National Football League

"NFL" redirects here. For other uses, see NFL (disambiguation).

National Football League
Formerly American Professional Football Conference (1920)
American Professional Football Association (1920–1922)
Sport American football
Founded August 20, 1920 (1920-08-20)[1]
Inaugural season 1920
Commissioner Roger Goodell
No. of teams 32
Country United States[upper-alpha 1]
Headquarters New York City, New York, U.S.A.
Most recent champion(s) Denver Broncos (3rd title)[2]
Most titles Green Bay Packers (13 titles)[2]
TV partner(s) CBS
Fox
NBC
ESPN
NFL Network
Telemundo
Official website NFL.com

The National Football League (NFL) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC). The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America, and the highest professional level of American football in the world.[3] The NFL's 17-week regular season runs from the week after Labor Day to the week after Christmas, with each team playing sixteen games and having one bye week. Following the conclusion of the regular season, six teams from each conference (four division winners and two wild card teams) advance to the playoffs, a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl, played between the champions of the NFC and AFC.

The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association (APFA) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1923 season. The NFL agreed to merge with the American Football League (AFL) in 1966, and the first Super Bowl was held at the end of that season; the merger was completed in 1970. Today, the NFL has the highest average attendance (67,591) of any professional sports league in the world[4] and is the most popular sports league in the United States. The Super Bowl is among the biggest club sporting events in the world[5] and individual Super Bowl games account for many of the most watched television programs in American history, all occupying the Nielsen's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015.[6] The NFL's executive officer is the commissioner, who has broad authority in governing the league.

The team with the most NFL championships is the Green Bay Packers with thirteen; the team with the most Super Bowl championships is the Pittsburgh Steelers with six. The current NFL champions are the Denver Broncos, who defeated the Carolina Panthers 24–10 in Super Bowl 50.

History

Founding and history

On August 20, 1920, a meeting was held by representatives of the Akron Pros, Canton Bulldogs, Cleveland Indians, and Dayton Triangles at the Jordan and Hupmobile auto showroom in Canton, Ohio. This meeting resulted in the formation of the American Professional Football Conference (APFC), a group who, according to the Canton Evening Repository, intended to "raise the standard of professional football in every way possible, to eliminate bidding for players between rival clubs and to secure cooperation in the formation of schedules".[7] Another meeting held on September 17, 1920 resulted in the renaming of the league to the American Professional Football Association (APFA).[7] The league hired Jim Thorpe as its first president, and consisted of 14 teams. Only two of these teams, the Decatur Staleys (now the Chicago Bears) and the Chicago Cardinals (now the Arizona Cardinals), remain.[8]

The Akron Pros won the first APFA (NFL) Championship.

Although the league did not maintain official standings for its 1920 inaugural season and teams played schedules that included non-league opponents, the APFA awarded the Akron Pros the championship by virtue of their 8–0–3 (8 wins, 0 losses, and 3 ties) record.[9] The following season resulted in the Chicago Staleys controversially winning the title over the Buffalo All-Americans.[10] In 1922, the APFA changed its name to the National Football League (NFL).[11]

In 1932, the season ended with the Chicago Bears (6-1-6) and the Portsmouth Spartans (6-1-4) tied for first in the league standings.[12] At the time, teams were ranked on a single table and the team with the highest winning percentage (not including ties, which were not counted towards the standings) at the end of the season was declared the champion; the only tiebreaker was that in the event of a tie, if two teams played twice in a season, the result of the second game determined the title (the source of the 1921 controversy). This method had been used since the league's creation in 1920, but no situation had been encountered where two teams were tied for first. The league quickly determined that a playoff game between Chicago and Portsmouth was needed to decide the league's champion. The teams were originally scheduled to play the playoff game, officially a regular season game that would count towards the regular season standings, at Wrigley Field in Chicago, but a combination of heavy snow and extreme cold forced the game to be moved indoors to Chicago Stadium, which did not have a regulation-size football field. Playing with altered rules to accommodate the smaller playing field, the Bears won the game 9-0 and thus won the championship. Fan interest in the de facto championship game led the NFL, beginning in 1933, to split into two divisions with a championship game to be played between the division champions.[13] The 1934 season also marked the first of 12 seasons in which African Americans were absent from the league. The de facto ban was rescinded in 1946, following public pressure and coinciding with the removal of a similar ban in Major League Baseball.[14]

The NFL was always the foremost professional football league in the United States; it nevertheless faced a large number of rival professional leagues through the 1930s and 1940s. Rival leagues included at least three separate American Football Leagues and the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), on top of various regional leagues of varying caliber. Three NFL teams trace their histories to these rival leagues, including the Los Angeles Rams (who came from a 1936 iteration of the American Football League), the Cleveland Browns and San Francisco 49ers (the last two of which came from the AAFC). By the 1950s, the NFL had an effective monopoly on professional football in the United States; its only competition in North America was the professional Canadian football circuit, which formally became the Canadian Football League (CFL) in 1958. With Canadian football being a different football code than the American game, the CFL established a niche market in Canada and still survives as an independent league.

