Munif al-Razzaz
| Munif al-Razzaz | |
|---|---|
| Secretary General of the National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party | |
|
In office April 1965 – 23 February 1966 | |
| Deputy | Shibli al-Aisami |
| Preceded by | Michel Aflaq |
| Succeeded by |
Michel Aflaq (Iraqi-led) Nureddin al-Atassi (Syrian-led) |
| Regional Secretary of the Regional Command of the Jordanese Regional Branch | |
|
In office September 1959 – April 1965 | |
| Preceded by | Abdullah Rimawi |
| Succeeded by | Abd al-Ghani Musa al-Nahar |
| Member of the National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party | |
|
In office 6 April 1947 – 23 February 1966 | |
| Member of the Regional Command of the Jordanese Regional Branch | |
|
In office 1952 – April 1965 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born |
1919 Syria |
| Died |
1984 Baghdad, Republic of Iraq |
| Nationality | Iraqi |
| Political party | Jordanese Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party |
Munif al-Razzaz (1919-1984) was a Syrian political figure who was the second, and last, Secretary General of the National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, having been elected to the post at the 8th National Congress held in April 1965.
Biography
Early years
Razzaz was born in Syria in 1919 but was raised in Jordan.[1] His family left Syria because his father was accused by the French authorities in Syria of collaborating with the rebels during the Great Syrian Revolt.[2] In 1937 Razzaz was given scholarship at the American University in Beirut after having spent a brief period studying in Cairo.[3] He studied law at Amman Arab University, and became a member of the Jordanese Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party in 1950. Razzaz was one of the co-founders of the Ba'athist Regional Branch in Jordan, and he promoted the Ba'athist ideology through his writings in national newspapers. From 1955 to 1957, the Jordanian Ba'athists were a leading voice in the anti-King Hussein movement. Razzaz criticised the King Hussein's support of the Baghdad Pact, and his stance towards Gamal Abdel Nasser, the President of Egypt. Because of his anti-monarchy activities Razzaz was imprisoned in 1956, 1958, 1959 and 1960.[1]
In the aftermath of the Ramadan Revolution which brought the Iraqi Ba'ath Branch to power in Iraq, Razzaz along with fellow Ba'athist Abdallah abd al-Da'im, was given the task of formulating a political programme which was supposed to be broadcast to the Iraqi people.[4]
National Command
Razzaz was elected Secretary General of the National Command at the 8th National Congress in April 1965, and succeeded Michel Aflaq in office. However, Razzaz was not rooted enough in Syrian affairs to find a solution to the crisis which was taking hold in Syria.[5] In November 1965, the National Command passed a resolution which forbade the Syrian Regional Command to appoint or relieve officers. The Military Committee led by Salah Jadid responded immediately by rebelling. Razzaz then convened an emergency session of the National Command which decreed the dissolution of Yusuf Zu'ayyin's government and the Syrian Regional Command, while they decreed the establishment of a new leadership for Syria; al-Bitar became Prime Minister, Muhammad Umran became Minister of Defence, Amin al-Hafiz became Chairman of a new Presidential Council, and Mansur al-Atrash became Chairman of the National Revolutionary Council.[6] Jadid and his supporters replied by carrying out the 1966 Syrian coup d'état which led to the downfall of the National Command and the moderate faction within the Ba'ath Party.[7]
Later years
Following the downfall of Aflaq, Salah al-Din al-Bitar and the moderates in general in the 1966 coup, Razzaz went underground. He became the only member of the old National Command to put up any resistance against Jadid's neo-Ba'athist government.[8] On his ascension to office, Razzaz relationship with Aflaq deteriorated even if it was the Military Committee, and not Razzaz, who forced him from office.[9]
Shortly after the 1966 coup, Colonel Salim Hatum began planning a conspiracy which would topple the Jadid government.[10] Hatum forged an alliance with Razzaz, encouraged by messages from comrades from the old National Command, began recruiting military officers to his cause. He managed to form a Military Committee led by Druze officer Major General Fahd al-Sha'ir.[11] The coup was uncovered by the authorities in August 1966, and Razzaz and fellow conspirators were forced either into hiding or into Lebanon. Razzaz was highly critical of the Syrian regime of Hafez al Assad, writing an exposure book, Al Tajribah al Murrah The Bitter Experience, published in 1966.[12] He became a member of the Palestinian Iraqi-aligned Ba'athist organisation Arab Liberation Front in 1966, and through it, rose through the Iraqi-dominated Ba'athist structure. In 1977 he became a member of the Iraqi-dominated National Command.[13] Syrian government historian Sami Moubayed asserts that Razzaz was under house arrest at some point in Iraq. He died in Iraq 1984.[14]
