Naxos

For other uses, see Naxos (disambiguation).
Naxos
Native name: Νάξος

Port of Naxos (city)
Naxos (Greece)
Geography
Coordinates 37°3′N 25°29′E / 37.050°N 25.483°E / 37.050; 25.483Coordinates: 37°3′N 25°29′E / 37.050°N 25.483°E / 37.050; 25.483
Archipelago Cyclades
Area 429.785 km2 (165.941 sq mi)
Highest elevation 1,003 m (3,291 ft)
Highest point Mt. Zeus
Country
Greece
Region South Aegean
Regional unit Naxos
Capital city Naxos (city)
Demographics
Population 18,188 (as of 2001)
Density 42 /km2 (109 /sq mi)

Naxos (/ˈnæksɒs/; Greek: Νάξος, pronounced [ˈnaksos]) is a Greek island—at 429 km2 (166 sq mi) the largest of the Cyclades island group in the Aegean. It was the centre of archaic Cycladic culture. The island is famous as a source of emery, a rock rich in corundum, which until modern time was one of the best abrasives available.

The largest town and capital of the island is Chora or Naxos City, with 6,533 inhabitants (2001 census). The main villages are Filoti, Apiranthos, Vivlos, Agios Arsenios, Koronos and Glinado.

Geography

Climate

Climate is Mediterranean, with relatively mild winters and very warm summers. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Csa". (Mediterranean Climate).[1]

Climate data for Naxos, Greece
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.2
(72)		 22.3
(72.1)		 25.4
(77.7)		 30.5
(86.9)		 33.6
(92.5)		 36.2
(97.2)		 37.4
(99.3)		 34.0
(93.2)		 33.0
(91.4)		 30.8
(87.4)		 28.8
(83.8)		 24.0
(75.2)		 37.4
(99.3)
Average high °C (°F) 14.3
(57.7)		 14.4
(57.9)		 15.7
(60.3)		 18.6
(65.5)		 21.9
(71.4)		 25.7
(78.3)		 26.6
(79.9)		 26.2
(79.2)		 24.6
(76.3)		 21.4
(70.5)		 18.6
(65.5)		 15.8
(60.4)		 20.3
(68.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.0
(53.6)		 12.1
(53.8)		 13.3
(55.9)		 16.1
(61)		 19.4
(66.9)		 23.2
(73.8)		 24.7
(76.5)		 24.4
(75.9)		 22.6
(72.7)		 19.3
(66.7)		 16.2
(61.2)		 13.7
(56.7)		 18.1
(64.6)
Average low °C (°F) 9.3
(48.7)		 9.3
(48.7)		 10.2
(50.4)		 12.5
(54.5)		 15.4
(59.7)		 19.2
(66.6)		 21.7
(71.1)		 21.7
(71.1)		 19.8
(67.6)		 16.6
(61.9)		 13.4
(56.1)		 10.9
(51.6)		 15.0
(59)
Record low °C (°F) 0.4
(32.7)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 2.0
(35.6)		 5.1
(41.2)		 7.1
(44.8)		 12.0
(53.6)		 14.8
(58.6)		 13.6
(56.5)		 11.2
(52.2)		 7.2
(45)		 4.5
(40.1)		 2.0
(35.6)		 −1.0
(30.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 71.3
(2.807)		 58.6
(2.307)		 49.8
(1.961)		 18.4
(0.724)		 9.8
(0.386)		 2.8
(0.11)		 0.6
(0.024)		 2.8
(0.11)		 5.7
(0.224)		 39.3
(1.547)		 47.4
(1.866)		 69.4
(2.732)		 375.9
(14.799)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8.4 7.7 5.7 3.1 1.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.6 3.0 5.0 8.6 44.2
Average relative humidity (%) 72.0 71.2 72.0 69.5 70.7 67.8 68.7 70.2 71.1 73.2 73.8 73.3 71.1
Source: NOAA[2]

Mythic Naxos

Landscape of the island
Apollo Temple's entrance (Portara)

According to Greek mythology, the young Zeus was raised in a cave on Mt. Zas ("Zas" meaning "Zeus"). Homer mentions "Dia"; literally the sacred island "of the Goddess". Karl Kerenyi explains (speaking as if he were an ancient Greek):

“ This name, Dia, which means 'heavenly' or 'divine', was applied to several small craggy islands in our [Aegean] sea, all of them lying close to larger islands, such as Crete or Naxos. The name "Dia" was even transferred to the island of Naxos itself, since it was more widely supposed than any other to have been the nuptial isle of Dionysus.[3] ”

One legend has it that in the Heroic Age before the Trojan War, Theseus abandoned the princess Ariadne of Crete on this island after she helped him kill the Minotaur and escape from the Labyrinth. Dionysus (god of wine, festivities, and the primal energy of life) who was the protector of the island, met Ariadne and fell in love with her. But eventually Ariadne, unable to bear her separation from Theseus, either killed herself (according to the Athenians), or ascended to heaven (as the older versions had it). The Naxos portion of the Ariadne myth is also told in the Richard Strauss opera Ariadne auf Naxos.

