Nagavarma I
Nagavarma I (c. 990) was a noted Jain writer and poet in the Kannada language in the late 10th century. His two important works, both of which are available are, Karnataka Kadambari, a champu (mixed prose-verse metre) based romance novel and an adaptation of Bana's Sanskrit Kadambari, and Chandombudhi (also spelt Chhandombudhi, lit, "Ocean of prosody" or "Ocean of metres"), the earliest available work on prosody (study of poetic metres) in the language which Nagavarma I claims would command the respect even of poet Kalidasa.[1][2][3] According to the scholars K.A. Nilakanta Shastri and R. Narasimhacharya, Nagavarma I belonged to a migrant Brahmin family originally from Vengi (in modern Andhra Pradesh).[4] According to the modern Kannada poet and scholar Govinda Pai, Nagavarma I lived from 950 AD to 1015 AD.[5] So popular was Nagavarma I's poetic skills that King Bhoja of Malwa (central India) presented him with horses, in appreciation of his poetic skills.[6]
Writings
Nagavarma I was patronised by King Rakkasa Ganga (also called Rachamalla V, 986–999 CE) of the Western Ganga Dynasty. According to the scholar Sheldon Pollock, he is the first among as many as five Nagavarmas' who wrote noted classics in the Kannada language over the succeeding few centuries.[7] Nagavarma I became popular during the classical age of Kannada literature. During this period (9th through 12th century), classics in Kannada language were usually inspired by the great Sanskrit language epics of India, or were didactic in nature and were derived from Jain lore and legend. Writing on themes that were Loukika (secular and historical) and Agamika (religious and legendary) was popular.[8]
His Karnataka Kadambari is not considered a direct translation of the Sanskrit original. Written in a smooth flowing language, it has an originality of its own.[9] Chandombudhi, the earliest work on the science of prosody (Chandonusasana) is important from the point of establishing a relationship between native (desi) folk metrical forms of Kannada and the dominant Sanskritic literary culture that had descended on medieval Karnataka. It was written at a time when the Sanskrit textual production had won mainstream (margam) appeal and its scholars were held in high esteem. The text also conveys that popularity of a Kannada writing was based on the types of native compositions used. The text overall tries to reconcile local literary traditions with the mainstream Sanskrit cosmopolitan.[3]
Nagavarma I devoted an entire section of the Chandombudhi to native Kannada metres and called it Kannadavisayajati.[10] He mentions the native shatpadi (six-line verse) metre, more than two centuries before it was hugely popularised by the Hoysala poet Raghavanka in the 1225 CE.[11] He also dwells at length on metres that were common to Sanskrit and Kannada and calls the section samavrtta, metres (vrtta) inherited from Sanskrit and very much in vogue among the classical poets of Kannada language.[10] According to Nagavarma I, some native metrical forms such as the ragale and dandaka that were later to become popular in Kannada have similarities with Prakrit language metres.[10]
Notes
- ↑ Shastri (1955), p. 357
- ↑ Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 18
- 1 2 Nagaraj (2003), p. 339
- ↑ Narasimacharya (1988), p. 27; Shastri (1955), p. 357
- ↑ Bhat (1993), p. 106
- ↑ Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 68
- ↑ Pollock (2006), p. 369
- ↑ Mugali (2006), p. 179
- ↑ Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 620
- 1 2 3 Nagaraj (2003), p. 340
- ↑ Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1181
References
- Sastri, Nilakanta K. A. (2002) [1955]. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-560686-8.
- Mugali, R.S. (2006) [2006]. The Heritage of Karnataka. Lightning Source Inc. ISBN 1-4067-0232-3.
- Pollock, Sheldon (2006). The Language of Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture and Power in Pre-modern India. Berkeley and London: University of California Press. Pp. 703. ISBN 0-520-24500-8.
- Bhat, M. Thirumaleshwara (1993). Govinda Pai. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-7201-540-2.
- Narasimhacharya, R (1988) [1934]. History of Kannada Literature. Mysore: Government Press. Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi. ISBN 81-206-0303-6.
- Nagaraj, D.R. (2003) [2003]. "Critical Tensions in the History of Kannada Literary Culture". In Sheldon I. Pollock. Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia. Berkeley and London: University of California Press. Pp. 1066. pp. 323–383. ISBN 0-520-22821-9.
- Various (1987). Encyclopaedia of Indian literature - vol 1. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-260-1803-8.
- Various (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian literature - vol 2. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-260-1194-7.