Murder of Imette St. Guillen

Imette St. Guillen
Born Imette Carmella St. Guillen
(1981-03-02)March 2, 1981
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Died February 25, 2006(2006-02-25) (aged 24)
Brooklyn, New York, USA
Nationality American
Known for Murder Victim
Height 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m)
Weight 110 lb (50 kg)
Parent(s) Seimundo Guillen and Maureen St. Hillaire

Imette Carmella St. Guillen (March 2, 1981 – February 25, 2006) was an American graduate student of Venezuelan and French Canadian descent who was brutally raped and murdered.[1] She was studying criminal justice[2] at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City at the time of her death. Her gruesome murder, which captured national attention[3] along with the later murder of Jennifer Moore, was to have a profound impact on New York City's nightlife, including the passage of legislation.[4][5]

Life and murder

Imette St. Guillen was born in Boston, Massachusetts[6] to Seimundo Guillen and Maureen St. Hilaire. Her last name–and that of her elder sister– was a combination of her parents' surnames. Seimundo Guillen, a Venezuelan immigrant, died of AIDS when Imette was 9 years old.[7] Her mother later remarried.[6]

St. Guillen graduated from Boston Latin School in 1999 and moved to Washington, D.C. to attend George Washington University. Like her father, St. Guillen studied criminal justice.[6] She graduated magna cum laude in 2003 and enrolled at John Jay College of Criminal Justice to pursue a master's degree. Although she originally intended to study Forensic psychology, she changed her major to criminal justice. She was ranked in the top 5% of her class, and was scheduled to graduate in May 2006.[8]

After a pre-celebration of her upcoming birthday with her mother and sister, held in Florida, St. Guillen took a plane back to her apartment in Manhattan; later on, February 24, 2006, St. Guillen met with her best friend, Claire Higgins, to continue celebrating her birthday, which was only a few days away.[9] Around 3:30 a.m. on February 25, the two women argued over whether to go home. Higgins had left; later, in a phone call at 3:50 a.m., St. Guillen assured Higgins that she would be leaving for home shortly.[10] She was last seen at 4:00 a.m at the bar named 'The Falls'.[11]

Seventeen hours after St. Guillen spoke with her friend, Brooklyn police received an anonymous phone call alerting them to a dead body, which they soon identified as that of St. Guillen. Her body was found nude, wrapped in a comforter.[11] Several broken fingernails indicated that she had fought her attacker.[12] Her hands and feet were tied, a sock had been shoved down her throat, and her head was wrapped in packing tape. Some of her hair had been cut off. An autopsy revealed that she had been beaten and sexually assaulted before being asphyxiated.[11] According to forensic psychologist Dr. Stephanie Stolinsky, the killer "tried to dehumanize her completely. ... Whenever you hide someone's face, it means that you don't want to see them as a human being. You want to pretend that they're just an object".[11]

The murder case of Imette St. Guillen was then handled by the Special Victims Squad.[13]

Fountain Avenue, where the body of Imette St. Guillen was found after an anonymous phone call from the Lindenwood Diner to NYPD. This photograph is facing east, toward the Belt Parkway. The memorial, created by various sympathizers and neighborhood well-wishers, is shown on the left.

Arrest

The Falls South side door, from which Littlejohn allegedly led St. Guillen outside to his van.

Darryl Littlejohn, one of two bouncers at The Falls where St. Guillen was seen the night she was murdered, was charged with first-degree murder, kidnapping, and unlawful imprisonment.[14] DNA that was proven to be Littlejohn's, most likely caused from a nosebleed, was found on the plastic ties that were used to bind St. Guillen's hands.[14] Littlejohn was asked to escort St. Guillen out of The Falls just before closing,[14] and was later seen talking to St. Guillen in front of the bar before her disappearance.[15] His basement apartment in Queens and vehicles were searched by police and crime scene investigators. Carpet fibers found in Littlejohn's home were a match to fibers discovered on the adhesive tape that St. Guillen's face was wrapped with.[14] Additional evidence that Littlejohn was in the area at the time, date, and place where St. Guillen was killed and dumped was found using cell phone tower records[16] which "indicated movement from his home to near the spot in Brooklyn where Ms. St. Guillen's body was found."[17] Due to the nature of St. Guillen's murder and other high-profile cases, The Village Voice suggested that the Internal Affairs Bureau (IAB) was devoting more of its time to tracing the cellular phones of detectives.[18] The article discussed efforts to uncover leaks to the media in these cases.[18] A source that communicated with The Village Voice said that police in St. Guillen's murder case had received "punitive 'letters of instruction' in their files and were docked days of pay."[18]