A new professional league, the fourth American Football League (AFL), began play in 1960. The upstart AFL began to challenge the established NFL in popularity, gaining lucrative television contracts and engaging in a bidding war with the NFL for free agents and draft picks. The two leagues announced a merger on June 8, 1966, to take full effect in 1970. In the meantime, the leagues would hold a common draft and championship game. The game, the Super Bowl, was held four times before the merger, with the NFL winning Super Bowl I and Super Bowl II, and the AFL winning Super Bowl III and Super Bowl IV.[15] After the league merged, it was reorganized into two conferences: the National Football Conference (NFC), consisting of most of the pre-merger NFL teams, and the American Football Conference (AFC), consisting of all of the AFL teams as well as three pre-merger NFL teams.[16]

Today, the NFL is considered the most popular sports league in North America; much of its growth is attributed to former Commissioner Pete Rozelle, who led the league from 1960 to 1989. Overall annual attendance increased from three million at the beginning of his tenure to seventeen million by the end of his tenure, and 400 million viewers watched 1989's Super Bowl XXIII. The NFL established NFL Properties in 1963. The league's licensing wing, NFL Properties earns the league billions of dollars annually; Rozelle's tenure also marked the creation of NFL Charities and a national partnership with United Way.[17] Paul Tagliabue was elected as commissioner to succeed Rozelle; his seventeen-year tenure, which ended in 2006, was marked by large increases in television contracts and the addition of four expansion teams,[18] as well as the introduction of league initiatives to increase the number of minorities in league and team management roles.[19] The league's current Commissioner, Roger Goodell, has focused on reducing the number of illegal hits and making the sport safer, mainly through fining or suspending players who break rules.[20] These actions are among many the NFL is taking to reduce concussions and improve player safety.[21]

Season and playoff development

From 1920 to 1934, the NFL did not have a set number of games for teams to play, instead setting a minimum. The league mandated a 12-game regular season for each team beginning in 1935, later shortening this to 11 games in 1937 and 10 games in 1943, mainly due to World War II. After the war ended, the number of games returned to 11 games in 1946 and to 12 in 1947. The NFL went to a 14-game schedule in 1961, which it retained until switching to the current 16-game schedule in 1978.[22] Proposals to increase the regular season to 18 games have been made, but have been rejected in labor negotiations with the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA).[23]

The NFL operated in a two-conference system from 1933 to 1966, where the champions of each conference would meet in the NFL Championship Game. If two teams tied for the conference lead, they would meet in a one-game playoff to determine the conference champion. In 1967, the NFL expanded from 15 teams to 16 teams. Instead of just evening out the conferences by adding the expansion New Orleans Saints to the seven-member Western Conference, the NFL realigned the conferences and split each into two four-team divisions. The four conference champions would meet in the NFL playoffs, a two-round playoff.[24] The NFL also operated the Playoff Bowl (officially the Bert Bell Benefit Bowl) from 1960 to 1969. Effectively a third-place game, pitting the two conference runners-up against each other, the league considers Playoff Bowls to have been exhibitions rather than playoff games. The league discontinued the Playoff Bowl in 1970 due to its perception as a game for losers.[25]

Following the addition of the former AFL teams into the NFL in 1970, the NFL split into two conferences with three divisions each. The expanded league, now with twenty-six teams,[16] would also feature an expanded eight-team eight playoff, the participants being the three division champions from each conference as well as one 'wild card' team (the team with the best win percentage) from each conference. In 1978, the league added a second wild card team from each conference, bringing the total number of playoff teams to ten, and a further two wild card teams were added in 1990 to bring the total to twelve. When the NFL expanded to 32 teams in 2002, the league realigned, changing the division structure from three divisions in each conference to four divisions in each conference. As each division champion gets a playoff bid, the number of wild card teams from each conference dropped from three to two.[26]

Corporate structure

NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell

At the corporate level, the National Football League considers itself a trade association made up of and financed by its 32 member teams.[27] Up until 2015, the league was an unincorporated nonprofit 501(c)(6) association.[28] Section 501(c)(6) of the Internal Revenue Code provides an exemption from federal income taxation for "Business leagues, chambers of commerce, real-estate boards, boards of trade, or professional football leagues (whether or not administering a pension fund for football players), not organized for profit and no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual.".[29] In contrast, each individual team (except the non-profit Green Bay Packers[30]) is subject to tax because they make a profit.[31] The NFL gave up the tax exempt status in 2015 following public criticism; in a letter to the club owners, Commissioner Roger Goodell labeled it a "distraction", saying "the effects of the tax exempt status of the league office have been mischaracterized repeatedly in recent years... Every dollar of income generated through television rights fees, licensing agreements, sponsorships, ticket sales, and other means is earned by the 32 clubs and is taxable there. This will remain the case even when the league office and Management Council file returns as taxable entities, and the change in filing status will make no material difference to our business". As a result, the league office might owe around US$10 million, but is no longer required to disclose the salaries of its executive officers.[32]

The league has three defined officers: the commissioner, secretary, and treasurer. Each conference has one officer, the president. The commissioner is elected by affirmative vote of two-thirds or 18 (whichever is greater) of the members of the league, while the president of each conference is elected by an affirmative vote of three-fourths or ten of the conference members.[33] The commissioner appoints the secretary and treasurer and has broad authority in disputes between clubs, players, coaches, and employees. He is the "principal executive officer"[34] of the NFL and also has authority in hiring league employees, negotiating television contracts, disciplining individuals that own part or all of an NFL team, clubs, or employed individuals of an NFL club if they have violated league bylaws or committed "conduct detrimental to the welfare of the League or professional football".[34] The commissioner can, in the event of misconduct by a party associated with the league, suspend individuals, hand down a fine of up to US$500,000, cancel contracts with the league, and award or strip teams of draft picks.[34]

In extreme cases, the commissioner can offer recommendations to the NFL's Executive Committee up to and including the "cancellation or forfeiture"[34] of a club's franchise or any other action he deems necessary. The commissioner can also issue sanctions up to and including a lifetime ban from the league if an individual connected to the NFL has bet on games or failed to notify the league of conspiracies or plans to bet on or fix games.[34] The current Commissioner of the National Football League is Roger Goodell, who was elected in 2006 after Paul Tagliabue, the previous commissioner, retired.[35]

