Uria
| Uria | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Common murre between two thick-billed murres | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Charadriiformes |
| Family: | Alcidae |
| Genus: | Uria Brisson, 1760 |
| species | |
|
U. aalge | |
Uria is a genus of seabirds in the auk family known in Britain as guillemots, in most of North America as murres, and in Newfoundland and Labrador as turr. These are medium-sized birds with mainly brown or black plumage in the breeding season. They breed on the coasts of the northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
There are two species:
- Common murre or common guillemot, Uria aalge
- Thick-billed murre or Brünnich's guillemot, Uria lomvia
Uria auks are relatives of the razorbill, little auk and the extinct great auk and together make up the tribe Alcini. Despite the similar British common names, they are not so closely related to the Cepphus guillemots, which form the tribe Cepphini.
These birds breed in large colonies on coastal cliffs, laying single elongated conical eggs directly on cliff ledges. They move south in winter to keep in ice-free waters.
They dive for food from the surface, swimming underwater and being among the deepest divers of all birds, using their stubby wings to routinely dive to more than 100 meters, and feeding on fish and crustaceans, also some molluscs, insects and plant material.[1]
Adult birds are black or brown on the head, neck, back and wings with white underparts. The bill is long and pointed. They have a small rounded black tail. The lower face becomes white in winter.
The flight is strong and direct, and these species have fast wing beats due to the short wings.
Uria guillemots produces a variety of harsh cackling calls at the breeding colonies, but are silent at sea.
Some prehistoric Uria species are also known:
- Uria bordkorbi (Monterey or Sisquoc, Late Miocene of Lompoc, USA)
- Uria affinis (Late Pleistocene of E USA) - possibly a subspecies of U. lomvia
- Uria paleohesperis (Late Miocene of W USA)
U. brodkorbi is interesting insofar as it is the only known occurrence of the Alcini tribe in the temperate to subtropical Pacific, except for the very fringe of the range of U. aalge. It suggests that the Uria species, which are the sister taxon to all the other Alcini, and like them are usually believed to have evolved in the Atlantic, may have evolved in the Caribbean or possibly close to the Isthmus of Panama. The modern Pacific distribution would then be part of a later arctic expansion, whereas most other auk lineages form clades with a continuous range in the Pacific, from arctic to subtropical waters.
Origin of names
The name "guillemot" is of French origin, a diminutive of the personal name Guillaume (William). Earlier common names such as "willock" and "wilkie" have the same root.
The name "murre" comes from the Cornish word for the razorbill.
References
- Harrison, Peter (1988): Seabirds (2nd ed.). Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7470-1410-8
- del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (editors) (1996): Handbook of Birds of the World Volume 3 (Hoatzin to Auks). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-20-2