Littlejohn, an ex-convict, had spent more than 12 years in prison for drug possession and robbery charges.[19] He was on parole at the time of his employment at The Falls and, by working at the bar, was violating the curfew of his parole agreement.[20] Some blame was placed on his parole officer.[21] Since 2006, he has been held at Rikers Island prison[14] and he was initially held by authorities because of the parole violation. He was later charged with one count of first-degree murder and two counts of second-degree murder and then held for the murder of St. Guillen.[15][20] During that time, Littlejohn had been tried and convicted in the abduction attempt of a Queens woman on October 19, 2005. The woman was abducted off the street and held by Littlejohn in his van but managed to escape, leaving behind DNA which was later identified. This abduction attempt was later linked to St. Guillen's case when the woman saw the suspected van on TV news reports.[22][23]

Littlejohn's initial defense attorney was Kevin O'Donnell,[24] but O'Donnell was later dismissed when Littlejohn complained about his work.[25] Littlejohn's later lawyer Joyce David, known for her book What You Should Know If You're Accused of a Crime[26] filed a 36-page legal brief alleging a "wide-ranging conspiracy" involving Littlejohn and the St. Guillen murder and claiming that Littlejohn was "being framed to protect members of a rich and powerful family who have the connections and the motive to see that he gets convicted of killing St. Guillen."[27] Rudy Giuliani was "named in the conspiracy," supposedly because the "Dorrians are part of Giuliani's family."[28][29][30][31][32] Littlejohn started his criminal career at age 12, according to prosecutors, at first stealing a 70-year-old woman's purse with the help of a friend.[33][34] Prosecutors in the 2005 abduction are seeking court permission to discuss Littlejohn's crimes, and prosecutor Frank DeGaetano said that the crimes "fairly reflect his character"; Littlejohn's lawyer wants discussion of his past banned from the trial.[33]

Aftermath

Within days after the revelation of the alleged lying of bar manager Daniel Dorrian in St. Guillen's disappearance and murder, a New York City writer named Jeff Ragsdale organized a group of people through Craigslist to start a demonstration in front of The Falls bar.[35] Their aim was to inform passers-by and others of St. Guillen's murder by conversations, using flyers and other handouts, and to bring pressure on the New York State Liquor Authority to have The Falls bar closed and its liquor license permanently revoked.[36] The demonstrations lasted a few months, and around June 2006 The Falls bar lost its liquor license.[37]

The Pioneer bar, which was first associated with the disappearance of St. Guillen, was and is unrelated to her murder. However, the bar suffered negative publicity, and news reports showed images of the bar's facade in their coverage of the murder. The bar had later changed its name to the R Bar in response to the negative publicity and it is still doing business.[38]

Long after the murder trial's conclusion, Joyce David has filed a libel lawsuit against New York City, saying that her reputation was slandered when it was discovered she was under an ethics probe.[39] David was exonerated, but the ethics probe delayed monies she was owed during her two years of work on the murder case and she was evicted from her Brooklyn office because of an inability to pay the rent on her business location.[39] She currently wants $42,225 for her case work and $13 million in damages.[39]

Littlejohn's pre-trial and trial in previous abduction

Littlejohn went on trial for prior abduction case stemming from 2005,[40] which was held before the murder trial for St. Guillen, raising concerns that St. Guillen's murder case was not strong enough.[41] The quality of evidence had been called into question as the reasoning for the delay of the murder trial.[42] Prosecution, however, had stated that they are prepared to proceed with the trial.[43]

In January 2009, Littlejohn was convicted of kidnapping a college student in October 2005. The victim testified that he had approached her while dressed as a police officer, then handcuffed her and forced her into a vehicle. She escaped. Litllejohn was sentenced to 25 years-to-life in prison.[44]

Pre-trial motions in St. Guillen's murder

Pre-trial hearings began on September 11, 2007.[23] In January 2008, the judge assigned to St. Guillen's murder case, Cheryl Chambers, was reassigned to the state's Appellate Division.[45]

Littlejohn's defense attorney Joyce David challenged the autopsy findings[46] as well as the search warrants giving police the authority to search Littlejohn's van, his apartment and to investigate his cell phone records.[47] Prosecutors were given permission by Justice Abraham Gerges to admit evidence from Littlejohn's other crimes.[48]

