Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad
| Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad | |
|---|---|
|
The Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad discusses Sannyasi | |
| Devanagari | नारदपरिव्राजकोपनिषत् |
| IAST | Nāradaparivrājaka |
| Title means | Wandering Nārada |
| Date | ~12th-century[1] |
| Type | Sannyasa |
| Linked Veda | Atharvaveda |
| Chapters | 9[2] |
| Verses | 221[3] |
| Philosophy | Vedanta |
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The Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad (Sanskrit: नारदपरिव्राजक उपनिषत्, IAST: Nāradaparivrājaka Upaniṣad) is a medieval era Sanskrit text and one of the minor Upanishads of Hinduism.[4] The text is attached to the Atharva Veda,[5] and is one of the 20 Sannyasa (renunciation) Upanishads.[6]
The Naradaparivrajaka text describes the rites of passage associated with renunciation and the life of someone who has chosen the monastic path of life as a sannyasi in Hindu Ashrama tradition.[7][8] It is significantly longer than many related Sannyasa Upanishads, states Patrick Olivelle, and resembles a "medieval legal compendia".[9]
History
The word Parivrajaka means "roaming ascetic".[10] The title refers to the teachings of the Vedic sage Narada as a roaming sannyasi.[10]
The century in which Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad was composed is unclear.[11] This text was likely composed much after the Ashrama Upanishad which is itself dated to the 3rd-century CE.[11] It refers to the Manusmriti and other Dharmasastras, and therefore is chronologically placed to a period after.[12] Sprockhoff dates Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad to be a 12th-century text.[13][14][15]
The Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad was translated by Ramanathan in 1978, but this translation has been reviewed as "extremely poor and inaccurate".[16] Another translation was published by Olivelle in 1992.[2]
This text has been sometimes titled as Naradaparivrajakopanishad in some discovered manuscripts.[17] In the Telugu language anthology of 108 Upanishads of the Muktika canon, narrated by Rama to Hanuman, it is listed at number 43.[4]
Contents
The Upanishad, which is presented in nine chapters, opens by describing the tale of Nārada, a Vedic sage revered in numerous texts of the Hindu tradition, who deeply meditates in mythical Naimisha Forest mentioned in the epic Mahabharata.[10][18] He is approached by other sages, and they ask him, "please tell us the way to moksha (liberation)".[19][17] Nārada, asserts the text, tells them that a man should first complete the samskaraas (rites of passage in life), complete studies in Brahmacharya from a Guru (teacher) he reverentially loves for twelve years, then be a householder or Grihastha for twenty five years, be a Vanaprastha or retired forest hermit for another twenty five, then finally renounce if he has no more attachments, is calm, free from enmity against anyone.[20][21] Upanishad states in chapter 8 that of the four states of ambulating, dreaming, delta sleep and turiya or pure consciousness, the omnipresent is part of the fourth state only.[22]
Readiness to renounce
He becomes indifferent toward everything;
attains purity of mind;
and burns away desire, jelousy, envy and egotism;
such a man is fit to renounce.
He has lost the fear of others, and
whom others have ceased to fear.
The sannyasi, states the Upanishad, is one who is attached to his soul and nothing else, he seeks and knows the highest truth, he is one with imperishable Brahman (ultimate reality), he is peaceful, tranquil, pure, truthful, content, sincere, kind, compassionate, free from anger, free from love or hate, he is without material possessions.[24] He is rapt in contemplation, to others he may appear dumb or mad.[25] A sannyasi lives a simple life, he never hurts any living being, he remains happy when people assault him just as much as when they honor him.[24][15]
The text asserts the view also found in much older Sannyasa Upanishad, that a sannyasi does not do "social rituals, divine worship, propitiatory rites and such practices", he is beyond pilgrimages, vows, injunctions and temporal actions, states Olivelle.[26] Verses 193-194 of the text assert that the renouncer lives in his own self, and therefore transcends all social classes and orders of life, for him no laws or restrictions or prohibitions apply.[27]
The Naradaparivrajaka text is notable for describing the rites of passage at time of renunciation in a manner similar to those for the dying and dead, implying that the renouncer was leaving his world and the family, social and material ties that he had, and for his family and friends the rite was akin to they accepting him as deceased.[28] The text is also notable for its description of how anyone in mortal danger may renounce,[29] as well as describing the life of renunciation as the highest Yoga, as that of aloof self-content person who is a meditator of Brahman and Vedanta philosophy.[30]
See also
References
- ↑ Olivelle 1992, pp. 5, 8-9, 72.
- 1 2 Olivelle 1992, pp. 170-226.
- ↑ Olivelle 1992, p. 226.
- 1 2 Deussen 1997, pp. 556-557.
- ↑ Tinoco 1996, p. 89.
- ↑ Olivelle 1992, pp. x-xi, 5.
- ↑ Freiberger 2005, p. 236 with footnote 4.
- ↑ Olivelle 1992, p. 5.
- ↑ Olivelle 1992, p. 18.
- 1 2 3 Parmeshwaranand 2000, p. 415.
- 1 2 Olivelle 1992, pp. 5, 8-9.
- ↑ Olivelle 1992, p. 8-9, 72, 177-180.
- ↑ Olivelle 1992, pp. 8-9.
- ↑ Sprockhoff 1976.
- 1 2 Wilson 1996, p. 208.
- ↑ Olivelle 1992, p. 7 with footnote 11.
- 1 2 Hattangadi 2000.
- ↑ Olivelle 1992, pp. 170-171.
- ↑ Olivelle 1992, p. 171.
- ↑ Olivelle 1992, pp. 171-172.
- ↑ Parmeshwaranand 2000, p. 416.
- ↑ Hersey 2013, p. 164.
- ↑ Olivelle 1992, pp. 173-174.
- 1 2 Olivelle 1992, pp. 176-177, 186.
- ↑ Olivelle 1992, p. 187.
- ↑ Olivelle 1992, p. 62.
- ↑ Olivelle 1992, p. 81.
- ↑ Olivelle 1992, pp. 90-91.
- ↑ Olivelle 1992, pp. 174-175.
- ↑ Olivelle 1992, pp. 183-185, 187.
- Bibliography
- Deussen, Paul (1 January 1997). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-1467-7.
- Freiberger, Oliver (2005). Words and Deeds: Hindu and Buddhist Rituals in South Asia (Editors: Jörg Gengnagel, Ute Hüsken). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3447051521.
- Hattangadi, Sunder (2000). "नारदपरिव्राजकोपनिषत् (Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad)" (PDF) (in Sanskrit). Retrieved 18 January 2016.
- Hersey, Baird (17 December 2013). The Practice of Nada Yoga: Meditation on the Inner Sacred Sound. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. ISBN 978-1-62055-182-0.
- Olivelle, Patrick (1992). The Samnyasa Upanisads. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195070453.
- Olivelle, Patrick (1993). The Asrama System. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195083279.
- Sprockhoff, Joachim F (1976). Samnyasa: Quellenstudien zur Askese im Hinduismus (in German). Wiesbaden: Kommissionsverlag Franz Steiner. ISBN 978-3515019057.
- Tinoco, Carlos Alberto (1996). Upanishads. IBRASA. ISBN 978-85-348-0040-2.
External links
- Hindu Asceticism, Steven Scherrer (A comparison of monastic practices in Hindu and Christian traditions)
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