Moodu Pani

Moodu Pani

Theatrical poster
Directed by Balu Mahendra
Based on Idhuvum Oru
Viduthalai Thaan 
by Rajendra Kumar
Starring
Music by Ilaiyaraaja
Cinematography Balu Mahendra
Edited by D. Vasu
Production
company
Raja Cine Arts
Release dates
 6 November 1980
Running time
 131 minutes[1]
Country India
Language Tamil

Moodu Pani (English: The Mist) is a 1980 Indian Tamil thriller film written, directed and filmed by Balu Mahendra and produced by Raja Cine Arts. Starring Shoba and Pratap K. Pothen in the lead roles, with N. Viswanathan, Ganthimathi, Mohan and Bhanu Chander in supporting roles, it is based on the 1978 novel Idhuvum Oru Viduthalai Thaan by Rajendra Kumar. The film tells the story of Chandru (Pothen), who has a strong hatred towards prostitutes and would kill any such woman whom he encounters. He falls in love with Rekha (Shoba) and believes marrying her will end his psychological distress.

Moodu Pani was the third directorial venture of Mahendra and his second Tamil film after Azhiyatha Kolangal (1979). It was the last film featuring Shoba to be produced before her death in the same year, and the first appearance of Mohan in a Tamil film; he would later become a successful actor in the industry. Moodu Pani was shot mostly in Bangalore, with additional filming taking place in Ooty. The film's similarities to Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho (1960) and the Oedipal elements between Chandru and his mother have been widely discussed. The soundtrack was composed by Ilaiyaraaja, this being his 100th film, and his brother Gangai Amaran was the main lyricist.

Moodu Pani was released on 6 November 1980 to critical acclaim, with particular praise for the way the story was told visually with minimum dependence on dialogue and acting, though the performances of Pothen and Shoba and Ilaiyaraaja's music also received wide praise, especially the song "Yen Iniya Pon Nilavae". The film was a commercial success, running for 250 days in theatres. It was also responsible for a resurgence of the thriller genre in Tamil cinema at that point. Despite the film propelling Pothen to stardom, it also led to him being typecast in similar roles.

Plot

Chandru (Pratap K. Pothen), the managing director of an export company in Bangalore, has a hatred for prostitutes since childhood, as he was the victim of a prostitute who ruined his family by taking his father away from his mother. Raghunath (N. Viswanathan) is a police inspector who knows Chandru and his mother. Raghunath's son Ravi (Bhanu Chander) is engaged to Rekha (Shoba).

Haunted by memories of the prostitute, Chandru lures two prostitutes to lonely places and murders them as he sees that woman in each of them. Rekha's female friend Pallavi comes to Bangalore to meet her, and telephones her for her residential address. The conversation is overheard by the Madam of a brothel (Ganthimathi), who misleads Pallavi. Instead of being taken to Rekha's house, Pallavi is taken to the brothel and forced into prostitution. Rekha and Raghunath search for Pallavi. Chandru comes to the same brothel and takes Pallavi in his car, but kills her. Rekha learns of Pallavi's murder through Raghunath; neither Rekha nor Raghunath are aware that Chandru is the murderer.

Still photographer Bhaskar (Mohan) takes pictures of his lover with a motorbike in the background. Chandru, who had come on that motorbike, had parked it there and murdered a prostitute (Vijaychandrika) who enticed him near the same location, then rode away. Reading about the murder in a newspaper, Bhaskar shows Raghunath the pictures with the murderer's motorbike in the background. Raghunath investigates and learns that the owner has lent it to his friend.

Troubled by his constant anger, Chandru meets with a psychiatrist who advises him to marry soon so that he will no longer be lonely, saying the loneliness is leading him to dwell on his past and indulge in extreme acts. Chandru meets Rekha at a theatre and then at a book stall. He proposes to Rekha and even pleads with her to marry him. Surprised at his extreme pleading, Rekha politely informs him that she loves someone else (Ravi), and their marriage is already fixed. Raghunath is startled when Rekha tells him about Chandru's marriage proposal.