Trial

Opening arguments were given on Monday, May 11, 2009.[49] Prosecution headed by Kenneth Taub laid out the case that Littlejohn was a sex fiend, and according to the Daily News story, Taub said that "He did the same thing to two other women three months before" and "Until this case, he got away with it."[49] They briefly described the circumstantial evidence against Littlejohn.[49] Littlejohn used glasses which some defense lawyers have described as the "nerd defense, which is a tactic used to make felons and other criminals appear less menacing to the jury during a trial."[50]

The defense was headed by Joyce David, who said that the case was a "racially charged frame-up by police eager to close a blockbuster case," according to the News.[49] David said, "He's a black man with a long criminal record," and "Who's going to care about him?"[49] David then pointed her finger at bartender Daniel Dorrian of The Falls bar and said that "Darryl Littlejohn is being framed to protect Danny Dorrian".[49]

Prosecution's case

Clair Higgins, St. Guillen's best friend, was among the first to take the witness stand. She described the time she had shared with St. Guillen on the night of her disappearance.[51]

Daniel Dorrian, manager of the bar where St. Guillen was last seen, indicated during the Trial that Littlejohn and St. Guillen had "a screaming match" and the article quoted him as saying ""It might have been a loud conversation. "By the end ... it came out she was screaming."[52] According to the Daily News "Dorrian insisted he didn't lie when he initially stonewalled cops about St. Guillen's kidnapping and murder."[52] However, he later admitted telling police that he did not remember St. Guillen being in The Falls bar.[53] Dorrian attributed his initial statements to a fear of backlash against his bar; two decades earlier, his father's bar had experienced poor publicity and lawsuits after a patron was murdered.[52]

Defense lawyers suggested that Dorrian might have been the real killer.[52] She managed to extract testimony from Dorrian where he admitted that he had informed police that he was "banged up" after a quarrel with his girlfriend some days after St. Guillen's body was found, however, NYPD never investigated him as a possible suspect.[52] He said, "I don't believe I had any bruises," the manager said. "It was just a figure of speech."[52] David then suggested sometime during the trial that St. Guillen might have returned to The Falls bar and "hooked up with Dorrian".[52]

Littlejohn's ex-girlfriend, Sandra Smith, testified on Thursday, May 14, the fourth day of the trial.[54] She said that he asked her to lie about his using her Chrysler Sebring to see his ailing mother in a Queens nursing home after St. Guillen's death.[54] "He called me and said if anyone calls, [to] say he had my car," however she informed police that he did not use the vehicle; and police suspect Littlejohn used another van to abduct and sexually molest St. Guillen.[54]

Using cell phone tower records, detectives in the murder case determined that Littlejohn was in the area of Fountain Avenue where St. Guillen's body had been found.[55]

Nicholas Petraco, a retired NYPD forensics evidence expert, testified that fibers from two fur coats and a rabbit collared leather jacket gathered by Police at Littlejohn's home were found in his van, on tape binding St. Guillen, and on a quilt used to wrap her battered body.[56] He indicated that fiber analysis is not as good as DNA evidence.[56]

A representative of the medical examiner's office testified that DNA of Littlejohn was found on a snow brush found alongside St. Guillen's body.[57] Hairs found on a bedspread used to wrap St. Guillen's body belonged to Littlejohn's mother;[57] besides that of St. Guillen, hairs were also identified as coming from eight other people.[58]

The zip-ties found in the Windstar used to bind St. Guillen were presented to the court, and Medical examiner Ewelina Bajda said that traces of Littlejohn's blood were found in the locking mechanism of one of them.[58]

Prosecutors called several witnesses to testify in previous cases in which Littlejohn was alleged to have abducted young women. The victim in the attack in which he was convicted described how she recognized Littlejohn's van during TV news coverage of St. Guillen's murder and testified that Littlejohn had tied her up in his van and drove off with her during his kidnapping attempt.[59] The district attorney who prosecuted him in that case, testified as to the evidence that had led to his conviction. Her testimony was allowed by Justice Gerges in order to prove " ...the identity of the perpetrator in this case” however, this with the justice’s warning that jurors should not take Woodard’s testimony as proof of Mr. Littlejohn’s “propensity” to commit such crimes.[60] Littlejohn's lawyer Joyce B. David admitted that Ms. Woodard’s testimony hurt their case.[60] Prosecutors later called a Japanese woman, also a student, who had been attacked four months before St. Guillen's death in a manner similar to that of the case for which Littlejohn was convicted.[61][62] According to one Daily News story, she also had her face taped "almost exactly like St. Guillen's"[63] David, who objected to both Woodard's and the Japanese woman's testimonies, verbally attacked the second victim's inability to identify Littlejohn in a lineup, stating: "My client has scars on his face and a tattoo that's very noticeable under his eye and that's something that one would expect that she would have noticed and had them put either in the sketch or at least mentioned it".[61] While Littlejohn had not been charged in the Japanese student's attack, prosecutors insisted there was “compelling proof” that he was her attacker based on the DNA evidence from the T-shirt and the manner in which she was attacked, similar to Woodard and St. Guillen.[64]