Clubs

The NFL consists of 32 clubs divided into two conferences of sixteen teams each. Each conference is divided into four divisions of four clubs each. During the regular season, each team is allowed a maximum of 53 players on its roster;[36] only 46 of these may be active (eligible to play) on game days.[37] Each team can also have an 10-player practice squad separate from its main roster, but the practice squad may only be composed of players who were not active for at least nine games in any of their seasons in the league. A player can only be on a practice squad for a maximum of three seasons.[38]

Each NFL club is granted a franchise, the league's authorization for the team to operate in its home city. This franchise covers 'Home Territory' (the 75 miles surrounding the city limits, or, if the team is within 100 miles of another league city, half the distance between the two cities) and 'Home Marketing Area' (Home Territory plus the rest of the state the club operates in, as well as the area the team operates its training camp in for the duration of the camp). Each NFL member has the exclusive right to host professional football games inside its Home Territory and the exclusive right to advertise, promote, and host events in its Home Marketing Area. There are several exceptions to this rule, mostly relating to teams with close proximity to each other: the San Francisco 49ers and Oakland Raiders only have exclusive rights in their cities and share rights outside of it; and teams that operate in the same city (e.g. New York Giants and New York Jets) or the same state (e.g. California, Florida, and Texas) share the rights to the city's Home Territory and the state's Home Marketing Area, respectively.[39]

Every NFL team is based in the contiguous United States. Although no team is based in a foreign country, the Buffalo Bills played one home game every season at Rogers Centre in Toronto, Ontario, as part of the Bills Toronto Series from 2008 until 2013, and the Jacksonville Jaguars will play one home game a year from 2013 to 2016 at Wembley Stadium in London, England, as part of the NFL International Series.[40] Mexico also has hosted an NFL regular-season game, a 2005 game between the San Francisco 49ers and Arizona Cardinals dubbed "Fútbol Americano",[41] and 39 international preseason games were played from 1986 to 2005 as part of the American Bowl series.[42] The Raiders and Houston Texans will play a game in Mexico City at Estadio Azteca on November 21, 2016.[43]

The Dallas Cowboys, at approximately US $4 billion, are the most valuable NFL franchise, and are the most valuable sports team in the world, according to Forbes.[44] Also, all 32 NFL teams rank among the top 50 most valuable sports teams in the world;[45] and fourteen of the NFL's owners are listed on the Forbes 400, the most of any sports league or organization.[46]

Season format

The NFL season format consists of a four-week preseason, a seventeen-week regular season (each team plays 16 games), and a twelve-team single-elimination playoff culminating in the Super Bowl, the league's championship game.

Preseason

The NFL preseason begins with the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, played at Fawcett Stadium in Canton.[57] Each NFL team is required to schedule four preseason games, two of which must be at its home stadium, but the teams involved in the Hall of Fame game, as well as any teams playing in an American Bowl game, play five preseason games.[58] Preseason games are exhibition matches and do not count towards regular-season totals.[59] Because the preseason does not count towards standings, teams do not focus on winning games; instead, they are used by coaches to evaluate their teams and by players to show their performance, both to their current team and to other teams if they get cut.[23] The quality of preseason games has been criticized by some fans, who dislike having to pay full price for exhibition games,[60] as well as by some players and coaches, who dislike the risk of injury the games have, while others have felt the preseason is a necessary part of the NFL season.[23][60]

Regular season

POS AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West
1st Patriots Bengals Texans Broncos
2nd Jets Steelers Colts Chiefs
3rd Bills Ravens Jaguars Raiders
4th Dolphins Browns Titans Chargers
POS NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West
1st Redskins Vikings Panthers Cardinals
2nd Eagles Packers Falcons Seahawks
3rd Giants Lions Saints Rams
4th Cowboys Bears Buccaneers 49ers
This chart of the 2015 season standings displays an application of the NFL scheduling formula. The Broncos in 2015 (highlighted in green) finished in first place in the AFC West. Thus, in 2016, the Broncos will play two games against each of its division rivals (highlighted in light blue), one game against each team in the AFC South and NFC South (highlighted in yellow), and one game each against the first-place finishers in the AFC East and AFC North (highlighted in orange).

Currently, the thirteen opponents each team faces over the 16-game regular season schedule are set using a pre-determined formula:[61]

The National Football League runs a seventeen-week, 256-game regular season. Since 2001, the season has begun the week after Labor Day and concluded the week after Christmas.[62] The opening game of the season is normally a primetime home game for the league's defending champion.[63]

Most NFL games are played on Sundays, with a Monday night game typically held at least once a week and Thursday night games occurring on most weeks as well.[63] NFL games are not normally played on Fridays or Saturdays until late in the regular season, as federal law prohibits professional football leagues from competing with college or high school football. Because high school and college teams typically play games on Friday and Saturday, respectively, the NFL cannot hold games on those days until the third Friday in December.[64] NFL games are rarely scheduled for Tuesday or Wednesday, and those days have only been used twice since 1948: in 2010, when a Sunday game was rescheduled to Tuesday due to a blizzard, and in 2012, when the Kickoff game was moved from Thursday to Wednesday to avoid conflict with the Democratic National Convention.[65][66]

NFL regular season matchups are determined according to a scheduling formula. Within a division, all four teams play fourteen out of their sixteen games against common opponents - two games (home and away) are played against the other three teams in the division, while one game is held against all the members of a division from the NFC and a division from the AFC division as determined by a rotating cycle (three years for the conference the team is in, and four years in the conference they are not in). The other two games are intraconference games, determined by the standings of the previous year - for example, if a team finishes first in its division, it will play two other first-place teams in its conference, while a team that finishes last would play two other last-place teams in the conference.[67] In total, each team plays sixteen games and has one bye week, where they do not play any games.[68]