Chandru keeps following Rekha; one day when she goes to visit her friend, he makes her unconscious and takes her away to a bungalow in Ooty. When she regains consciousness, he tells her that he had purchased this house in Ooty only for her, and again asks her to marry him. When Rekha refuses and begs to be freed, he asks her to stay for at least a month so that she can understand him better, and then reduces it to a week. He makes all the arrangements to ensure that she cannot escape. One day, Rekha slams Chandru with a spade and runs away. However, he catches and traps her in the garage of his house, but is hospitalised for his injury.

Raghunath visits Chandru's office for an enquiry and learns that he has gone to Ooty. He also meets Chandru's psychiatrist and learns about his hatred for prostitutes. He immediately connects this with the recent news of the prostitutes murdered in the city. He visits Chandru's house. Hidden in the garage, he finds the same motorbike photographed by Bhaskar. With his suspicions growing stronger, he arrives in Ooty to meet Chandru and visits the police station, where he finds Chandru's car. The area's inspector tells Raghunath that an unknown person came in the car to the hospital and was admitted; the car was brought to the police station for safety. Raghunath visits the hospital, but finds that Chandru has left. Raghunath is joined by Ravi, and both rush to Chandru's house.

Meanwhile, Rekha escapes from the garage and enters the room where Chandru earlier claimed his mother stays. However, she finds only a skeleton and is cornered by Chandru, who tries to assault her. Ravi and Raghunath hear Rekha screaming and rush to the room. Raghunath subdues Chandru, who collapses and reveals that the skeleton is his mother's. Raghunath understands Chandru's love for his mother and his traumatic childhood, which had made him develop a hatred for women with loose morals. Chandru is arrested, while Rekha and Ravi unite.

Cast

Production

Moodu Pani marked the first collaboration of Balu Mahendra (left) with Ilaiyaraaja (right).

Moodu Pani, which was Balu Mahendra's third feature film and second in Tamil after Azhiyatha Kolangal (1979),[3] was based on Rajendra Kumar's 1978 novel Idhuvum Oru Viduthalai Thaan.[4][5] It was produced by Raja Cine Arts and edited by D. Vasu.[1] In addition to scripting and directing the film, Mahendra also served as the cinematographer.[4]

Pratap K. Pothen was cast as Chandru, the psychopathic serial killer of prostitutes.[6][7] He had previously collaborated with Mahendra on Azhiyatha Kolangal.[8] Shoba was chosen to play Rekha, the female lead. This was her last film to be produced; she died after filming was complete.[9] It was her third appearance in a film directed by Mahendra, following the Kannada film Kokila (1977), and Azhiyatha Kolangal.[10]

N. Viswanathan was cast as the police inspector Raghunath, and Bhanu Chander was chosen to play Raghunath's son and Rekha's fiancé Ravi (although he was not credited),[2] while Ganthimathi was cast as the Madam of a brothel.[1] Vijaychandrika appeared as a prostitute murdered by Chandru.[1] Mohan, who later became a leading actor in Tamil cinema, made his debut in Tamil with this film, playing the photographer Bhaskar.[9] It was his second film under Mahendra's direction, following Kokila.[11]

Moodu Pani was shot in 30 days in Bangalore with 36,000 feet of negative film.[4] It was also shot at Ooty.[12] In the post-production phase, Mahendra had dubbed the voice for Pothen.[4] In making Moodu Pani, Mahendra faced the challenge of distinguishing it from P. Bharathiraja's Sigappu Rojakkal (1978), which had a similar theme.[13] The final length of the film was 3,848 metres (12,625 ft).[1]

Themes

Although Moodu Pani is officially based on the novel Idhuvum Oru Viduthalai Thaan,[4] it has frequently been described as also having been inspired by Alfred Hitchcock's thriller Psycho (1960).[14][15] According to Rukmini Krishnan of Daily News and Analysis, it was Psycho that inspired Mahendra to make Moodu Pani.[16] R. Ilangovan of Frontline stated that while Mahendra was inspired by Psycho, his camera work, the "mist-covered nights" of Bangalore and Ooty, and the "weirdness" of the subject made the film "unique".[13] While Idhuvum Oru Viduthalai Thaan and its author were acknowledged in the opening credits of the film, Hitchcock and Psycho were not.[2] According to Sify, there is a strong similarity between Moodu Pani and Psycho as the male leads in both films keep the skeletal remains of their respective mothers, which they continue to communicate with.[17] Mahendra's disciple Ameer noted the Oedipal elements between Chandru and his deceased mother.[18]