Prosecution rested its case on Thursday, May 28.[65][66]

Defense

The defense continued to suggest that the DNA-testing of evidence that the city-hired firm, Bode Technology, may have been contaminated in order to frame Littlejohn and also to clear bar manager Danny Dorrian.[65] The Prosecution criticized the Defense’s argument that police framed Littlejohn to protect his former employer Dorrian.[67] Prosecutor Kenneth Taub said to the jury: "I can't even begin to describe how ridiculous that is".[67] David in reply said the evidence may suggest her client dumped the body, it did not prove that Littlejohn killed her and said: "There is no proof at all, not a scintilla of proof, that Ms. St. Guillen had been to my client's home".[67] David also said: "Darryl Littlejohn was the solution to all their problems: solving the city's biggest crime at the time, protecting Danny Dorrian and protecting Rudy Giuliani from another scandal while he was running for President," the lawyer argued.[67]

After questioning two detectives about the 25-hour search for evidence in Littlejohn’s residence, concluding that none of the more than 50 items confiscated were linked to St. Guillen, and DNA testing had failed to yield a match, Defense rested their case.[68] Prosecutors had “presented proof that Littlejohn's blood, tissue and DNA were found on the plastic ties that were used to bind St. Guillen's hands.”[68] The six men / six women jury took less than seven hours to convict Littlejohn of murdering Imette St. Guillen and found him guilty of first degree murder in her murder.[69] One juror, Marian Mallero, said: "The DNA said a lot about it. They gave us evidence and it was obvious"; and, "He's guilty, that's all I'm going to say."[69] Another juror said, "All the evidence pointed to the defendant," despite the defense case that Littlejohn was railroaded.[69]

Before the jurors' verdict, David said to CNN that she believed in the innocence of her client, and indicated again that Littlejohn was framed and another was a likely suspect saying: "He was a convenient scapegoat who has a long criminal record".[70] Afterwards, David said: "We're going to appeal. We're disappointed. I'm hoping this gives the family of the victim some closure. But I think that the wrong man was convicted."[70]

Sentencing

Judge Abraham G. Gerges made the following statements about the case concerning Littlejohn and St. Guillen, “I hope that the conclusion of these proceedings today will provide you with some small measure of solace” speaking to St. Guillen’s relatives.[71] Judge Gerges then directed comments to and about Littlejohn, calling him an unrepentant "predator" who should never taste freedom again.[72] The Judge also paid tribute to St. Guillen describing her as a ‘promising woman who never deserved to die’ saying, "If there were truly justice in this world, I would have the power to bring her back to you," addressing Maureen and Alejandra, who cried in the courtroom.[72] Continuing, he further said, "To my great sorrow, that is not possible."[72] "This defendant is not fit to remain in civilized society."[73] Gerges also noted, "While the defendant committed this horrific crime, what is also so disturbing about this case is the indifference of the people employed at the bar that night. This court cannot speak to the legal implications of serving someone who is intoxicated, and indeed that issue may be before another judge, but this court can decry the complete indifference and inhumanity of the workers there that night. They were all focused on finishing their shift and leaving. Not one of those people spared a thought to the wisdom of sending an intoxicated young woman out into the deserted streets of Manhattan at 4 a.m. If only one of them had the common decency to call a taxi, we might not be here in this courtroom today."[73]

Littlejohn is to serve his sentence consecutively with his previous 25-year-to-life term for kidnapping a Queens woman.[72]

David indicated after the sentencing that she would file a notice of appeal and indicated that Littlejohn remained silent, maintaining he was framed to protect Dorrian, and that instead of making a statement and David quoted him saying, “there was really nothing for him to say. It’s hard for him to say he’s sorry for something he didn’t do,” she said.[71]

Civil lawsuits

St. Guillen's family settled a confidential suit brought against The Falls bar in 2007.[74]