Although the teams any given club will play are known by the end of the previous year's regular season, the exact dates, times, and home/away status for NFL games are not determined until much later because the league has to account for, among other things, the Major League Baseball postseason and local events that could pose a scheduling conflict with NFL games. During the 2010 season, over 500,000 potential schedules were created by computers, 5,000 of which were considered "playable schedules" and were reviewed by the NFL's scheduling team. After arriving at what they felt was the best schedule out of the group, nearly 50 more potential schedules were developed to try and ensure that the chosen schedule would be the best possible one.[69]

Postseason

The seeding bracket for the NFL playoffs

Following the conclusion of the regular season, a twelve-team single elimination tournament, the NFL Playoffs, is held. Six teams are selected from each conference: the winners of each of the four divisions as well as two wild card teams (the two remaining teams with the best overall record). These teams are seeded according to overall record, with the division champions always ranking higher than either of the wild card teams.[70] The top two teams (seeded one and two) from each conference are awarded a bye week, while the remaining four teams (seeded 3-6) from each conference compete in the first round of the playoffs, the Wild Card round, with the third seed competing against the sixth seed and the fourth seed competing against the fifth seed. The winners of the Wild Card round advance to the Divisional Round, which matches the lower seeded team against the first seed and the higher seeded team against the second seed. The winners of those games then compete in the Conference Championships, with the higher remaining seed hosting the lower remaining seed. The AFC and NFC champions then compete in the Super Bowl to determine the league champion.

The only other postseason event hosted by the NFL is the Pro Bowl, the league's all-star game. The Pro Bowl is held the week before the Super Bowl.[71] The Pro Bowl is not considered as competitive as a regular-season game because the biggest concern of teams is to avoid injuries to the star players.[72]

Trophies and awards

Team trophies

The National Football League has used three different trophies to honor its champion over its existence. The first trophy, the Brunswick-Balke Collender Cup, was donated to the NFL (then APFA) in 1920 by the Brunswick-Balke Collender Corporation. The trophy, the appearance of which is only known by its description as a "silver loving cup", was intended to be a traveling trophy and not to become permanent until a team had won at least three titles. The league awarded it to the Akron Pros, champions of the inaugural 1920 season; however, the trophy was discontinued and its current whereabouts are unknown.[73]

A second trophy, the Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy, was issued by the NFL from 1934 to 1969. The trophy's namesake, Ed Thorp, was a referee in the league and a friend to many early league owners; upon his death in 1934, the league created the trophy to honor him. In addition to the main trophy, which would be in the possession of the current league champion, the league issued a smaller replica trophy to each champion, who would maintain permanent control over it. The current location of the Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy, like that of its predecessor, is unknown. The predominant theory is that the Minnesota Vikings, the last team to be awarded the trophy, somehow misplaced it after the 1969 season.[74]

Vince Lombardi Trophy
Vince Lombardi Trophy

The current trophy of the NFL is the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The Super Bowl trophy was officially renamed in 1970 after Vince Lombardi, who as head coach led the Green Bay Packers to victories in the first two Super Bowls. Unlike the previous trophies, a new Vince Lombardi Trophy is issued to each year's champion, who maintains permanent control of it. Lombardi Trophies are made by Tiffany & Co. out of sterling silver and are worth anywhere from US$25,000 to US$300,000.[75] Additionally, each player on the winning team as well as coaches and personnel are awarded Super Bowl rings to commemorate their victory. The winning team chooses the company that makes the rings; each ring design varies, with the NFL mandating certain ring specifications (which have a degree of room for deviation), in addition to requiring the Super Bowl logo be on at least one side of the ring.[76] The losing team are also awarded rings, which must be no more than half as valuable as the winners' rings, but those are almost never worn.[77]

The conference champions receive trophies for their achievement. The champions of the NFC receive the George Halas Trophy,[78] named after Chicago Bears founder George Halas, who is also considered as one of the co-founders of the NFL. The AFC champions receive the Lamar Hunt Trophy,[79] named after Lamar Hunt, the founder of the Kansas City Chiefs and the principal founder of the American Football League. Players on the winning team also receive a conference championship ring.[80][81]

Player and coach awards

The NFL recognizes a number of awards for its players and coaches at its annual NFL Honors presentation. The most prestigious award is the AP Most Valuable Player (MVP) award.[82] Other major awards include the AP Offensive Player of the Year, AP Defensive Player of the Year, AP Comeback Player of the Year, and the AP Offensive and Defensive Rookie of the Year awards.[83] Another prestigious award is the Walter Payton Man of the Year Award, which recognizes a player's off-field work in addition to his on-field performance.[84] The NFL Coach of the Year award is the highest coaching award.[85] The NFL also gives out weekly awards such as the FedEx Air & Ground NFL Players of the Week[86] and the Pepsi MAX NFL Rookie of the Week awards.[87]

Media coverage

In the United States, the National Football League has television contracts with four networks: CBS, ESPN, Fox, and NBC. In general, CBS televises afternoon games in which the away team is an AFC team, and Fox carries afternoon games in which the away team belongs to the NFC.[88] Since 2011, the league has reserved the right to give games that, under the contract, would normally air on one network to the other network.[89] CBS also carries a package of eight games on Thursday nights during the 2014 season. NBC carries the primetime Sunday Night Football package, the NFL Kickoff game, and a primetime Thanksgiving Day game. ESPN carries all Monday Night Football games.[88] The NFL's own network, NFL Network, carries all Thursday Night Football games, including those on CBS but not the ones on NBC.[90]

The Super Bowl television rights are rotated on a three-year basis between CBS, Fox, and NBC.[88] In 2011, all four stations signed new nine-year contracts with the NFL, each running until 2022; CBS, Fox, and NBC are estimated by Forbes to pay a combined total of US$3 billion a year, while ESPN will pay US$1.9 billion a year.[91] The league also has deals with Spanish-language broadcasters NBC Universo, Fox Deportes and ESPN Deportes, which air Spanish language dubs of their respective English-language sister networks' games.[92][93] The league's contracts do not cover preseason games, which individual teams are free to sell to local stations directly; a minority of preseason games are distributed among the league's national television partners.

