a range of 900–3400 m.[7]
  11. ↑ The lower altitudinal limit of 2000 m given for N. macrophylla in some older sources[53] is apparently incorrect.[2][54]
  12. ↑ Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give a lower altitudinal limit of 250 m for N. macrovulgaris.[7]
  13. ↑ Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give an upper altitudinal limit of 1500 m for N. rafflesiana.[7]
  14. ↑ Rybka, Rybková & Cantley (2005) give a range of 1200–1800 m for N. sibuyanensis,[70] while the authors of the describing paper give a range of 1500–1800 m.[71]
  15. ↑ Mansur & Brearley (2008) report finding N. stenophylla at 400 m.[44]
  16. ↑ Nepenthes surigaoensis may grow as high as 1750 m ("5750 feet" in the original) according to the describing author, Adolph Daniel Edward Elmer.[76]
  17. ↑ Cheek & Jebb (2001) give an upper altitudinal limit of 2750 m for N. tobaica.[23]
  18. ↑ Cheek & Jebb (2001) give an upper altitudinal limit of 500 m for N. treubiana.[23]
  19. ↑ The upper altitudinal limit of 400 m is uncertain as it is based on the figure given on Google Earth for an "inexact grid-reference" associated with a herbarium specimen.[79]
  20. ↑ Nepenthes villosa generally grows at elevations of 2300–3240 m, but is more common at 1600–1900 m on Mount Tambuyukon.[2] Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give an upper altitudinal limit of 3400 m for this species.[7]

References

  1. ↑ IUCN 2009. Nepenthes. In: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. IUCN.
  2. 1 2 3 4 McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  3. ↑ Author Query. International Plant Names Index.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Identification and typification of Nepenthes blancoi, with N. abalata sp. nov. from the western Visayas, Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(2): 151–156. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00012.x
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. The Nepenthes micramphora (Nepenthaceae) group, with two new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Phytotaxa 151(1): 25–34. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.151.1.2
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N. alata group, and N. negros sp. nov. from the Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(5): 616–622. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00099.x
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes alzapan (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines. Phytotaxa 100(1): 57–60. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.100.1.6
  9. 1 2 3 4 (Indonesian) Mansur, M. 2012. Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga dan laju fotosintesisnya di Pulau Natuna. [Diversity on insectivorous plants and its photosynthetic rate in Natuna Island.] Berita Biologi 11(1): 33–42. Abstract
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes andamana M. Catal. sp. nov. In: Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. p. 34.
  12. ↑ McPherson, S.R. 2010. Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lee, C.C., G. Bourke, W. Taylor, S.T. Yeo & K. Rembold 2011. Nepenthes appendiculata, a new pitcher plant from Sarawak. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 24–35.
  14. ↑ Nepenthes armin Jebb & Cheek. International Plant Names Index (IPNI).
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 McPherson, S.R. & V.B. Amoroso 2011. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of the Philippines. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Cheek, M., D.N. Tandang & P.B. Pelser 2015. Nepenthes barcelonae (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines. Phytotaxa 222(2): 145–150. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.222.2.7
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  18. ↑ McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 von Arx, B., J. Schlauer & M. Groves 2001. CITES Carnivorous Plant Checklist. The Cromwell Press, United Kingdom.
  20. 1 2 3 McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  21. ↑ Clarke, C. & C.C. Lee 2012. A revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Gunung Tahan, Peninsular Malaysia. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 64(1): 33–49.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2009. Nepenthes group Montanae (Nepenthaceae) in Indo-China, with N. thai and N. bokor described as new. Kew Bulletin 64(2): 319–325. doi:10.1007/s12225-009-9117-3
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–157.
  24. 1 2 3 Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  25. 1 2 Clarke, C., C.C. Lee & V. Enar 2014. Observations of the natural history and ecology of Nepenthes campanulata. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 43(1): 7–13.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 Gronemeyer, T., F. Coritico, M. Micheler, D. Marwinski, R. Acil & V. Amoroso 2011. Nepenthes ceciliae, a new pitcher plant species from Mount Kiamo, Mindanao. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 412–423.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes chang M. Catal. sp. nov. In: Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. p. 38.
  28. ↑ Co, L. & W. Suarez 2013. Nepenthaceae. Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines.
  29. ↑ Macfarlane, J.M. 1927. The Philippine species of Nepenthes. The Philippine Journal of Science 33(2): 127–140.