In early 2008, St. Guillen's mother brought a civil action against the federal government for US$200 million for their failure to keep track of Littlejohn.[75] The suit names the Department of Justice, and the U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services Program[76] as defendants.[75] The suit was dismissed in May 2010 by Court of Claims Judge Faviola A. Soto, quoting an NYS Appeals decision that reaffirmed the standard that, “an agency of government is not liable for the negligent performance of a governmental function unless there existed ‘a special duty to the injured person, in contrast to a general duty owed to the public.’”[77] In March 2011, the St. Guillen family finally settled with the Federal government for $130,000. Tracking software for post-release offenders would be named after St. Guillen.[78]

On the third anniversary of St. Guillen's death, her mother filed suit against the bounty hunter school, US Recovery Bureau Inc, accusing the proprietors, Ralph Rios and Robert Neves, of giving the accused, Darryl Littlejohn, fake badges that enabled him to get hired as a bouncer.[79]

The St. Guillen family has another lawsuit which is pending: a wrongful-death lawsuit against Darryl Littlejohn.[80]

Legacy

According to New York's NightLife Association,[81] since St. Guillen's death, crime rates around bars and clubs in New York City have decreased.[82] Her death was one of several high-profile incidents of women murdered after leaving a nightclub. The combined media scrutiny resulted in new and modified laws governing nightclub operations.[83]

Soon after authorities realized that a bouncer may have been the perpetrator, nightclub owners and local politicians met to discuss ways to improve nightlife safety.[82] In February 2007, New York City enacted a law requiring security cameras at the entrances and exits of the 200 nightclubs that held a cabaret license. City officials were also empowered to close any business that hired an unlicensed bouncer.[83][Note 1]

New York City club owners also agreed to voluntary guidelines which encourage the use of scanning machines to record the identification of their patrons and also encourage screening patrons for weapons.[84] The guidelines also provide for more care in dealing with intoxicated female patrons who are alone.[82]

The following month, Boston enacted a similar law, requiring all nightclub and bar owners to conduct criminal background checks on their employees. At the same time, Boston Mayor Thomas Menino signed an executive order authorizing the cancellation of liquor licenses granted to anyone found to have hired a violent felon.[85]

A joint fundraising effort by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice of the City University of New York, the Association for a Better New York and the New York Daily News resulted in the Imette St. Guillen Scholarship for second-year students at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice.[86][87] Past recipients of the scholarship have included Johanna Vespe, Kevin Barnes-Ceeney, Shea Donato, and Negar Farshbaf.[88][89][90] Another scholarship in her name was endowed at Boston Latin School.[91] St. Guillen's family also has created the Spirit of Imette Foundation, intended to support education for underprivileged children.[92]

The murder has been fictionalized in the novel Killer Heat, by Linda Fairstein,[93] and in Angel's Tip by Alafair Burke.[94] This book deals with "a female NYPD detective who cracks the case of a beautiful student brutally slain after she exits a club."[94]

St. Guillen's murder is discussed in the Jodi Picoult novel House Rules.

New York band Interpol wrote a song titled "Pioneer to the Falls", which is believed to reference St. Guillen's murder. The title of the song most likely refers to the journey that St. Guillen made, walking on Spring Street from the Pioneer bar to The Falls bar.[95][96]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ In the state of New York, bouncers must be licensed by the New York Department of State. To receive a license, the applicant must undergo fingerprinting and a background check and must pass a one-day class. (Jones, Charisse, April 4, 2009)