Mahendra, in his now defunct blog Moondram Pirai..., referred to the film as a suspense thriller,[8] while N. Venkateswaran of The Times of India described it as a psychological thriller.[14] Behindwoods called it a "thriller of sorts",[19] and also identified it as a romantic thriller.[20] Devika Bai, writing for the New Straits Times, referred to Moodu Pani as a whodunit film.[21] K. Hariharan of The Hindu noted that sexuality and the repression of desire were the dominant motifs in Moodu Pani, expressed through the mysterious misty atmospheres of Ooty where the protagonist confronts their psychological antagonist.[12] He also noted that Moodu Pani, like many of Mahendra's films, borrowed its themes and stylistic devices from French New Wave and New Hollywood styles of filmmaking.[22] Ilangovan noted that Chandru's character, which was depicted as having flashes of wickedness bordering on perversion, was new to Tamil cinema.[13]

Music

Moodu Pani

Bluish image showing Chandru (Prathap Pothen) and Rekha (Shoba)

Cover art of the 1981 re-edition
Soundtrack album by Ilaiyaraaja
Released 1980
Genre Soundtrack
Label EMI Records

The film's soundtrack and score were composed by Ilaiyaraaja, this being his 100th film.[3][23] It was also the first film in which he collaborated with Mahendra;[24] Ilaiyaraaja would later compose for all of Mahendra's films until Thalaimuraigal (2013), the director's last film before his death in February 2014.[25] The soundtrack cover shows a scene from the song "Yen Iniya Pon Nilavae" involving Chandru (Pothen) and Rekha (Shoba). The scene shows Chandru's dream of being together with Rekha, even though she dislikes him because he has abducted and taken her to Ooty, and she seeks to escape.

Moodu Pani marked A. R. Rahman's first association with Ilaiyaraaja; the former (then known by his birth name Dilip) worked as a keyboard player in the film.[26] During the re-recording of Moodu Pani's soundtrack and score, Ilaiyaraaja fired his original keyboard player owing to the person's drinking behaviour.[lower-alpha 1] At that time, another one of his troupe members asked Ilaiyaraaja to meet a boy named Dilip, who knew how to play the keyboard. Ilaiyaraaja agreed and sent for Dilip, whom he instructed regarding the notes and tune he had to play. Dilip, under Ilaiyaraaja's supervision, successfully completed the re-recording process.[27]

The soundtrack was released under the label EMI Records.[28][29] "Yen Iniya Pon Nilavae" was written in January 1980,[30] and had the longest prelude and interlude using a guitar.[4] Ilaiyaraaja had composed the song "Ilaya Nila" which was initially supposed to feature in this film, but Mahendra rejected it and chose "Yen Iniya Pon Nilavae" instead.[31] "Ilaya Nila" was subsequently used in Payanangal Mudivathillai (1982).[32] According to A. S. Panneerselvan of Frontline, the dominant genre of the music used in Moodu Pani was "modern jazz with a sprinkling of avant-garde elements."[33] Ilaiyaraaja's brother Gangai Amaran[34] was the main lyricist of the soundtrack, except for the English language number "Sing Swing" (also known as "Swing Swing") which was written by Viji Manuel (credited as Vijaysamuel on the first soundtrack edition, and Vijaymanuel on the second); the lyricist of "Aasai Raja", is not credited.[35][28][29] The first soundtrack edition did not feature "Aasai Raja";[28] the song was, however, included in the 1981 re-edition.[29]