Through the 2014 season, the NFL had a blackout policy in which games were 'blacked out' on local television in the home team's area if the home stadium was not sold out. Clubs could elect to set this requirement at only 85%, but they would have to give more ticket revenue to the visiting team; teams could also request a specific exemption from the NFL for the game. The vast majority of NFL games were not blacked out; only 6% of games were blacked out during the 2011 season,[94] and only two games were blacked out in 2013 and none in 2014.[95] The NFL announced in March 2015 that it would suspend its blackout policy for at least the 2015 season.[95] According to Nielsen, the NFL regular season since 2012 was watched by at least 200 million individuals, accounting for 80% of all television households in the United States and 69% of all potential viewers in the United States. NFL regular season games accounted for 31 out of the top 32 most-watched programs in the fall season and an NFL game ranked as the most-watched television show in all 17 weeks of the regular season. At the local level, NFL games were the highest-ranked shows in NFL markets 92% of the time.[96] Super Bowls account for the 22 most-watched programs (based on total audience) in US history, including a record 167 million people that watched Super Bowl XLVIII, the conclusion to the 2013 season.[97]

In addition to radio networks run by each NFL team, select NFL games are broadcast nationally by Westwood One (known as Dial Global for the 2012 season). These games are broadcast on over 500 networks, giving all NFL markets access to each primetime game. The NFL's deal with Westwood One was extended in 2012 and will run through 2017.[98]

The NFL, as a one-time experiment, distributed the October 25, 2015 International Series game from Wembley Stadium in London between the Buffalo Bills and Jacksonville Jaguars. The game was live streamed on the Internet exclusively via Yahoo!, except for over-the-air broadcasts on the local CBS-TV affiliates in the Buffalo and Jacksonville markets.[99][100][101]

In 2015, the NFL began sponsoring a series of public service announcements to bring attention to domestic abuse and sexual assault in response to what was seen as poor handling of incidents of violence by players.[102]

Draft

Each April (except in 2014 when it was moved to May), the NFL holds a draft of college players. The draft consists of seven rounds, with each of the 32 clubs getting one pick in each round.[103] The draft order for non-playoff teams is determined by regular-season record; among playoff teams, teams are first ranked by the furthest round of the playoffs they reached, and then are ranked by regular-season record. For example, any team that reached the divisional round will be given a higher pick than any team that reached the conference championships, but will be given a lower pick than any team that did not make the divisional round. The Super Bowl champion always drafts last, and the runner-up always drafts next-to-last.[104] All potential draftees must be at least three years removed from high school in order to be eligible for the draft.[105] Underclassmen that have met that criterion to be eligible for the draft must write an application to the NFL by January 15 renouncing their remaining college eligibility.[106] Clubs can trade away picks for future draft picks, but cannot trade the rights to players they have selected in previous drafts.[107]

Jameis Winston, the number 1 draft pick in the 2015 NFL Draft.

Aside from the 32 picks each club gets, compensatory draft picks are given to teams that have lost more compensatory free agents than they have gained. These are spread out from rounds 3 to 7, and a total of 32 are given.[108] Clubs are required to make their selection within a certain period of time, the exact time depending on which round the pick is made in. If they fail to do so on time, the clubs behind them can begin to select their players in order, but they do not lose the pick outright. This happened in the 2003 draft, when the Minnesota Vikings failed to make their selection on time. The Jacksonville Jaguars and Carolina Panthers were able to make their picks before the Vikings were able to use theirs.[109] Selected players are only allowed to negotiate contracts with the team that picked them, but if they choose not to sign they become eligible for the next year's draft.[110] Under the current collective bargaining contract, all contracts to drafted players must be four-year deals with a club option for a fifth. Contracts themselves are limited to a certain amount of money, depending on the exact draft pick the player was selected with.[111] Players who were draft eligible but not picked in the draft are free to sign with any club.[103]

The NFL operates several other drafts in addition to the NFL draft. The league holds a supplemental draft annually. Clubs submit emails to the league stating the player they wish to select and the round they will do so, and the team with the highest bid wins the rights to that player. The exact order is determined by a lottery held before the draft, and a successful bid for a player will result in the team forfeiting the rights to its pick in the equivalent round of the next NFL draft.[112] Players are only eligible for the supplemental draft after being granted a petition for special eligibility.[113] The league holds expansion drafts, the most recent happening in 2002 when the Houston Texans began play as an expansion team.[114] Other drafts held by the league include an allocation draft in 1950 to allocate players from several teams that played in the dissolved All-America Football Conference[115] and a supplemental draft in 1984 to give NFL teams the rights to players who had been eligible for the main draft but had not been drafted because they had signed contracts with the United States Football League or Canadian Football League.[116]

Like the other major sports leagues in the United States, the NFL maintains protocol for a disaster draft. In the event of a 'near disaster' (less than 15 players killed or disabled) that caused the club to lose a quarterback, they could draft one from a team with at least three quarterbacks. In the event of a 'disaster' (15 or more players killed or disabled) that results in a club's season being cancelled, a restocking draft would be held. Neither of these protocols has ever had to be implemented.[117]

Free agency

Free agents in the National Football League are divided into restricted free agents, who have three accrued seasons and whose current contract has expired, and unrestricted free agents, who have four or more accrued seasons and whose contract has expired. An accrued season is defined as "six or more regular-season games on a club's active/inactive, reserved/injured or reserve/physically unable to perform lists".[118] Restricted free agents are allowed to negotiate with other clubs besides their former club, but the former club has the right to match any offer. If they choose not to, they are compensated with draft picks. Unrestricted free agents are free to sign with any club, and no compensation is owed if they sign with a different club.[118]