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ "The Spirit of Imette Foundation - About Imette". Retrieved 2009-01-09.
  2. ↑ Baker, Al; Smerd, Jeremy (February 28, 2006). "Police Try to Trace Last Steps of a Student Found Slain". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-29.
  3. ↑ "The gruesome murder of Imette St. Guillen". MSNBC. March 2, 2006. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
  4. ↑ "Menino signs "Imette's Law" requiring background checks for bar bouncers" (PDF). SLRA/Boston Herald/. March 17, 2007. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
  5. ↑ "Nightclub murders give rise to 58-point security plan". New York Daily News. October 19, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
  6. 1 2 3 Marquard, Bryan (March 4, 2006). "Imette St. Guillen, 24; slay victim valued community service". The Boston Globe.
  7. ↑ Baker, Al (March 1, 2006). "Police Seek Caller Who Pointed Way to Student's Body". New York Times.
  8. ↑ Baker, Al (February 28, 2006). "Police Try to Trace Last Steps of a Student Found Slain". New York Times. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
  9. ↑ Valenti, p. 148.
  10. ↑ Velez-Mitchell, p. 4.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Velez-Mitchell, p. 2.
  12. ↑ Burke, Kerry; Dillon, Nancy; Gendar, Alison (March 2, 2006). "Cop's Think It's An Evil Stranger: Mummy vic last seen standing by herself on dark SoHo street". New York Daily News.
  13. ↑ Baker, Al (May 18, 2011). "Sex-Assault Case Puts Focus on Police Unit, Not Quite as Seen on TV". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 "Bloody nose likely DNA source". Boston Herald. March 23, 2006. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
  15. 1 2 "His Chilling Words: 'You Seemed Like A Real Nice Lady'". New York: NY Daily News. March 8, 2006. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
  16. ↑ "Courts Cast Wary Eye on Evidence Gleaned From Cell Phones". Wired. May 10, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  17. ↑ Hartocollis, Anemona (July 16, 2007). "When the Trill of a Cellphone Brings the Clang of Prison Doors". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  18. 1 2 3 "When Cops Go Bad Does the NYPD's Internal Affairs Bureau Even Notice?". The Village Voice. March 4, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
  19. ↑ "A Scary Dude, Neighbors Say". New York Daily News. March 8, 2006. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  20. 1 2 "Bouncer charged in student's slaying". CNN. March 23, 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  21. ↑ ""Ladies, You Should Know Better" subtitled: "How feminism wages war on common sense."". The Wall Street Journal. April 14, 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
  22. ↑ "Imette slay suspect linked to abduct try". New York Daily News. August 9, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  23. 1 2 "DNA links Darryl Littlejohn to 2005 kidnapping". Times Ledger. August 16, 2007. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-20.
  24. ↑ Brick, Michael (November 19, 2006). "Brooklyn Lawyers Vie for Chance at the Big Time". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-02-19.
  25. ↑ "Fighting To Be Darryl Littlejohn's Lawyer". Gothamist. November 19, 2006. Retrieved 2008-02-19.
  26. ↑ Joyce B. David (1997/1998). "What you should know if you're accused of a crime" (5th ed.). Joyce B. David. Retrieved 2013-10-09. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. ↑ Tim Perone (December 12, 2007). "Imette-case 'plot' claim". New York Post. p. 3.
  28. ↑ "Imette St. Guillen murder suspect claims 'frame up' involving Rudy Giuliani". New York Daily News. December 12, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
  29. ↑ ""St. Guillen Murder: Littlejohn Alleges Conspiracy"; "Accusations Thrown Everywhere, Even At Rudy Giuliani"". WCBSTV.COM. December 12, 2007. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
  30. ↑ "N.Y. bouncer: Giuliani framed me". BostonHerald.com. December 13, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  31. ↑ "St. Guillen case a frame? Lawyer for grad student’s accused murderer says client a fall guy". Metro, N.Y. edition. December 14–16, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  32. ↑ "Letter to Judge Pfau". Retrieved 2008-10-01.
  33. 1 2 Bode, Nicole (October 2, 2008). "Imette St. Guillen-slay suspect Darryl Littlejohn's life of crime". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
  34. ↑ Livingston, Ikimulisa (October 2, 2008). "Imette 'killer' a mugger at 12". New York Post. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
  35. ↑ "‘Shut The Falls,’ protesters say after murder". Downtown Express. March 17–23, 2006. Retrieved 2006-03-18.
  36. ↑ "Endtime Behavior". RaptureReady.com. April 3, 2006. Retrieved 2008-10-06. (Scroll down on page)
  37. ↑ "Flunking a Bar Exam - After the killing of Imette St. Guillen, scrutiny for the Falls dynasty". The Village Voice. March 21, 2006. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
  38. ↑ "Guilt By Association: The Pioneer and Imette St. Guillen". The Simon. March 9, 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-05-08. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
  39. 1 2 3 Boniello, Kathianne (June 12, 2011). "Imette-slay lawyer sues". New York Post. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
  40. ↑ "Imette Suspect Trial". New York Daily News. September 20, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-20.
  41. ↑ "Concerns Over Strength of St. Guillen Murder Case". Gothamist. August 20, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-28.
  42. ↑ Celona, Larry (August 20, 2007). "Imette Trial Lull Puzzles Experts". New York Post. Retrieved 2007-08-28.
  43. ↑ Portlock, Sarah (September 12, 2007). "Trial Dates Asked for Bouncer Accused in Student's Murder". The New York Sun. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
  44. ↑ Fahim, Kareem (May 11, 2009). "In Bouncer’s Murder Trial, Victim’s Friend Recalls Their Last Night". New York Times.
  45. ↑ Ginsberg, Alex (January 28, 2008). "Imette judge is 'bounced'". New York Post. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
  46. ↑ Ginsberg, Alex (March 1, 2008). "Imette suspect's lawyer challenges autopsy". New York Post. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
  47. ↑ "Alleged Rapist Darryl Littlejohn in Court for Murder". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. March 3, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
  48. ↑ Ginsberg, Alex (May 1, 2009). "Big Boost in Imette-Slay Trial". New York Post. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
  49. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Shifrel, Scott; Goldiner, Dave (May 11, 2009). "Imette St. Guillen murder trial begins - Prosecution lays out case against bouncer Darryl Littlejohn". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
  50. ↑ Deutsch, Kevin (February 13, 2011). "Defense lawyers swear by gimmick of having defendants wearing glasses at trial". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2011-03-26.