The songs were praised for their superior quality. Due to the popularity of its music, Moodu Pani became the first Tamil film for which a cutout was made for Ilaiyaraaja and displayed in theatres. According to film producer and writer G. Dhananjayan, Ilaiyaraaja was the first music director to have been honoured with a cutout.[4] Writing for The Times of India, Deepauk Murugesan praised "Yen Iniya Pon Nilavae" for showing K. J. Yesudas' versatility as a singer.[36] In July 2011, D. Karthikeyan of The Hindu singled out the film's re-recording and ranked it alongside the music director's other films such as Mullum Malarum (1978), Uthiripookkal (1979), Moondram Pirai (1982), Nayakan (1987) and Thalapathi (1991).[37] Indo-Asian News Service described "Yen Iniya Pon Nilavae" as one of Yesudas' "best songs".[38] The song was included in Master Pieces, a compilation album featuring 14 songs composed by Ilaiyaraaja, which was released by Saregama in 2008.[39] Elements of "Yen Iniya Pon Nilavae" were incorporated by Ilaiyaraaja in his song "Baatein Hawa" from Cheeni Kum (2007).[40] A remix version of "Yen Iniya Pon Nilavae" is featured on music artist M. Rafi's album Aasaiyae Alaipolae.[41]

Tracklist[29]
Side 1
No. TitleLyricsSinger(s) Length
1. "Yen Iniya Pon Nilavae"  Gangai AmaranK. J. Yesudas 4:10
2. "Paruva Kaalangalin"  Gangai AmaranMalaysia Vasudevan, S. Janaki 3:00
Side 2
No. TitleLyricsSinger(s) Length
1. "Sing Swing"  Viji ManuelKalyan 4:57
2. "Aasai Raja"  uncreditedUma Ramanan 1:04

Release and reception

Moodu Pani was released on 6 November 1980 and was commercially successful, running for 250 days in theatres.[9] The film received critical acclaim, with critics praising the way the story was told visually with minimum dependence on dialogues and acting,[4] though the performances of Pothen and Shoba also received praise.[42][43] On 30 November 1980, Ananda Vikatan said, "Half the dialogues in the film were spoken by the camera... Balu Mahendra's camera challenges and asks when I am there, where is the need for screenplay and dialogues..."[4] Behindwoods called it "one of Tamil cinemas best in the film noir genre",[44] and rated Pothan's "psycho lover" performance as "among the finest performances in Tamil cinema history".[45] English journalist Phil Hardy stated in his 1997 book The BFI Companion to Crime, "Finally, given the tendency in Indian cinema to remake successful Hollywood films, it is worth signalling Balu Mahendra's remake of Psycho in Tamil, Moodupani (1980)."[46]

Bhama Devi Ravi of The Times of India said, "With his easygoing manners, Pothan was brilliant as a serial killer, and the last few minutes of the film were rivetting."[42] In an interview with India Today, cinematographer Natarajan Subramaniam called Moodu Pani his "eureka moment".[47] G. Dhananjayan, in his 2011 book The Best of Tamil Cinema called the film a "sleek thriller", appreciating it for its "quality of making and camera work".[4] In February 2014, S. Saraswathi of Rediff.com included Moodu Pani in her list, "The Best Films of Balu Mahendra".[48] K. S. Sivakumaran of Ceylon Today described the film as "halfway between artistic and merely entertaining."[49] The Telegraph called it one of Mahendra's "masterpieces",[50] as did U. Tejonmayam, writing for The New Indian Express.[51]

Legacy

For some reason, despite names like Balu Mahendra and Yesudas being associated with this song, people get reminded of me when they listen to this. I have no idea what I did so well in this song to deserve that. This was also my last song with Shoba. I remember how we looked into the sky just before the line, 'Panneerai Thoovum Mazhai'. Balu Mahendra made me listen to this song for the first time in Chola Sheraton. I learned just then that he got married to Shoba. I told him that this song was so beautiful, that it was a great wedding gift for him from Ilaiyaraaja.

