Merchandise Mart

This article is about the building in Chicago, Illinois. For other subjects, see Merchandise Mart (disambiguation).
Merchandise Mart
General information
Type Mixed
Location 222 Merchandise Mart Plaza, 60654
Chicago, Illinois
Coordinates 41°53′18″N 87°38′08″W / 41.8884°N 87.6355°W / 41.8884; -87.6355Coordinates: 41°53′18″N 87°38′08″W / 41.8884°N 87.6355°W / 41.8884; -87.6355
Construction started August 16, 1928
Completed 1930
Opening 1930
Owner Vornado Realty Trust
Height
Roof 340 ft (100 m)
Technical details
Floor count 18 base, 25 tower
Floor area 4,000,000 square feet (372,000 m2)
Design and construction
Architect Graham, Anderson, Probst and White
Main contractor John W. Griffiths & Sons

The Merchandise Mart (or the Merch Mart, or the Mart) is a commercial building located in the Near North Side of Chicago, Illinois, United States. When it opened in 1930, it was the largest building in the world, with 4,000,000 square feet (372,000 m2) of floor space.[1][2] The art deco landmark is located at the junction of the Chicago River's branches. The building is a leading retailing and wholesale destination, hosting 20,000 visitors and tenants per day as of the late 2000s.[3][4]

Built by Marshall Field & Co. and later owned for over half a century by the Kennedy family, the Mart centralized Chicago's wholesale goods business by consolidating architectural and interior design vendors and trades under a single roof.[2] It has since become home to several other enterprises, including the Shops at the Mart, the Chicago campus of the Illinois Institute of Art, Motorola Mobility, and the Chicago tech startup center 1871.[5]

The Merchandise Mart is so large that it had its own ZIP code (60654) until 2008, when the Postal Service assigned it to with part of the surrounding area.[6][7] In 2010, the building opened its Design Center showrooms to the public for the first time.[8]

History

Construction and context

Merchandise Mart under construction, 1929

In 1926, a westward extension of double-deck Wacker Drive increased development on the south riverbank. In 1927, Marshall Field & Co. announced its plans to build on the north bank opposite Wacker Drive. The site, bordered by Orleans Street, Wells Street, Kinzie Street and the Chicago River, was formerly a Native American trading post and the site of Chicago and North Western Railway's former Wells Street Station, abandoned in 1911 in favor of the Chicago and North Western Passenger Terminal.[1] With the railroad's air rights, the site was large enough to accommodate "the largest building in the world".[9] Removing the train yard supported the Chicago Plan Commission's desire to develop and beautify the riverfront.

James Simpson, president of Marshall Field & Co. from 1923 to 1930 and chairman of the Chicago Plan Commission from 1926 to 1935, turned the first shovels of dirt at groundbreaking on August 16, 1928, along with architect Ernest Graham. General contractor John W. Griffiths & Sons brought building construction into the machine age through the use of techniques "ordinarily used in the construction of big dams."[3] Cement arriving by boat was lifted by compressed air to bins 75 feet (20 m) above the ground, with gravel and sand delivered by railroad cars to conveyor belts and transfer elevators. Giant mixers provided wet concrete to skip hoists in vertical towers that were extended as the building rose. Continuously employing 2,500 men and as many as 5,700 men altogether, the construction project lasted a year and a half into the early months of the Great Depression. With a foundation footprint of nearly two square city blocks, the building required 29 million bricks, 40 miles (64 km) of plumbing, 380 miles (610 km) of wiring, nearly 4,000,000 cubic yards (3,100,000 m3) of concrete, 200,000 cubic feet (5,700 m3) of stone, and 4,000 windows.[1][10] Bethlehem Steel fabricated much of the 60,000 tons of steel.[11] An estimated 7.5 miles (10 km) of corridors and over 30 elevators were included in the construction.[1][12]

Ownership

The Merchandise Mart opened on May 5, 1930, just east of Chicago's original trading post, Wolf Point.[10]

The building realized Marshall Field’s dream of a single wholesale center for the entire nation and consolidated 13 different warehouses. It was later managed by Sargent Shriver, then was owned for more than 50 years by the Kennedy family through Merchandise Mart Properties, Inc. until 1998. That year, MMPI was acquired by Vornado Realty Trust for $450 million cash and a $100 million-plus stake in Vornado.[13][14] As of early 2007, the building was valued at $917 million.[15]

Expansions and renovations

Night view of the building's surroundings along the Chicago River: Among the buildings and structures shown are (left to right) Left Bank at K Station (300 North Canal), 333 North Canal, Kinzie Street railroad bridge, 350 West Mart Center, Merchandise Mart, 300 North LaSalle, Franklin Street Bridge and part of 333 Wacker Drive.