  51. ↑ Fahim, Kareem (May 12, 2009). "In Bouncer’s Murder Trial, Victim’s Friend Recalls Their Last Night". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Shifrel, Scott; Goldiner, Dave (May 13, 2009). "In Imette St. Guillen slay trial, bar manager Danny Dorrian under fire; lawyers paint him as suspect". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
  53. ↑ Shifrel, Scott; Goldiner, Dave (May 12, 2009). "Preppie Killer case led SoHo barkeep Dorrian to lie about Imette". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
  54. 1 2 3 Shifrel, Scott; Goldiner, Dave (May 14, 2009). "Ex-girlfriend of Imette St. Guillen's accused murderer: He asked me to lie for him day after slay". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2009-05-16.
  55. ↑ Ginsberg, Alex (May 14, 2009). "LIittlejohn's cell phone trail call records put bouncer near B'klyn Dump Site where Imette's body was found". New York Post. Retrieved 2009-05-16.
  56. 1 2 Shifrel, Scott; Goldiner, Dave (May 19, 2009). "Forensics expert testifies against bouncer Darryl Littlejohn in Imette St. Guillen murder trial". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
  57. 1 2 Shifrel, Scott; Goldiner, Dave (May 21, 2009). "DNA on brush tied to suspected Imette killer, Darryl Littlejohn". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
  58. 1 2 "Littlejohn Murder Trial Continues With Graphic Medical Evidence". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 20, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
  59. ↑ "Woman Testifies In Her Former Kidnapper's Murder Trial". NY1. May 18, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
  60. 1 2 Fahim, Kareem (May 18, 2009). "Witness Tells of Escaping Kidnapping by Defendant". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
  61. 1 2 "Alleged Rape Victim Testifies In Littlejohn Trial". NY1. May 26, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
  62. ↑ "Alleged Rape Victim Testifies Against Littlejohn". CBS - NEW YORK. May 26, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
  63. ↑ Shifrel, Scott (May 26, 2009). "Rape victim's testimony may sink Darryl Littlejohn, accused in the murder of Imette St. Guillen". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
  64. ↑ Fahim, Kareem (May 26, 2009). "Rape Victim Takes Stand at Brooklyn Murder Trial". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
  65. 1 2 Shifrel, Scott; Goldiner, Dave (May 28, 2009). "Prosecution rests in Imette St. Guillen murder trial; defense suggests Littlejohn won't take stand". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
  66. ↑ "Prosecution Rests Case In Bouncer Murder Trial". NY1 News. May 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
  67. 1 2 3 4 Shifrel, Scott (June 2, 2009). "Prosecutors mock defense claim Darryl Littlejohn was framed in Imette St. Guillen murder". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  68. 1 2 Cornell, Kati (June 1, 2009). "Defense Rests In St. Guillen Slay Case". New York Post. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  69. 1 2 3 Shifrel, Scott (June 3, 2009). "Bouncer Darryl Littlejohn found guilty of murdering of Imette St. Guillen". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  70. 1 2 "New York bouncer found guilty in 2006 slaying of student". CNN. June 3, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  71. 1 2 Zraick, Karen (July 8, 2009). "Ex-Bouncer Sentenced to Life Without Parole for Rape and Murder". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
  72. 1 2 3 4 Shifrel, Scott; Goldiner, Dave (July 8, 2009). "Darryl Littlejohn gets life without parole for Imette St. Guillen murder". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
  73. 1 2 Nichols, Adam (July 9, 2009). "Judge rips ‘inhumane’ Imette Bar". New York Post. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
  74. ↑ Shifrel, Scott (June 7, 2009). "Imette suit is settled-Family to get cash from bar where she was abducted". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
  75. 1 2 "Imette’s mom files $200m suit vs. Feds". Boston Herald. February 4, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
  76. ↑ "U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services Information Series". Retrieved 2008-10-03.
  77. ↑ "Court of Claims Rejects That Parole Division Responsible for St. Guillen’s Rape & Murder". The Brooklyn Eagle. May 27, 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
  78. ↑ Fisher, Janon (March 25, 2011). "Imette St. Guillen's Family Settles Federal Lawsuit". DNAinfo.com. Retrieved 2011-03-26.
  79. ↑ ">Ginsberg, Alex (February 26, 2009). "School sued over Imette". The New York Post. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
  80. ↑ Italiano, Laura; Mangan, Dan (March 26, 2011). "Family of murdered student Imette St. Guillen drops fed case for $130G". New York Post. Retrieved 2011-03-26.
  81. ↑ "New York State Restaurant Association: Chapter NYNA". New York State Restaurant Association. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
  82. 1 2 3 Glorioso, Chris (June 3, 2009). "3 Years Later, "Imette's Law" in Action". WPIX. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
  83. 1 2 Jones, Charisse (April 4, 2007). "Violence brings club crackdown". USAToday. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
  84. ↑ Ma, Suzanne (July 8, 2009). "NYC Bouncer Get Life Sentence in Student's Death". ABC News. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
  85. ↑ McPhee, Michele (March 15, 2007). "Menino signs "Imette's Law" requiring background checks for bar bouncers". Boston Herald.
  86. ↑ Wilson, Linda J. (June 7, 2006). "St. Guillen Scholarship Winner is Astoria Native". The Queen Gazette. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
  87. ↑ Larriva, Sandra (November 10–16, 2006). "After the fall of The Falls, life returns to 224 Lafayette St.". Downtown Express 19 (26) (New York). Retrieved November 2, 2009.
  88. ↑ "First Imette St. Guillen scholarship winner honors slain student". Daily News (New York). February 24, 2008.
  89. ↑ http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/1516.php
  90. ↑ http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/2585.php
  91. ↑ Smalley, Suzanne (September 1, 2006). "Scholarship top honor slain student". Boston Globe. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
  92. ↑ Nichols, Adam; Mangan, Dan (June 5, 2009). "Imette Kin Eye Killer's 'Riches'". New York Post. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
  93. ↑ Memmott, Carol (March 10, 2008). "'Heat' is on sex offenders in Linda Fairstein's 10th thriller". USAToday. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
  94. 1 2 "Page Six - Headline Ripper". New York Post. April 28, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
  95. ↑ "Translation of an interview with Paul Banks from Belgian Humo". HUMO. October 12, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
  96. ↑ "De 7 Hoofdzonden volgens Paul Banks (Interpol)". humo.be (in Dutch). HUMO. Retrieved 2009-05-25.