  30. ↑ Heinrich, V.B. 2009. Philippines: Volcanoes Nepenthes and more. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, October 28, 2009.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Gronemeyer, T., F. Coritico, A. Wistuba, D. Marwinski, T. Gieray, M. Micheler, F.S. Mey & V. Amoroso 2014. Four new species of Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae) from the central mountains of Mindanao, Philippines. Plants 3(2): 284–303. doi:10.3390/plants3020284
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Cheek, M. 2015. Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) of Halmahera, Indonesia. Blumea 59: 215–225. doi:10.3767/000651915X689091
  33. ↑ Nooteboom, H.P. (ed.) 1987. Report of the 1982–1983 Bukit Raya Expedition. Rijksherbarium, Leiden.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 Robinson, A.S., J. Nerz & A. Wistuba 2011. Nepenthes epiphytica, a new pitcher plant from East Kalimantan. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 36–51.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 69: 1–23. doi:10.5852/ejt.2013.69
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 McPherson, S., J. Cervancia, C. Lee, M. Jaunzems, A. Fleischmann, F. Mey, E. Gironella & A. Robinson 2010. Nepenthes gantungensis (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant species from Mount Gantung, Palawan, Philippines. In: S.R. McPherson Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats. Volume 2. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 1286–1295.
  38. ↑ (Indonesian) Hidayat, S., J. Hidayat, Hamzah, E. Suhandi, Tatang & Ajidin 2003. Analisis vegetasi dua jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga di Padang Pinang Anyang, Pulau Belitung. [Vegetation analysis of two insectivorous plants in Padang Pinang Anyang, Belitung Island.] Biodiversitas 4(2): 93–96.
  39. 1 2 Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new Nepenthes. The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(420): 56.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gronemeyer, T., A. Wistuba, V. Heinrich, S. McPherson, F. Mey & A. Amoroso 2010. Nepenthes hamiguitanensis (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant species from Mindanao Island, Philippines. In: S.R. McPherson Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats. Volume 2. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 1296–1305.
  41. 1 2 3 4 Scharmann, M. & T.U. Grafe 2013. Reinstatement of Nepenthes hemsleyana (Nepenthaceae), an endemic pitcher plant from Borneo, with a discussion of associated Nepenthes taxa. Blumea 58(1): 8–12. doi:10.3767/000651913X668465
  42. ↑ McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  43. ↑ Clarke, C., J.A. Moran & C.C. Lee 2011. Nepenthes baramensis (Nepenthaceae) – a new species from north-western Borneo . Blumea 56(3): 229–233. doi:10.3767/000651911X607121
  44. 1 2 Mansur, M. & F.Q. Brearley 2008. Ecological studies on Nepenthes at Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 9(3): 271–276.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mey, F.S., M. Catalano, C. Clarke, A. Robinson, A. Fleischmann & S. McPherson 2010. Nepenthes holdenii (Nepenthaceae), a new species of pyrophytic pitcher plant from the Cardamom Mountains of Cambodia. In: S.R. McPherson Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats. Volume 2. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 1306–1331.
  46. 1 2 3 Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor.
  47. 1 2 3 Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes kerrii M. Catal. et T. Kruetr. sp. nov. In: Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. p. 32.
  48. 1 2 3 4 McPherson, S.R. 2011. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  49. 1 2 McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Australia and New Guinea. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  50. 1 2 (Italian) Catalano, M. 2015. Nepenthes kongkandana, da ufficiosa ad ufficiale. AIPC Magazine 37: 4–11.
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Robinson, A., J. Nerz, A. Wistuba, M. Mansur & S. McPherson 2011. Nepenthes lamii Jebb & Cheek, an emended description resulting from the separation of a two-species complex, and the introduction of Nepenthes monticola, a new species of highland pitcher plant from New Guinea. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 522–555.
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 McPherson, S., G. Bourke, J. Cervancia, M. Jaunzems, E. Gironella, A. Robinson & A. Fleischmann 2011. Nepenthes leonardoi (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant species from Palawan, Philippines. Carniflora Australis 8(1): 4–19.
  53. ↑ Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
  54. ↑ Bourke, G. 2007. Exploring the upper reaches of Gunung Trus Madi. Carniflora Australis (9): 9–16.
  55. ↑ Jebb, M.H.P. 1991. An account of Nepenthes in New Guinea. Science in New Guinea 17(1): 7–54.
  56. 1 2 (Indonesian) Sunarti, S., A. Hidayat & Rugayah 2008. Keanekaragaman tumbuhan di hutan Pegunungan Waworete, Kecamatan Wawonii Timur, Pulau Wawonii, Sulawesi Tenggara. [Plants diversity at the mountain forest of Waworete, East Wawonii District, Wawonii Island, Southeast Sulawesi.] Biodiversitas 9(3): 194–198.
  57. ↑ Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba 2000. Nepenthes maxima. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. IUCN.
  58. ↑ Robinson, A. 2012. Nepenthes merrilliana on Samar. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, June 29, 2012.
  59. 1 2 Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes mirabilis. Carnivorous Plant Database.
  60. ↑ Nepenthes mirabilis. Flora of China.
  61. 1 2 3 4 5 Nerz, J., A. Wistuba, C.C. Lee, G. Bourke, U. Zimmermann & S. McPherson 2011. Nepenthes nigra, a new pitcher plant from Central Sulawesi. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 468–491.
  62. 1 2 3 4 5 McPherson, S., J. Cervancia, C. Lee, M. Jaunzems, A. Fleischmann, F. Mey, E. Gironella & A. Robinson 2010. Nepenthes palawanensis (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant species from Sultan Peak, Palawan Island, Philippines. In: S.R. McPherson Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats. Volume 2. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 1332–1339.