Clubs are given one franchise tag to offer to any unrestricted free agent. The franchise tag is a one-year deal that pays the player 120% of his previous contract or no less than the average of the five highest-paid players at his position, whichever is greater. There are two types of franchise tags: exclusive tags, which do not allow the player to negotiate with other clubs, and non-exclusive tags, which allow the player to negotiate with other clubs but gives his former club the right to match any offer and two first-round draft picks if they decline to match it.[119]

Clubs also have the option to use a transition tag, which is similar to the non-exclusive franchise tag but offers no compensation if the former club refuses to match the offer.[120] Due to that stipulation, the transition tag is rarely used,[121] even with the removal of the "poison pill" strategy (offering a contract with stipulations that the former club would be unable to match) that essentially ended the usage of the tag league-wide.[122] Each club is subject to a salary cap, which is set at US$143.28 million for the 2015 season, US$10 million more than in 2014 and US$20 million more than in 2013.[123]

See also

References

Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ All teams are based in the United States, but several preseason and regular season games have been held internationally.
  2. 1 2 The New York Jets and New York Giants share MetLife Stadium.[50]
  3. 1 2 The Baltimore Ravens were originally the Cleveland Browns, and moved to Baltimore in 1996. Due to an agreement with the city of Cleveland that allowed the club to move, the Browns name, colors, and team history/records were left for a new Cleveland Browns team while the team, personnel, and staff of the old Browns team were allowed to move to Baltimore.[51] As such, the Ravens are considered to have begun play in 1996 while the current Cleveland Browns are considered to have been founded in 1950, became inactive from 1996 to 1998,[49] and resumed play as new team in 1999.[52]
  4. ↑ The Jaguars will play one home game at Wembley Stadium in London, England from 2013 to 2016.[40][53]
  5. ↑ The Minnesota Vikings will play at U.S. Bank Stadium beginning in the 2016 NFL season.
  6. ↑ The Rams franchise will move from St. Louis, Missouri, to Los Angeles beginning in the 2016 NFL season and will play at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum from 2016–2018 until the Los Angeles Entertainment Center in Inglewood, California, has finished construction for the 2019 NFL season.[54][55][56]