Sources

  • Brown, Ethan (2007). "Snitch: Informants, Cooperators & the Corruption of Justice". PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-492-7. 
  • Mackenzie, Margaret A. (2007). "Courting the media: public relations for the accused and the accuser". Wesport, CT: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-99125-3. 
  • Valenti, Jessica (2009). "The Purity Myth: How America's Obsession with Virginity Is Hurting Young Women". Berkeley, CA: Seal Press. ISBN 978-1-58005-253-5. 
  • Velez-Mitchell, Jane (2007). "Secrets Can Be Murder: The Killer Next Door". New York: Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-7432-9936-7. 
  • Peyser, Andrea (July 29, 2006). "It's open season on young gals". New York Post. 
  • Lovett, Kenneth (August 28, 2006). "Bar-probe Pol toasts The Post". New York Post. p. 23. 
  • Gaskell, Stephanie (September 29, 2006). "Clubs seek Wild West Side 'Sheriff' - Summiteers talk of City Nightlife Office". New York Post. p. Page 11. 
  • Gaskell, Stephanie (December 29, 2006). "Close clubs to under-18s, sez Quinn". New York Daily News. p. 36. 
  • Valenti, Jessica (2009). "The Purity Myth: How America's Obsession with Virginity Is Hurting Young Women". Berkeley, CA: Seal Press. ISBN 978-1-58005-253-5. 
  • Velez-Mitchell, Jane (2007). "Secrets Can Be Murder: The Killer Next Door". New York: Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-7432-9936-7. 

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Saturday, October 03, 2015. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.