Near-open central vowel
| Near-open central unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ɐ | |
| IPA number | 324 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) |
ɐ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0250 |
| X-SAMPA |
6 |
| Kirshenbaum |
&" |
| Braille |
  |
| Sound | |
 source · help | |
The near-open central vowel, or near-low central vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɐ⟩, a rotated lowercase letter a.
While the IPA does not specify the rounding of [ɐ],[1] the rounded variant of it is extremely rare - it has been reported to occur as a phoneme only in the Sabiny language, which contrasts overshort unrounded and overshort rounded near-open central vowels.[2][3]
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
Near-open central unrounded vowel
The near-open central unrounded vowel is the most common type of the near-open central vowel, and is thus typically transcribed simply as ⟨ɐ⟩, which is the convention used in this article. If its unroundedness needs to be specified, it can be done by adding the less rounded diacritic to the near-open central vowel symbol: ⟨ɐ̜⟩, by combining the lowered diacritic with the open-mid central unrounded vowel symbol: ⟨ɜ̞⟩, by combining the centralized diacritic with the near-open front unrounded vowel symbol: ⟨æ̈⟩, or by combining the mid-centralized diacritic with either the open front unrounded vowel symbol: ⟨a̽⟩, or with the open back unrounded vowel: ⟨ɑ̽⟩. The last two symbols are equivalent to the more complex symbols ⟨ä̝⟩ and ⟨ɑ̝̈⟩, respectively.
Features
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- Its vowel height is near-open, also known as near-low, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to an open vowel, but is slightly more constricted – that is, the tongue is positioned similarly to a low vowel, but slightly higher.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans[4][5] | dak | [dɐk] | 'roof' | See Afrikaans phonology | |
| Arabic[6] | قطة | [qɐtˤ.tˤɐ] | 'cat' | Allophone of long and short /a/ for Persian Gulf speakers. See Arabic phonology | |
| Bulgarian[7] | пара | [pɐˈra] | 'coin' | Unstressed allophone of /ɤ/ and /a/.[7] See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan | Barcelona metropolitan area[8][9] | emmagatzemar | [ɐm(ː)ɐɰɐd͡z̺ɐˈmä] | 'to store' | Corresponds to [ə] in other dialects. See Catalan phonology |
| Chinese | Cantonese | 心/ sam1 | [sɐm˥] | 'heart' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Czech | Bohemian[10] | prach | [prɐx] | 'dust' | Possible realization of /a/.[10] See Czech phonology |
| Dawsahak | [nɐ] | 'to give' | |||
| Dutch | Limburg | letter | [ˈlɛtɐ] | 'letter' | Corresponds to /ər/ in standard Dutch. |
| Eastern Flemish Brabant | |||||
| The Hague | |||||
| Twente | |||||
| English | California[11] | nut | [nɐt] | 'nut' | ⟨ʌ⟩ may be used to transcribe this vowel. For most Australians it is fully open [ä], the same is true for some South Africans. In New Zealand it may be fronted [ɐ̟] or somewhat lower [ä].[12] See English phonology |
| Cultivated Australian | |||||
| New Zealand[12][13] | |||||
| Received Pronunciation[14] | |||||
| South African | |||||
| Scottish[15] | stack | [stɐ̟k] | 'stack' | Fronted; corresponds to [æ] in other dialects, and also [ɑː] in some other dialects. | |
| Cockney[16][17] | stuck | 'stuck' | Fronted; may be [a] instead. | ||
| Inland Northern American[18] | bet | [bɐt] | 'bet' | Variation of /ɛ/ used in some places whose accents have undergone the Northern cities vowel shift. | |
| German | Standard[19] | oder |  [ˈʔoːdɐ] | 'or' | Allophone of /ər/ used in many dialects. See German phonology |
| Greek[20] | ακακία/akakía | [ɐkɐˈci.ɐ] | 'acacia' | Most often transcribed in IPA as ⟨a⟩. See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hindustani[21] | दस/دَس | [ˈd̪ɐs] | 'ten' | Common realization of /ə/.[21] See Hindustani phonology | |
| Ibibio[22] | [dɐ́] | 'stand' | Typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨a⟩.[22] | ||
| Kaingang[23] | [ˈᵑɡɐ] | 'terra' | Varies between central [ɐ] and back [ɑ].[24] | ||
| Korean[25] | 발/bal | [pɐl] | 'foot' | Somewhat lowered. Typically transcribed as /a/. See Korean phonology | |
| Lombard | Sant | [ˈsɐnt] | 'saint' | ||
| Luxembourgish[26][27] | Mauer | [ˈmɑ̝ʊ̯ɐ] | 'wall' | Allophone of unstressed word-final /eʀ/ and non-prevocalic coda /ʀ/. In the latter case, it may be realized as mid [ə] instead.[27] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Mapudungun[28] | karü | [ˈkɐ̝ʐɘ̝] | 'green' | Somewhat raised.[28] | |
| Norwegian | Bergensk | kor | [kʰɔɐ̯] | 'where' | Stigmatized realization of coda /r/. See Norwegian phonology |
| Sandnes-mål[29] | baden | [ˈbɐːdən] | 'child' | ||
| Portuguese | Fluminense | açúcar | [ɐˈsukɐχ] | 'sugar' | In complementary distribution with [a].[30] Raised to [ɜ ~ ɜ̝] in other variants, and in many contexts (particularly if nasalized). See Portuguese phonology |