 – Pratap K. Pothen on the song "Yen Iniya Pon Nilavae"[52]

After Sigappu Rojakkal, there was a resurgence of the thriller genre in Tamil cinema, as evidenced by films like Moodu Pani.[4] It also contributed to Mahendra's string of successful films.[53] According to G. Dhananjayan, the film became a "benchmark for every cinematographer on how it was shot frame by frame".[1] M. Suganth of The Times of India stated that Mahendra "changed the landscape of Tamil cinema with his distinctive visuals and eclectic films" such as Moodu Pani.[54] Pothen recalled in January 2015 that it was the simultaneous release of Moodu Pani and his other film Varumayin Niram Sivappu that made him a star.[55] However, both Varumayin Niram Sivappu, which depicted Pothen as an eccentric director obsessed with an actress, and Moodu Pani led to him being typecast in similar roles. "Both roles caught the public imagination, and I admit I cashed in when I was offered similar stuff. Now, unless I'm offered an unreasonable amount of money, I doubt I'll accept these roles," he said in a 2014 interview.[7]

In Iruvar Mattum (2006), Azhagu (Abhay) keeps the skeletal remains of his mother and frequently talks to her; Sify compared this plot detail to that of Moodu Pani and Psycho.[17] Malathi Rangarajan of The Hindu, in her review of Julie Ganapathi (2003) a film about a mentally deranged woman (Saritha) who saves an accident victim (Jayaram) from death, nurses him in her own home and also falls in love with him, but holds him captive there, stated that the film had "shades" of Moodu Pani.[56] Behindwoods, in its review of the thriller Nadunisi Naaygal (2011) said, "There are times when [Nadunisi Naaygal] reminds you of Balu Mahendra's... Moodupani when the young man feels extremely possessive about the older woman."[57] Veera Bahu stated in 2011 that he watched Moodu Pani in preparation for his role as the psychopath in Nadunisi Naaygal.[58] In March 2010, singer Vijay Prakash performed "Yen Iniya Pon Nilavae" as part of a medley, at the Star Vijay music show "Kaadhal Unplugged".[59] Singer Ajeesh also performed "Yen Iniya Pon Nilavae" live, at the Puthuyugam TV music show "Yugam Unplugged" in March 2014.[60]

Mahendra's 2001 film En Iniya Pon Nilavae was named after the song of the same name.[61] Veena player Rajhesh Vaidhya's 2005 album was also titled En Iniya Pon Nilaave.[62] In 2006, Yesudas performed "Yen Iniya Pon Nilavae" during a programme held at PSG College of Technology, organised by Helpline Arts Academy to sponsor the education of underprivileged children in and around Coimbatore.[63] In Vaaranam Aayiram (2008), when Suriya's character first sees Sameera Reddy's character and falls in love with her, he takes his guitar and performs "Yen Iniya Pon Nilavae".[64][65] Pothen expressed appreciation for Suriya's version of the song in a May 2015 interview, saying that he had "enjoyed it".[52] In June 2014 during Ilaiyaraaja's 71st birthday, singers Shweta Mohan and Aalap Raju collaborated to make a video in which they performed some of Ilaiyaraaja's songs as a tribute to him; one song was "Yen Iniya Pon Nilavae".[66] A song in Thirudan Police (2014) written by Vaali, was initially titled "Moodupani",[67] but was altered to "Moodupanikkul" (also spelt "Moodu Panikkul").[68][69] "Moodupani" was also used as the title of a collection of poems by Sirpi Balasubramaniam.[70] In May 2015, the FM radio station, Radio City, commemorated Ilaiyaraaja's 72nd birthday by broadcasting the composer's songs in a special show titled Raja Rajathan for 91 days. "Yen Iniya Pon Nilavae" was one of the most requested songs on the show.[52] Although no print of Moodu Pani has survived,[71][72] the film is still available on home video.[73][74]