The Merchandise Mart was modernized in the late 1950s and 1960s. The Indian chiefs were removed and replaced with concrete plates in 1961, of minimal note to onlookers as skyscrapers did not rise on the north side of the river as predicted. Some of the carvings were later found in a suburban backyard and auctioned in 2014.[16][17] In 1962, an entrance canopy was constructed over the south for vehicle use.

In 1977, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill designed the Chicago Apparel Center, located on the west side of Orleans Street, which increased the Merchandise Mart’s total floor space to 6,200,000 square feet (580,000 m2). Making use of plazas, esplanades and overlooks employed the waterfront location for pedestrian pleasure. In 1988, Helmut Jahn designed an enclosed pedestrian walking bridge over Orleans Street connecting the Mart and the Apparel Center.[9]

After a 10-year, $100 million modernization in the late 1980s that included public utility upgrades, Beyer Blinder Belle's commission in 1989 was to create additional perimeter entrances and restore the display windows, main entrance and lobby.[4][18] On the south facade, the drive-through canopy was removed and two smaller doorways aside the main entrance were added. Display windows, painted over during the earlier modernization campaign, were restored with clear glass to showcase merchant's wares. New main and corner entrances were added to the rear facade, and the loading dock that occupied the north portion of the first floor of the river level was removed in order to use the bottom deck of North Bank Drive. Improvements to the lobby included restoration of the original glass curtain wall over the entrance, shop fronts and reception desk using terrazzo floors and wall sconces influenced by the original design.[3][4] The project was completed in 1991.

In November 2007, the building received LEED for Existing Buildings Silver recognition.[19]

Building

From the Chicago River, looking west
The sign on the building

The Merchandise Mart was designed by the Chicago architectural firm of Graham, Anderson, Probst and White to be a "city within a city".[14] Second only to Holabird & Root in Chicago art deco architecture, the firm had a long-standing relationship with the Field family. Started in 1928, completed in 1931, and built in the same art deco style as the Chicago Board of Trade Building, its cost was reported as both $32 million and $38 million. The building was the largest in the world in terms of floorspace, but was surpassed by the Pentagon in 1943,[20] and now stands forty-fourth on the list of largest buildings in the world. Once the largest commercial space in the world, New Century Global Center in China is now recognized by Guinness World Records as holding the record.[21]

Architecture

Designer Alfred Shaw integrated art deco stylings with influences from three building types—the warehouse, the department store and the skyscraper.[3] A warehouse block stands as the 18-story bulk of the building. Ribbon piers define the windows, and the building's chamfered corners, minimal setbacks, and corner pavilions disguise the edges of the mass and visually reduce bulk.[3] The south corner pavilions are of greater height than the north corner pavilions. The building is open at the pedestrian level with bronzed framed display windows, typical of a department store, on the south, west and east boundaries. The 25-story central tower ascends with a peak in the form of a skyscraper, and rests in the southern half of the building. Deeply recessed portals occur between raised panels, and are adorned with medallions featuring the interlocked initials of the Merchandise Mart. The same logo occurs throughout the building. Fifty six American Indian chiefs circled the tower's crown, a reference to the site's history and Chicago's early trade activities. Three and a half feet wide by seven feet tall, the terra cotta figures were barely visible from the street, meant to be viewed from the upper floors of the skyscrapers planned to rise along the riverbank.[3]

The lobby of The Merchandise Mart is defined by eight square marble piers, with storefronts in side aisles framed in embossed bronze trim. The green and orange terrazzo floor was conceived as a carpet: a pattern of squares and stripes bordered by overscaled chevrons inlaid with The Mart's initials. The chevron theme is continued in the column sconces lighting an ornamented cornice overhead. Referred to as "business boulevards", two wide 650 feet (200 m) long corridors with terrazzo floors in the upper levels featured six and one-half miles of display windows. Building regulations specified identical entrances along corridors but tenants could personalize the individual floor space. Excepting the corridors, elevator halls, and exhibition space on the fourth floor, the 5 acres (20,000 m2) of each upper floor was "raw space" with concrete floors.[3]