Citations

  1. ↑ "2015 Official NFL Record and Fact Book" (PDF). National Football League. July 21, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015. An organizational meeting, at which the Akron Pros, Canton Bulldogs, Cleveland Indians, and Dayton Triangles were represented, was held at the Jordan and Hupmobile auto showroom in Canton, Ohio, August 20. This meeting resulted in the formation of the American Professional Football Conference.
  2. 1 2 "History: NFL Champions". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
  3. ↑ Jozsa, Frank P. (2004). Sports Capitalism: The Foreign Business of American Professional Leagues. Ashgate Publishing. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-7546-4185-8. Since 1922, [the NFL] has been the top professional sports league in the world with respect to American football
  4. ↑ "NFL is world's best attended pro sports league". ABS-CBN News. Agence France-Presse. January 6, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
  5. ↑ Harris, Nick (January 31, 2010). "Elite clubs on Uefa gravy train as Super Bowl knocked off perch". The Independent (London). Retrieved November 28, 2012.
  6. ↑ "Super Bowl XLV Most Viewed Telecast in U.S. Broadcast History". Nielsen Company. February 7, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
  7. 1 2 "Happy Birthday NFL?" (PDF). The Coffin Corner (Professional Football Researchers Association) 2 (8). 1980. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  8. ↑ "National Football League (NFL)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
  9. ↑ Past Standings, p. 27
  10. ↑ Snyder, Gib (January 6, 2012). "Buffalo: A city cursed with bad sports luck". The Observer. Ogden Newspapers. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  11. ↑ "Sept. 17, 1920 – The Founding of the NFL". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
  12. ↑ Past Standings, p. 26
  13. ↑ Carroll, Bob. "The 60-Yard Circus" (PDF). Professional Football Researchers Association. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  14. ↑ Finkelman, Paul, ed. (February 2, 2009). Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century 1. Oxford University Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0195167795. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
  15. ↑ Cross, B. Duane (January 22, 2001). "Off-the-field competition yields game-changing merger". CNNSI. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
  16. 1 2 "History: 1961-1970". NFL. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
  17. ↑ Bartlett, Roger; Gratton, Chris; Rolf, Christer, ed. (October 26, 2009). Encyclopedia of International Sports Studies. Routledge. pp. 932–933. ISBN 978-0415561471. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
  18. ↑ Evans, Thayer (February 2, 2008). "The Legacy of Tagliabue?". The New York Times. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
  19. ↑ Lapchick, Richard (August 17, 2006). "Report Card: Tagliabue's legacy includes new model for racial hiring". ESPN.com. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
  20. ↑ Taylor, Jean-Jacques. "Roger Goodell's authority takes a hit". ESPN.com. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
  21. ↑ Brady, Erik; Gary Mihoces (September 16, 2013). "Violent hits keep coming, so is NFL changing culture?". USA Today. Retrieved September 22, 2013.
  22. ↑ "NFL Regular Season Games Played per Season". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  23. 1 2 3 Maske, Mark (August 29, 2013). "NFL preseason is long and often meaningless but a solution isn't apparent to league, players". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
  24. ↑ "Lady Luck and the Lombardi legend". Cold Hard Football Facts. Football Nation. October 12, 2005. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
  25. ↑ King, Steve (January 7, 2013). "This Day in Browns History - Jan. 7". Cleveland Browns. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
  26. ↑ "History of the Wild Card". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
  27. ↑ Wilson, Doug (August 11, 2008). "N.F.L. Executives Hope to Keep Salaries Secret". The New York Times. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
  28. ↑ Schrotenboer, Brent (May 30, 2013). "To tax or not? The NFL's relationship with the IRS". USA Today. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
  29. ↑ 26 U.S.C. § 501(c)(6)
  30. ↑ "Community: Shareholders". Green Bay Packers. Retrieved November 21, 2013. Green Bay Packers Inc., has been a publicly owned, nonprofit corporation since Aug. 18, 1923, when original articles of incorporation were filed with Wisconsin's secretary of state.
  31. ↑ "NFL targeted by Oklahoma senator for 'not-for-profit' tax status". SI.com. CNN. March 5, 2012. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
  32. ↑ Myers, Gary (April 18, 2015). "NFL no longer non-profit after giving up tax exempt status". Daily News. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
  33. ↑ NFL Bylaws, p. 26-27.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 NFL Bylaws, p. 28-35.
  35. ↑ Maske, Mark (August 9, 2006). "Owners Pick Goodell as NFL Commissioner". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
  36. ↑ Florio, Mike (April 23, 2012). "League unexpectedly expands rosters from 80 to 90". Pro Football Talk. NBC Sports. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  37. ↑ Smith, Michael David (July 22, 2011). "NFL drops third quarterback rule, 46 active players on game day". Pro Football Talk. NBC Sports. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  38. ↑ "Practice squads for all 32 NFL teams: Case Keenum joins Texans". NFL.com. National Football League. September 1, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  39. ↑ NFL Bylaws, Article 4.4 (D), p. 15
  40. 1 2 Pengelly, Martin (August 21, 2012). "Jacksonville Jaguars to play four NFL 'home' games at Wembley". The Guardian (London). Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  41. ↑ "History to be made in Mexico City". NFL. September 28, 2005. Archived from the original on June 25, 2006. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  42. ↑ Chadiha, Jeffri (October 24, 2007). "Foreign objective: London game critical for NFL's global aspirations". ESPN.com. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  43. ↑ "Back to Mexico: Texans-Raiders to play Nov. 21 in Mexico City". NFL.com. Retrieved 2016-02-06.
  44. ↑ Ozanian, Mike (September 14, 2015). "The NFL's Most Valuable Teams". Forbes. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
  45. ↑ Badenhausen, Kurt (April 18, 2012). "Manchester United Tops The World's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams". Forbes. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
  46. ↑ Rovell, Darren (September 16, 2013). Sports owners highlight U.S. 'Richest'. ESPN.com. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  47. 1 2 "Teams". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  48. ↑ Breer, Albert (July 6, 2012). "NFL stadiums go from boom to swoon in span of a decade". NFL. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  49. 1 2 "History of NFL franchises, 1920-present". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  50. ↑ Borden, Sam; Shipigel, Ben (December 22, 2011). "Preparations Different for a Home-and-Home Contest". The New York Times. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
  51. ↑ Morgan, Jan (February 9, 1996). "Deal clears NFL path to Baltimore". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  52. ↑ Gossi, Tony (September 12, 1999). "Rival Pittsburgh gives Cleveland a brutal welcome in 43-0 drubbing". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  53. ↑ "Jacksonville Jaguars to host regular-season game in United Kingdom in each of next four years". Jaguars.com (Jacksonville Jaguars). August 21, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
  54. ↑ Hanzus, Dan (January 12, 2016). "Rams to relocate to L.A.; Chargers first option to join". NFL.com. National Football League. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  55. ↑ "General FAQs". Los Angeles Rams. January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016. Where will the Rams play? For the first three seasons we'll play at the L.A. Coliseum. In 2019, we’ll move into the most advanced, world-class stadium ever built located in Inglewood, CA.
  56. ↑ Kurzweil, Anthony (January 18, 2016). "Los Angeles Rams to Take Season Ticket Deposits Beginning Monday". KTLA.com (KTLA). Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  57. ↑ "NFL/Hall of Fame Game". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
  58. ↑ NFL Bylaws, p. 114.
  59. ↑ Bowen, Matt (August 29, 2012). "Exhibition finale biggest game of year for players on bubble". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
  60. 1 2 Smith, Michael David Smith (August 14, 2013). "Jim Irsay to fans: You don't really pay full price for preseason tickets". Pro Football Talk. NBC Sports. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  61. ↑ "2012 Opponents Determined" (PDF). NFL. January 2, 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