Notes

  1. ↑ The name of the person is not mentioned by Ilaiyaraaja.[27]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dhananjayan 2011, p. 44.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mahendra, Balu (director) (1980). Moodu Pani (motion picture). India: Raja Cine Arts.
  3. 1 2 Mahendra, Balu (12 September 2012). "இளையராஜா என்ற மகாவித்வானும் நானும்.. -1 (Ilaiyaraaja and I – 1)" (in Tamil). மூன்றாம் பிறை... Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Dhananjayan 2011, p. 45.
  5. ↑ "List of Novels in Tamil Books Bibliography". Tamil Electronic Library. Archived from the original on 20 September 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  6. ↑ Elias, Esther (4 April 2014). "The comeback man". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 September 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  7. 1 2 Srinivasan, Sudhir (18 October 2014). "Hundred, not out". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 December 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  8. 1 2 Mahendra, Balu (19 September 2012). "இளையராஜா என்ற மகாவித்வானும் நானும்.. -2 (Ilaiyaraaja and I – 2)". மூன்றாம் பிறை... Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
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  11. ↑ Kumar, G. S. (14 February 2014). "Balu Mahendra captured Bangalore in all its hues". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 September 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  12. 1 2 Hariharan, K. (15 February 2014). "The uncompromising spirit". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
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  14. 1 2 Venkateswaran, N. (14 February 2014). "Balu Mahendra, who made his visuals speak, dies at 74". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  15. ↑ Jayakumar, G. Babu (14 February 2014). "Visual Epics to Relive the Master Storyteller". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
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  20. ↑ "Another Sigappu Rojakkal on 19th?". Behindwoods. 17 October 2012. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  21. ↑ Bai, Devika (15 April 2014). "The Indian Hitchcock". The New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  22. ↑ Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 141.
  23. ↑ "Moodupani Songs". Raaga.com. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  24. ↑ "'The Music Messiah' arrives for connoisseurs". The Hindu. 8 January 2007. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  25. ↑ "Balu-Raja endearing collaboration ends!". Sify. 14 February 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  26. ↑ "வரலாற்றுச்சுவடுகள் – திரைப்பட வரலாறு 710 – இளையராஜாவின் இசை வாரிசுகள்". Daily Thanthi (in Tamil). 20 July 2007.
  27. 1 2 "இளையராஜாவின் இசை வாரிசுகள் (Ilaiyaraaja's musical heirs)". Maalai Malar (in Tamil). 7 April 2013. Archived from the original on 20 September 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  28. 1 2 3 Ilaiyaraaja (1980). "Moodu Pani (The Mist)". The Gramophone Company of India Ltd. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Ilaiyaraaja (1981). "Moodu Pani (The Mist) – 1981 re-edition". The Gramophone Company of India Ltd. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  30. ↑ "Karthik sings En Iniya Pon Nilave". Vijay Television. 10 March 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  31. ↑ Vincent, Rohan Ashley (25 August 2012). "Magic in the Air". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  32. ↑ "Payanangal Mudivathilai Songs". Raaga.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
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  37. ↑ Karthikeyan, D. (15 July 2011). "Three gems who changed the course of cinema". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 September 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  38. ↑ "Musical night of K.J. Yesudas, to commemorate his 50 years". The Times of India. Indo-Asian News Service. 22 January 2015. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  39. ↑ Suganth, M. (13 June 2008). "Music DVDs VCDs". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  40. ↑ Rangan, Baradwaj (20 May 2007). "Music Review: Cheeni Kum". baradwajrangan.wordpress.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  41. ↑ Jeshi, K. (2 November 2007). "Mix and match". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 4 November 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  42. 1 2 Ravi, Bhama Devi (22 July 2008). "Now, a film on the Vadapalani murders". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 June 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
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  44. ↑ "Balu Mahendra says 'This is the format for movies hitherto'". Behindwoods. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
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  46. ↑ Hardy 1997, p. 180.
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  48. ↑ Saraswathi, S. (13 February 2014). "The Best Films of Balu Mahendra". Rediff.com. p. 2. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  49. ↑ Sivakumaran, K. S. (20 February 2014). "Balu Mahendra wrote poems on celluloid". Ceylon Today. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  50. ↑ "Nation Briefs". The Telegraph. 13 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  51. ↑ Tejonmayam, U. (17 November 2008). "Blurring boundaries". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  52. 1 2 3 Srinivasan, Sudhir (9 May 2015). "Salute to Ilaiyaraaja, the king". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 September 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
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