Artwork

Jules Guerin's frieze of 17 murals is the primary feature of the lobby and graphically illustrate commerce throughout the world, including the countries of origin for items sold in the building.[14] The murals depict the industries and products, the primary mode of transportation and the architecture of 14 countries. Drawing on years as a stage set designer, Guerin executed the murals in red with gold leaf using techniques producing distinct image layers in successive planes. In a panel representing Italy, Venetian glassware appears in the foreground with fishing boats moored on the Grand Canal and the facade of the Palazzo Ducale rises above the towers of the Piazza San Marco.[22]

"To immortalize outstanding American merchants", Joseph Kennedy in 1953 commissioned eight bronze busts, four times life size, which would come to be known as the Merchandise Mart Hall of Fame:[10][12]

All of the busts rest on white pedestals lining the Chicago River and face north toward the gold front door of the building.

Surroundings

Plaza in front of the Merchandise Mart

Dominating the skyline in the south end of the Near North Side, the Mart lies just south of the gallery district on the southern terminus of Franklin Street. Eateries and nightclubs abound on Hubbard Street one block to the north. The Kinzie Chophouse, popular with politicians and celebrities, stands on the northwest corner of Wells and Kinzie, across from the Merchandise Mart. The Chicago Varnish Company Building, listed on the National Register of Historic Places and now housing Harry Caray's restaurant, is located east on Kinzie Street. Across the street to the east is 325 N. Wells Street, home to The Chicago School of Professional Psychology and DIRTT Environmental Solutions.

The Mart is not rectangular in shape due to being constructed after the bascule bridges over the Chicago River. The control house for the double decked Wells Street Bridge stands between the lower level and the southeast corner of the building. The Franklin Street Bridge stands at the southwest corner of the building, at the junction of Orleans Street and Franklin Street. The building slants at the same angle as Franklin Street, from southeast to northwest along Orleans Street.

Exterior lighting

A heritage of lighting the structure finds the central and corner towers, along with the columns between each window on the setbacks, bathed nightly in an upwardly focused white light. Tradition dictates annual changes to green in mid-March for St. Patrick's Day and orange during the fall months around Halloween and Thanksgiving. Prominent events have found the behemoth lit in pink for Cancer Awareness Month. To note the 2006 Chicago Bears season, highlighted by reaching Super Bowl XLI, the building was lit with team colors, orange floodlights for the setbacks and blue floodlights for the towers. Red and green lights are used during the Christmas season. During the Art Chicago 2008 the American artist Jenny Holzer illuminated the facade of the building with a poem by the Polish winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature Wisława Szymborska.

Nighttime lighting on the Mart typically matches the colors of antenna lighting on the Sears Tower and John Hancock Center, as well as the colors used on the top floors of the Aon Center.

Uses

Commerce

A display inside the Merchandise Mart

Wholesale showrooms occupy 50% of the usable floor space,[1] and the Sultan of Brunei once spent $1.6 million at the Mart to furnish his entire palace, claiming the location was the only place where the task could be completed in one week.[14] Select showrooms are open only to wholesalers, with others accessible to the general public. Unlike stores with traditional shelf and rack displays, entire usable rooms are created, providing consumers an opportunity to compare form and function between applications and manufacturers. A portion of the stores offer items for purchase singly or as a collection, while others offer design services, preservation, renovation, or installation. In addition to being a resource for architects and decorators, the Mart also has featured award-winning designs as selected by the American Institute of Architects. Catering to suppliers, on-site firms specialize in providing professional services for market research projects.

In 1931, Marshall Field and Company lost five million dollars, followed by eight million in 1932.[20] The wholesale division was greatly reduced and Field's reduced its space in the Mart from four floors to one and half. The Mart continued to display the latest trends in home furnishings within the showrooms and trade shows. The company recovered late in the decade, but did not return to all previously occupied space.

In 1942, L. L. Skaggs formed a partnership with three other men and named the partnership the Owners Service Company, hence Osco. The headquarters moved from Waterloo, Iowa, to the Merchandise Mart.