  62. ↑ Issacson, Melissa (December 25, 2005). "Ghost of Christmas past: Sports-free TV". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  63. 1 2 "2012 NFL Schedule Announced". NFL Communications. April 17, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
  64. ↑ Sensei, Andrew. "Sports Law". Tulane University Law School. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
  65. ↑ "Blizzard forces postponement of Vikes-Eagles game to Tuesday". NFL. December 26, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
  66. ↑ "NFL season opener to be held Wednesday, Sept. 5". NFL. February 28, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
  67. ↑ "Realignment for 2002". NFL. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
  68. ↑ Florio, Mike (November 8, 2011). "Unusual bye format traces to lockout". Pro Football Talk. NBC Sports. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
  69. ↑ Ourand, John (April 26, 2010). "NFL schedule navigated World Series, other conflicts". Sports Business Daily. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
  70. ↑ "Tie-breaking procedures". NFL. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
  71. ↑ "Pro Bowl set for Jan. 27 in Honolulu, week before Super Bowl". NFL. May 30, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
  72. ↑ http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/recap?gameId=310130032
  73. ↑ Price, Mark J. (April 25, 2011). "Local history: Searching for lost trophy". Akron Beacon Journal. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  74. ↑ Terl, Matt (July 28, 2008). "Inside Redskins Park: The Other Championship Trophy". Official Redskins Blog. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  75. ↑ Horovitz, Bruce (January 30, 2002). "Football's super prize reaches icon status". USA Today. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  76. ↑ "45 Years of Super Bowl Rings". ESPN.com. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  77. ↑ Neel, Eric. "Super Bowl from A to Z". ESPN.com. Retrieved June 8, 2013.
  78. ↑ Jensen, Sean. "NFC's Halas trophy has new look". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  79. ↑ Tafur, Vic (January 26, 2013). "O.J. Brigance inspires Ravens". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  80. ↑ Pollak, Austin (June 14, 2012). "Patriots Receive AFC Championship Rings From Owner Robert Kraft". New England Sports Network. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  81. ↑ "Seahawks receive NFC championship rings". ESPN.com. June 7, 2006. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  82. ↑ Klis, Mike (February 2, 2013). "MVP in NFL: Peyton Manning or Adrian Peterson, it's a two-horse race". The Denver Post. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  83. ↑ "NFL Honors". NFL. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  84. ↑ Watkins, Calvin (February 2, 2013). "Jason Witten wins Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year award". ESPN.com. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  85. ↑ Brinson, Will (February 2, 2013). "Bruce Arians wins 2012 Coach of the Year Award". CBS Sports. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  86. ↑ "Peyton Manning and Adrian Peterson named 2012 FedEx Air & Ground NFL Players of the Year at '2nd Annual NFL Honors'". NFL. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
  87. ↑ "Seattle Seahawks QB Russell Wilson named 2012 Pepsi MAX NFL Rookie of the Year". NFL. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
  88. 1 2 3 "The tradition continues: NFL to remain on broadcast TV". NFL. December 14, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  89. ↑ Florio, Mike (December 1, 2011). "Flexible schedule flexes Broncos-Vikings from CBS to FOX". Pro Football Talk. NBC Sports. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  90. ↑ Fixmer, Andy (November 29, 2012). "Thursday Night Football Scores Big for the NFL". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  91. ↑ Badenhausen, Kurt (December 14, 2011). "The NFL Signs TV Deals Worth $27 Billion". Forbes. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  92. ↑ Molloy, Tim (August 30, 2011). "Telemundo Extends Deal With NFL Through 2013". Reuters. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  93. ↑ Kirkendall, Josh (September 8, 2011). "NFL And ESPN Reach Major Media Rights Deal". Cincy Jungle. SB Nation. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  94. ↑ "NFL eases local TV blackout restrictions for upcoming season". NFL. June 30, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  95. 1 2 "NFL to suspend TV blackout policy". ESPN.com. March 24, 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
  96. ↑ "NFL 2012 TV Recap". NFL Communications. January 3, 2003. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  97. ↑ Bibel, Sara (February 4, 2014). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'New Girl' & 'Brooklyn Nine Nine' Adjusted Up & Final Super Bowl Numbers (Updated)". Zap2it. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
  98. ↑ "NFL and Dial Global Agree on New Multi-Year Extension". Dial Global. September 19, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  99. ↑ "NFL and Yahoo! partner to deliver first-ever global live stream" (Press release). National Football League. June 3, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
  100. ↑ Schwab, Frank (June 3, 2015). "Yahoo will broadcast first free global live stream of NFL game". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
  101. ↑ Clark, Kevin (March 23, 2015). "NFL to Broadcast a Game Nationally Via Internet Only". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
  102. ↑ Maggie Penman (January 14, 2015). "Ads Say 'No More' To Domestic Violence, But Will Audience Listen?". NPR. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
  103. 1 2 Love, Tim (April 23, 2009). "What's the NFL draft all about?". BBC Sport. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  104. ↑ "Complete order of first round of 2011 NFL Draft determined". NFL. March 27, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  105. ↑ Smith, Michael David (January 1, 2013). "NFL draft rules a bad deal for Jadeveon Clowney". Pro Football Talk. NBC Sports. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  106. ↑ "NFL officially grants draft eligibility to 65 underclassmen". NFL. January 19, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  107. ↑ Schrager, Peter (March 31, 2011). "Addressing NFL draft trade rules, times". Fox Sports. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  108. ↑ Aiello, Greg; McCarthy, Brian; Signora, Michael (March 26, 2012). "NFL Announces 32 Compensatory Draft Choices to 15 Clubs" (PDF). NFL Labor. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  109. ↑ Black, James C. (May 29, 2003). "Offseason overview: Minnesota Vikings". ESPN.com. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  110. ↑ Flatter, Ron (March 9, 2006). "Bo knows stardom and disappointment". ESPN.com. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  111. ↑ Badenhausen, Kurt (April 24, 2012). "NFL Draft Picks More Valuable Than Ever Under New System". Forbes. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  112. ↑ Jeremiah, Daniel (July 11, 2012). "Supplemental draft primer: Josh Gordon has NFL teams buzzing". NFL. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  113. ↑ Schefter, Adam (August 15, 2011). "Terrelle Pryor remains in draft limbo". ESPN.com. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  114. ↑ "Building Block". ESPN.com. February 12, 2002. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  115. ↑ "Allocation Draft" (PDF). Professional Football Researchers Association. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  116. ↑ "1984 Supplemental Draft". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  117. ↑ Drehs, Wayne (April 10, 2001). "'God forbid it should ever be needed'". ESPN.com. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  118. 1 2 "Questions and answers for 2012 free agency". NFL. March 11, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  119. ↑ Reynolds, Neil (February 16, 2012). "NFL Explained: The Franchise Tag". NFLUK. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  120. ↑ Nogle, Kevin (December 28, 2012). "NFL Franchise Tags and the Miami Dolphins". The Phinsider. SB Nation. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  121. ↑ Breer, Albert (February 23, 2012). "New wrinkles to franchise tag, salary cap happened for reason". NFL. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  122. ↑ Myers, Keith (February 16, 2008). "The Poison Pill is dead". 12th Man Rising. SI.com. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  123. ↑ Patra, Kevin (March 2, 2015). "NFL salary cap will be $143.28 million in 2015". National Football League. Retrieved June 25, 2015.

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Football League.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for American Football.

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Monday, February 15, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.