  63. ↑ McPherson, S.R. 2011. Observations of Nepenthes philippinensis and related taxa. In: New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 382–395.
  64. 1 2 Lee, C.C., S. McPherson, G. Bourke & M. Mansur 2009. Nepenthes pitopangii (Nepenthaceae), a new species from central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 61(1): 95–100.
  65. 1 2 3 4 5 Gronemeyer, T., S. McPherson, F. Coritico, M. Micheler, D. Marwinski & V. Amoroso 2011. Nepenthes pulchra, a new pitcher plant species from Mount Kiamo, Mindanao. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 424–439.
  66. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes ramos (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Willdenowia 43(1): 107–111. doi:10.3372/wi.43.43112
  67. 1 2 3 4 5 Cheek, M. 2011. Nepenthes robcantleyi sp. nov. (Nepenthaceae) from Mindanao, Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 29(6): 677–681. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2011.01449.x
  68. 1 2 3 4 5 (Italian) Catalano, M. 2014. Nepenthes rosea, una nuova specie dalla Thailandia peninsulare. AIPC Magazine 36: 24–31.
  69. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes samar (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Samar, Philippines. Blumea 58(1): 82–84. doi:10.3767/000651913X673513
  70. ↑ Rybka, V., R. Rybková & R. Cantley 2005. Nepenthes argentii on Sibuyan Island. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 34(2): 47–50.
  71. ↑ Nerz, J., P. Mann, T. Alt & T. Smith 1998. Nepenthes sibuyanensis, a new Nepenthes from Sibuyan, a remote island of the Philippines. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 27(1): 18–23.
  72. 1 2 Mey, F.S. 2010. Introduction to the pitcher plants (Nepenthes) of Cambodia. Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010(2): 106–117.
  73. 1 2 (Italian) Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague.
  74. 1 2 3 Cheek, M. 2014. Nomen novum Nepenthes. Planta Carnivora 36(2): 44–45.
  75. 1 2 3 4 Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes suratensis M. Catal. sp. nov. In: Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. p. 36.
  76. ↑ Elmer, A.D.E. 1915. Nepenthaceae. [pp. 2785–2787] In: Two hundred twenty six new species—II. Leaflets of Philippine Botany 8: 2719–2883.
  77. ↑ Nepenthes tboli Jebb & Cheek. International Plant Names Index (IPNI).
  78. ↑ Mey, F.S., L.H. Truong, D.V. Dai & A.S. Robinson 2011. Nepenthes thorelii, an emended description and novel ecological data resulting from its rediscovery in Tay Ninh, Vietnam. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 104–131.
  79. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes ultra (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines. Blumea, published online on October 24, 2013. doi:10.3767/000651913X675124
  80. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lee, C.C., A. Wistuba, J. Nerz, U. Zimmermann, A.P. Paserang & R. Pitopang 2011. Nepenthes undulatifolia, a new pitcher plant from South East Sulawesi. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 492–505.
  81. 1 2 3 4 5 (German) Micheler, M., T. Gronemeyer, A. Wistuba, D. Marwinski, W. Suarez & V. Amoroso 2013. Nepenthes viridis, eine neue Nepenthes-Art von der Insel Dinagat, Philippinen. Das Taublatt 76: 4–21.
  82. ↑ Nepenthes zygon Jebb & Cheek. International Plant Names Index (IPNI).
  83. 1 2 3 McPherson, S.R. 2011. The discovery of Nepenthes sp. 'Anipahan'. In: New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 330–345.
  84. 1 2 3 McPherson, S.R. 2011. Discovery of an incompletely diagnosed pitcher plant from Luzon. In: New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 457–459.
  85. ↑ Jebb, M. 1994. NEPENTHES revision for Flora Malesiana. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 9, 1994.
  86. ↑ Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1998 ['1996']. Pitcher plants of Mt. Kinabalu in Sabah. The Sarawak Museum Journal 50(71): 145–171.
  87. 1 2 Krutzsch, W. 1985. Über Nepenthes-Pollen im europäischen Tertiär. Gleditschia 13: 89–93.
  88. ↑ Krutzsch, W. 1989. Paleogeography and historical phytogeography (paleochorology) in the Neophyticum. Plant Systematics and Evolution 162(1–4): 5–61. doi:10.1007/BF00936909
  89. ↑ Anderson, J.A.R. & J. Muller 1975. Palynological study of a Holocene peat and a Miocene coal deposit from NW Borneo. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 19(4): 291–351.
  90. ↑ Kumar, M. 1995. Pollen tetrads from Palaeocene sediments of Meghalaya, India: comments on their morphology, botanical affinity and geological records. Palaeobotanist 43(1): 68–81.
  91. ↑ Saxena, R.K. & G.K. Trivedi 2006. A Catalogue of Tertiary Spores and Pollen from India. Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow.
  92. ↑ Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology (Stuttgart) 3(2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897
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