A retail shopping area, opened in 1991 and named The Shops at the Mart, includes apparel shops, beauty services, bookstores and newsstands, financial services, telecommunication services, travel services, specialty food and wine stores, photo services, a dry cleaner, shoe shine stand, and a food court. A United States Postal Service office is located on the first floor and a FedEx location is on the second floor.[23]

The Apparel Center houses the 521-room Holiday Inn Chicago Mart Plaza River North hotel, the offices of the Chicago Sun-Times and the Chicago campus of the Illinois Institute of Art, as well as the Chicago office of the Ogilvy & Mather advertising agency. GoHealth occupies 93,000 square feet (8,600 m2) on the 5th floor of Merchandise Mart, the Potbelly Sandwich Works' corporate offices are located in the tower.[24] Motorola Mobility moved its headquarters to the Merchandise Mart in 2014.[25]

Trade fairs

"NeoCon" redirects here. NeoCon may also refer to Neoconservatism.

Since 1969, the Merchandise Mart has been home to the annual National Exposition of Contract Furnishings, known as NeoCon. With over 1,000 exhibitors of contract and commercial furnishings, and 50,000 attendees, it is the largest trade show of its kind in North America.[26]

Since 2006 the Merchandise Mart has played host to the Art Chicago international art fair.[27]

The Merchandise Mart also hosts The Chicago Market, a quarterly trade show for the gift & home industry, each January, March, July and September. The Market showcases thousands of gift and home lines in hundreds of showrooms on the 13th and 14th floor who are joined by more than 500 temporary exhibitors in January and July.[28]

Mass media

Radio

Before the location even opened, NBC announced plans to build studios in the Mart. When opened on October 20, 1930, the nineteenth floor location covered 65,000 square feet (6,000 m2) and supported a variety of live broadcasts including those requiring orchestras. WENR and WMAQ broadcast from the location. Expanded in 1935, with office space in the previously unoccupied tower, the additional 11,500 square feet (1,070 m2) provided room for an organ chamber, two echo rooms, and a total of 11 studios. A staff of more than 300 produced up to 1,700 programs each month, including Amos 'n' Andy.[29][30][31]

Hugh Downs contributed to the Burr Tillstrom children's show Kukla, Fran and Ollie from the NBC studios after the network picked up the program from WBKB. The Captain Midnight radio program was broadcast from the Mart from 1942 until 1945.

WMAQ and WMAQ-TV moved to the NBC Tower in 1990 (even though the radio station had been sold to Westinghouse Broadcasting two years earlier). (Today, the former NBC space is being utilized by Tribeca Flashpoint Media Arts Academy as a learning site for Film + Broadcast productions.) WMAQ's former sister FM station, WKQX, stayed at the Merchandise Mart; renamed WIQI, as of May 2012 it still occupies space on the west side of the second floor, along with co-owned WLUP. As of 2014 WKQX has returned to its former Merchandise Mart location. WKQX is expected to move to a new facility at NBC Tower by summer 2016.

Television

On January 7, 1949, NBC station WNBQ commercially debuted its television broadcast schedule on channel 5, with a minimum of two hours of programming per day. April 15, 1956, is remembered as "C-Day" at WMAQ-TV, and was described by Broadcasting-Telecasting magazine as "a daring breakthrough the black-and-white curtain." With Mayor Richard J. Daley looking on, NBC President David Sarnoff operated the controls as Channel 5 became the world's first all-color TV station as "Wide, Wide World" was broadcast to 110 NBC-TV affiliated stations across the country. The color conversion project cost more than $1,250,000 with advertising costing $175,000. On "C-Day", three skywriting planes flew over the city, trailing streams of red, green and blue smoke.

WMAQ-TV first installed color equipment in late 1953, with the Rose Bowl parade of 1954 as the first major broadcast. Introduced in March 1955, the first local color program was John Ott's "How Does Your Garden Grow?", featuring the use of time-lapse color film.

Although WMAQ-TV has since moved to NBC Tower about a mile away, and for the most part the 19th floor of the Mart has been turned into office space, one former tenant (Bankers Life and Trust Company) maintained a remnant of the original studios as their video and multimedia department. The former WMAQ space is currently being redeveloped by Flashpoint Academy as a full modern soundstage facility as well as a screening room, backlot, and classroom space over the 19th and 20th floors.

Local regional sports network Comcast SportsNet Chicago has their control room, and broadcasts their live studio programming from the Apparel Center expansion; the studios had been home to previous RSNs FSN Chicago and SportsChannel Chicago.[24]

Chicago 'L' station

Merchandise Mart 'L' station

Built in under four months and opened on December 5, 1930, the Merchandise Mart elevated train station served the Main Line of the North Side Division.[18] The station is now noted for being one of two commercial locations to have its own station on the Chicago Transit Authority's 'L' system.[1] The station is now served by the Brown and Purple Lines.[18] An ADA accessible station, the turnstiles are located within the building on the second floor, while the platforms are connected to the east side of the building. The northbound platform is accessed by an overhead bridge or elevator. It was rebuilt in 1988, prior to the Wells Street Bridge reconstruction in 1989.