The giant brothers Otus and Ephialtes figure in at least two Naxos myths: in one, Artemis bought the abandonment of a siege they laid against the gods, by offering to live on Naxos as Otus's lover; in another, the brothers had actually settled Naxos.

History

Temple of Demeter

Cycladic civilization

Zas Cave, inhabited during the Neolithic era, contained objects of stone from Melos and copper objects including a dagger and gold sheet. The presence of gold and other objects within the cave indicated to researchers the status of the inhabitant.[4]

Emery was sourced during the time to other islands.[5]

Classical era and Greco-Persian Wars

During the 8th and 7th centuries BC, Naxos dominated commerce in the Cyclades. Naxos was the first Greek city-state to attempt to leave the Delian League circa 476 BC; Athens quickly squashed the notion and forcibly removed all military naval vessels from the island's control. Athens then demanded all future payments from Naxos in the form of gold rather than military aid.

Herodotus describes Naxos circa 500 BC as the most prosperous Greek island.[6]

In 502 BC, an unsuccessful attack on Naxos by Persian forces led several prominent men in the Greek cities of Ionia to rebel against the Persian Empire in the Ionian Revolt, and then to the Persian War between Greece and Persia.

Byzantine era

Main article: Aegean Sea (theme)
Fotodotis monastery

Under the Byzantine Empire, Naxos was part of the thema of the Aegean Sea, which was established in the mid-9th century.

Duchy of Naxos

Further information: Duchy of the Archipelago
The Duchy of Naxos and other Frankish states, carved from the Byzantine Empire, as they were in 1265.[7]
Sanudo tower
Belonia tower

In the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, with a Latin Emperor under the influence of the Venetians established at Constantinople, the Venetian Marco Sanudo conquered the island and soon captured the rest of the islands of the Cyclades. Of all the islands, only on Naxos was there any opposition to Sanudo: a group of Genoese pirates had occupied the castle between the end of Byzantine rule and Sanudo's arrival. In order to steel his band's resolve, Sanudo burnt his galleys "and bade his companions to conquer or die." The pirates surrendered the castle after a five weeks' siege.[8]

Naxos became the seat of Sanudo's realm, which he ruled with the title of Duke of Naxia, or Duke of the Archipelago. Twenty-one dukes in two dynasties ruled the Archipelago, until 1566; Venetian rule continued in scattered islands of the Aegean until 1714. Under Venetian rule, the island was called by its Italian name, Nasso.

Ottoman control (1564–1821)

The Ottoman administration remained essentially in the hands of the Venetians; the Porte's concern was satisfied by the returns of taxes. Very few Turks ever settled on Naxos, and Turkish influence on the island is slight. Under Ottoman rule the island was known as Turkish: Nakşa. Ottoman sovereignty lasted until 1821, when the islands revolted; Naxos finally became a member of the Greek state in 1832.

Historical population

Year Island population Change
1981 14,037 -
1991 14,838 +801/+5.71%
2001 18,188 +3,350/+22.58%

Economy

Marble quarry of Naxos

Tourism

Naxos is a popular tourist destination, with several ruins. It has a number of beaches, such as those at Agia Anna, Agios Prokopios, Alikos, Kastraki, Mikri Vigla, Plaka, and Agios Georgios, most of them near Chora. As other cycladic islands, Naxos is considered a windy place perfect for windsurfing, as well as kitesurfing. There are seven sports clubs in the island that offer both of these sports and other water activities.

Agriculture

Naxos is the most fertile island of the Cyclades. It has a good supply of water in a region where water is usually inadequate. Mount Zeus (1003 metres) is the highest peak in the Cyclades, and tends to trap the clouds, permitting greater rainfall. This has made agriculture an important economic sector with various vegetable and fruit crops as well as cattle breeding, making Naxos the most self-sufficient island in the Cyclades. Naxos is well known within Greece for its cheese, potatoes and Kitro, a local lemon-citrus spirit.

Sports

Notable people

Gallery

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Climate Summary
  2. ↑ "Naxos Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
  3. ↑ Kerenyi, Karl (1951). The Gods of the Greeks. pp. 271–272.
  4. ↑ P Halstead - Neolithic Society in Greece Continuum International Publishing Group, 1999 Retrieved 2012-07-04 ISBN 1850758247
  5. ↑ M Patton - Islands In Time: Island Sociogeography and Mediterranean Prehistory Psychology Press, 23 Jul 1996 Retrieved 2012-07-04 ISBN 0415126592
  6. ↑ Herodotus, 5.28,5.31
  7. ↑ William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 1911
  8. ↑ William Miller, The Latins in the Levant (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1908), p. 43

References

  • Agelarakis A., "The Naxos Island Archaic Period Necropolis: Archaeological-Anthropology Research Report, Hellenic Antiquities Authority, Archival Report, 2005, Naxos.

External links

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