Thought
In the article "Ba'ath Socialism" in the Iraqi newspaper Iraq Today Razzaz stated that Ba'athist socialism was scientific socialism, and that it "was the natural and inevitable response to the contradictions between the Arab nation and home land, with colonialism, imperialism and backwardness, both inherited and recent. It is a natural response to natural struggle blended with class struggle."[15] Razzaz laid emphasis on the fact that Ba'athist socialism was both scientific and moral, and that Ba'athist socialism was a form of Third World Socialism and not the form of socialism of the First, Second, Third or Fourth Internationals. These forms of socialism derived "their character from pure class contradictions inside imperialist industrialised societies. It is a socialism which draws its basic properties from the contradictions of the Third World with imperialism on the one hand, and backwardness on the other".[15] Ba'athist socialism, in his mind, opposed full state ownership of the economy, but supported state ownership over the heights of the economy.[16] In his influential 1957 article "Why Socialism Now?" Razzaz states; "Socialism is a way of life, not just an economic order. It extends to all aspects of life – economics, politics, training, education, social life, health, morals, literature, science, history, and others both great and small. Socialism, freedom and unity are not different names for different things ... but different facets of one basic law from which they spring."[17] Together with Aflaq and Jamal al-Atassi, Razzaz wrote Articles on Socialism in 1974.[18]
In a paper entitled "Arab nationalism" Razzaz asserts that Arab nationalist ideology is "the driving force behind the Arabs in their struggle to create a progressive nation that can hold on its own with the nations of the world."[19] Razzaz believed that the Arabs had a sense of belonging to an Arab identity which could be traced back to pre-Islamic days. He believed that the Arab world was first confronted by Western colonialism at the beginning of the 16th century in the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean. The 1948 Arab–Israeli War "which brought the humiliating defeat of the Arabs by a handful of Jews, was the last straw that destroyed any remnants of confidence between the ruling classes on one side and the masses on the other."[19] Resentments towards the Western powers for creating Israel could never be forgotten Razzaz believed, and the creation of Israel led to the popular demand of an end to all Western tutelage in the Arab world. Razzaz claimed that Arab nationalism was the conflict between two forces; the reactionary classes and the masses. The reactionary classes were inefficient vassals of Western capitalist imperialism who had betrayed the nation, while the masses were "anti-imperialist, anti-capitalist and anti-Zionist, and in favour of unity, freedom, socialism and neutralism."[19]
References
Citations
- 1 2 Moubayed 2006, p. 316.
- ↑ Anderson 2005, p. 62.
- ↑ Anderson 2005, p. 75.
- ↑ Seale 1990, p. 86.
- ↑ Seale 1990, p. 99.
- ↑ Seale 1990, p. 100.
- ↑ Seale 1990, pp. 101-103.
- ↑ Seale 1990, p. 102.
- ↑ Rabinovich 1972, p. 154.
- ↑ Seale 1990, p. 109.
- ↑ Seale 1990, p. 110.
- ↑ Seale 1990, p. 111.
- ↑ Anderson 2005, p. 203.
- ↑ Moubayed 2006, p. 317.
- 1 2 Alam 1994, p. 33.
- ↑ Ginat 1997, p. 18.
- ↑ Makiya 1998, p. 252.
- ↑ Moubayed 2006, p. 169.
- 1 2 3 Rejwan 2008, p. 72.
Bibliography
- Alam, Mahboob (1994). Iraqi Foreign Policy Since Revolution. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-8170995548.
- Anderson, Bette Signe (2005). Nationalist Voices in Jordan: The Street and the State. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70625-5.
- Ginat, Rami (1998). Egypt's Incomplete Revolution: Lutfi al-Khuli and Nasser's Socialism in the 1960s. Routledge. ISBN 978-0714647388.
- Makiya, Kanan (1998). Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520214392.
- Moubayed, Sami M. (2006). Steel & Silk: Men and Women who shaped Syria 1900–2000. Cune Press. ISBN 978-1885942418.
- Rabinovich, Itamar (1972). Syria Under the Baʻth, 1963–66: The Army Party Symbiosis. Transaction Publishers.
- Rejwan, Nissom (2008). Arabs in the Mirror: Images and Self-Images from Pre-Islamic to Modern Times (1st ed.). University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0292717282.
- Seale, Patrick (1990). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520069763.