The Merchandise Mart housed the CTA's headquarters on the 7th floor from 1947 to 2004.[14][18]

Cultural involvement

In popular culture

See also

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Marchitecture". merchandisemart.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
  2. 1 2 "Architects". merchandisemart.com. Archived from the original on October 24, 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Building of the Mart". merchandisemart.com. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
  4. 1 2 3 "Architects - Beyer". merchandisemart.com. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
  5. ↑ "How 1871 Has Changed Chicago’s Startup World One Year Later". NBC Chicago. 2013-05-13. Retrieved 2014-06-08.
  6. ↑ Zimmerman, Karla; Dunford, Lisa; Cavalieri, Nate (2008). Chicago City Guide. Lonely Planet. p. 63. ISBN 978-1741047677.
  7. ↑ Lyons, Margaret (April 25, 2008). "ZIP It, ZIP It Good". Chicagoist.
  8. ↑ Grant, Barri LLeinier (March 10, 2011). "A Guide to Shopping the Merchandise Mart". Chicago.
  9. 1 2 "History of the Mart". merchandisemart.com. Archived from the original on 2007-06-02. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
  10. 1 2 3 "Merchandise Mart Office Retail". merchandisemart.com. Retrieved 2007-07-19.
  11. ↑ "Bethlehem Steel: The Rise and Fall of an Industrial Giant". The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  12. 1 2 Kennedy, Christopher G. (October 22, 1999). "A lot of Merchandise". Chicago Sun-Times.
  13. ↑ "Kennedy Family Selling Merchandise Mart To Vornado Realty". Chicago Tribune. Bloomberg News. January 26, 1998.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Merchandise Mart, Chicago". emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-07-19.
  15. ↑ "Merchandise Mart’s value soars in 9 years". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved 2007-09-09.
  16. ↑ "Lost Pieces of Merchandise Mart Found in a Suburban Garden". Chicago Architecture. May 22, 2014.
  17. ↑ "Suburban Woman Selling Indian Heads That Once Adorned Merchandise Mart". WBBM News. May 26, 2014.
  18. 1 2 3 4 "Merchandise Mart". chicago-l.org. May 15, 2006.
  19. ↑ The Merchandise Mart Chicago Receives LEED Silver Certification greenprogress.com.
  20. 1 2 "Marchitecture Marshall Field". merchandisemart.com. Retrieved 2007-07-19.
  21. ↑ Pope, Elizabeth (2005-04-15). "Wall Street of Flowers". American Airlines. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
  22. ↑ "Marchitecture Murals". merchandisemart.com. Retrieved 2007-07-19.
  23. ↑ "Merchandise Mart in Chicago". Chicago Tribune. 2007-07-20.
  24. 1 2 "Tenant Newsletter". Merchandise Mart Properties, Inc. 2007-08-08.
  25. ↑ Companies Say Goodbye to the 'Burbs
  26. ↑ http://www.neocon.com/show_info/ab_history.cfm
  27. ↑ Misha Davenport, "On With the Art Show -- At the Mart", Chicago Sun-Times, Thursday, April 27, 2006, p. 8
  28. ↑ http://www.shopchicagomarket.com
  29. ↑ "WMAQ Studio F". Samuels. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
  30. ↑ "A Tour of the 1930 NBC Studios". Samuels. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
  31. ↑ "Birdseye, cut-away view of the NBC studios". Samuels. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
  32. ↑ "Merchandise Mart in Chicago". chicagotribune.com. 2007-07-20.
  33. ↑ "Art Chicago 2007". merchandisemart.com. 2007-07-19.
  34. 1 2 "Movies Made in Illinois". learnaboutmovieposters.com. 2007-07-10.
  35. ↑ "Filming at the intersection of culture and commerce". chicagobusiness.com. 2007-07-10.
  36. ↑ IMDb, "The Merchandise Mart"
  37. ↑ Chicago Architecture Foundation – Frommer's (official website).
  38. ↑ "The Fugitive Script - Dialogue Transcript".

Further reading

External links

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