| General Brazilian[30] | aranha-marrom | [aˈɾɜ̃j̃ɐ maˈχõ̞ː] | 'recluse spider' | ||
| European[31] | pão | [pɐ̃w̃] | 'bread' | Stressed vowel, mostly as a phonemic nasal vowel (when not followed by a nasal stop). Raised otherwise. | |
| Romanian | Moldavian dialects[32] | bărbat | [bɐrˈbat] | 'man' | Corresponds to [ə] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Russian[33] | голова | [ɡəɫ̪ɐˈva] | 'head' | Occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology | |
| Sabiny[2] | Contrasts overshort unrounded and overshort rounded near-open central vowels.[3] | ||||
| Sema[34] | ala | [ɐ̀lɐ̀] | 'path' | Also described as open [ä].[35] | |
| Shipibo[36] | ? | [ˈkɐni̞] | 'went' | Typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨a⟩. | |
| Slovak[37] | a | [ɐ] | 'and' | Possible realization of /a/; most commonly realized as open [ä] instead.[38] See Slovak phonology | |
| Slovene | Standard[39][40] | brat | [bɾɐ́t̪] | 'brother' | Corresponds to short /a/ in traditional pronunciation.[40] See Slovene phonology |
| Ukrainian | дитина | [dɪ'tɪnɐ] | 'child' | Unstressed allophone of /ɑ/. See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Upper Sorbian[41] | pjasć | [ˈpʲɐst͡ʃ] | 'fist' | Allophone of /a/ after soft consonants.[41] See Upper Sorbian phonology | |
| Vietnamese[42] | chếch | [cɐ̆jk̚] | 'askance' | Typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ə̆⟩. See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Xumi | Lower[43] | [Htsʰɐ] | 'salt' | ||
| Upper[44] | [Htsɐ] | 'sinew' | |||
Near-open central rounded vowel
| Near-open central rounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ɐ̹ | |
| ɞ̞ |
The near-open central rounded vowel is an extremely rare sound, reported to occur as a phoneme only in the Sabiny language.[2] It also occurs allophonically in Valencian.
If its roundedness needs to be specified, it can be done by adding the more rounded diacritic to the near-open central vowel symbol: ⟨ɐ̹⟩, by combining the lowered diacritic with the open-mid central rounded vowel symbol: ⟨ɞ̞⟩, or by combining the mid-centralized diacritic with either the open front rounded vowel symbol: ⟨ɶ̽⟩, or with the open back rounded vowel: ⟨ɒ̽⟩. The last two symbols are equivalent to the more complex symbols ⟨ɶ̝̈⟩ and ⟨ɒ̝̈⟩, respectively.
Features
- Its vowel height is near-open, also known as near-low, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to an open vowel, but is slightly more constricted – that is, the tongue is positioned similarly to a low vowel, but slightly higher.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It's rounded, which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | Valencian | porta | [ˈpɔ̞̈ɾt̪ɞ̞] | 'door' | Possible word-final allophone of unstressed /a/. See Catalan phonology |
| Sabiny[2] | Contrasts overshort unrounded and overshort rounded near-open central vowels.[3] | ||||
See also
References
- ↑ International Phonetic Association (1999:166)
- 1 2 3 4 "UPSID 4)S". Retrieved 27 January 2016.
- 1 2 3 "UPSID SEBEI". Retrieved 27 January 2016.
- ↑ Lass (1984), pp. 76, 93–94 and 105.
- ↑ Donaldson (1993), p. 18.
- ↑ Thelwall (1990), p. 39.
- 1 2 Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
- ↑ Rafel (1999), p. 14.
- ↑ Harrison (1997), pp. 2.
- 1 2 Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
- ↑ Ladefoged (1999), p. ?.
- 1 2 Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
- ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
- ↑ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 186.
- ↑ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
- ↑ Wells (1982), p. 305.
- ↑ Hughes & Trudgill (1979), p. 35.
- ↑ Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (1997), A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, retrieved March 15, 2013
- ↑ Mangold (2005), p. 37.
- ↑ Arvaniti (2007), p. 25.
- 1 2 Ohala (1999), p. 102.
- 1 2 Urua (2004), p. 106.
- ↑ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677 and 682.
- ↑ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676 and 682.
- ↑ Lee (1999), p. 121.
- ↑ Trouvain & Gilles (2009), p. 75.
- 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 68, 70.
- 1 2 Sadowsky et al. (2013:92)
- ↑ Ims (2010), p. 14.
- 1 2 Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 229.
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), pp. 91–92.
- ↑ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ↑ Padgett & Tabain (2005), p. 16.
- ↑ Teo (2012:368)
- ↑ Teo (2014:28)
- ↑ Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:282)
- ↑ Pavlík (2004:95)
- ↑ Pavlík (2004:94–95)
- ↑ Jurgec (2007), p. 2.
- 1 2 Jurgec (2005), pp. 9 and 12.
- 1 2 Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 31.
- ↑ Hoang (1965:24)
- ↑ Chirkova & Chen (2013:369–370)
- ↑ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013:388)
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