Monarchies in Africa

There are hundreds of monarchies in Africa, defined as either actually or nominally self-governing states, territories, or nations on the continent of Africa where supreme power resides with an individual who is recognized as the head of state.^[1] All are similar in that the sovereign inherits their office and typically keeps it until their death or until their abdication. However, only three are currently sovereign, while the remaining are sub-national monarchies.^[2][3] Two of these are constitutional monarchies (Lesotho and Morocco), in which the sovereign is bound by laws and customs in the exercise of his or her powers, and one is an absolute monarchy (Swaziland), in which the sovereign rules without bounds. There are also two dependencies of European monarchies. The other sub-national, monarchies are not sovereign, and exist within larger political associations.

History

Regalia of Queen Mother in Africa

The need for an identity prompted the pre-kingdom nomadic settlements of West Africa to form a state as they had the capacity, in view of the trans-Saharan trade, to support a defense establishment. Thus, a strong leadership with authority ensued as head of the community. This is stated to be the reason for emergence of the Monarchy of Mali around 1200 AD which was established by Sundjata Keita. Kingdoms of Takrur in Senegal and Kanem on the banks of the Lake Chad were founded. Following this indigenous development of Kingdoms of Africa, more monarchies came to be established but with foreign interventions. One such intervention was by Rome in North Africa. The Kingdom of Numidia (in present-day Algeria) came to be established around 200 BC with Masinissa as the first King; he was one of the many pirates who headed a large indigenous community in the North African coastal belt who had exploited the trans-Saharan trade route for their sustenance. Rome with their tacit strategic support ensured that Masinissa took control of all the nomadic communities and they crowned him as a king.^[4]

To exercise rights as a King or Queen in some cases, the Monarchy in Africa created superiority myths through rituals and symbolism, as the mediators between the Gods and the ancestors. They placed themselves in a privileged position above the common man and brought about a feeling among people that they represented peoples' interests and are above favoritism and prejudices.^[4]

Monarchic privileges were established in the form of sovereign rights and prerogatives by way of regal costumes, ornamented crowns, jewelry, personal weaponry, and armaments, establishing special thrown or golden stools, and also building shrines for their ancestors, as was the case of Lozi of Zambia.^[4]

Sovereign states

Lesotho

King Letsie III

Lesotho, an enclave of South Africa, is a constitutional elective monarchy.^[5] The current monarchy was established in 1824 when Moshoeshoe I, a tribal chieftain, united warring tribes into the Basotho kingdom. After his death in 1870, the kingdom was placed under the nominal control of the neighboring British Cape Colony, but the native tribes engaged in a revolt and full British control was not established until 1884 under the name Basutoland.^[6] While under British control, the monarchy continued under the title of Paramount Chief with a moderate degree of autonomy, particularly in the rural areas.^[7] Formal independence was granted in 1966 and a constitutional monarchy was established. However, the democratically-elected government was overthrown in 1970 by the Prime Minister in a self-coup. The monarchy was sidelined from then on, including a military government between 1986 and 1993, when democracy was restored. The current monarch, King Letsie III, ascended to the throne in 1996.^[8]

Under the current constitution, passed in 1993, the King is a constitutional monarch and the head of state, with power being exercised by the Parliament. While in practice hereditary, the King is officially appointed by the College of Chiefs using traditional practices. The College of Chiefs also appoints a regent if one is needed. The Prime Minister also has the power to declare the kingship vacant if the King either violates his oath of office or is deemed unfit to rule.^[9]

Morocco

King Mohammed VI

Morocco, located in the northwestern corner of Africa, has a long and established history dating back to antiquity. Originally Carthaginian, the territory was controlled by the Roman Empire, the Vandals, and the Byzantine Empire before falling under Arab control in the seventh century. During that time, the inhabitants of Morocco were known as Moors. After the Reconquista in 1492, the Moroccan state underwent a long period of decline before falling under dual French and Spanish control in 1912. Independence was achieved in 1956, with Sultan Mohammed ben Youssef taking the title of King Mohammed V.^[10] The present King, Mohammed VI, ascended to the throne in 1999.^[11]

Under the current constitution, passed in 2011, Morocco is a constitutional monarchy though the King maintains a fair amount of power. He is the chair of the Superior Council of the Ulema, charged with maintaining Moroccan Islam, as well as Morocco's Supreme Court. The King is also an active member of the cabinet of Morocco, having the power to dismiss ministers as well as set the government agenda. He also chairs the Security Council, which oversees the military.^[12]

Swaziland

King Mswati III

Swaziland, in the southeastern corner of Africa, originated, like Lesotho, as a confederation of African tribes. However, it pre-dates Lesotho by approximately seventy-five years to the mid-eighteenth century. During that time period, chief Ngwane III of the Swazi people moved his tribe to their present location and united with other African tribes. Beginning in the 1830s, British traders and the Boers, Dutch settlers, interacted with the Swazi tribe. Eventually, the illiterate Swazi were duped into signing treaties which ceded their land to the Boer Republics, who assumed control in 1894. In 1902, after the Boer War, the British assumed control of Swaziland. It was not until 1967 that the Swazi regained control of internal affairs. Independence was granted the following year.^[13] For most of the colonial period, the Swazi were ruled by Sobhuza II, who became King upon independence. In 1973, Sobhuza abolished the democratic constitution put in place at the time of independence and declared himself the absolute ruler. Upon his death in 1982, Sobhuza had reigned for eighty-two years, the longest verified reign of any monarch.^[14] The present ruler, King Mswati III, became monarch in 1986. A new constitution was established in 1998 which allowed for some degree of democratic rule, but, in practice, Swaziland remains an absolute monarchy and the ability of citizens to participate in the political process is limited.^[15]

Dependencies of other sovereign states

Canary Islands

King Felipe VI of Spain

The Canary Islands are an archipelago of thirteen islands located off the coast of Morocco. The islands were originally inhabited by the Guanche people, but were colonized by Queen Catherine of Castile. During the fifteenth century, they were controlled by Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal, but Spain regained control in 1479.^[16] Spain completed its conquest of the islands in 1496 and used them as a port of western exploration. Due to their importance to Spanish trade, they were frequently attacked by pirates and privateers such as Sir Francis Drake in 1595. The islands were granted autonomy in 1982.^[17]

As an autonomous community of Spain, the Canaries have a substantial degree of autonomy. The community government is organized as a parliamentary system with a President elected from amongst the members of Parliament. The community government has autonomy concerning a wide range of competencies, including over natural resources and tourism as well as a unique fiscal system. It shares power concerning agriculture and trade with the central government in Spain, and has the responsibility to oversee the implementation of actions taken by the central government in the competencies which the community government does not have autonomy. Each island also has a substantial degree of autonomy from the community government to control its own local affairs.^[18]

Ceuta and Melilla

Ceuta and Melilla are two cities on the northwestern coast of Africa bordering Morocco. Both were originally founded by the Carthaginians and later fell under successive Roman, Vandal, and Byzantine control before being conquered by the Arabs in the eighth century. Ceuta, in particular, served as the base for the Moorish conquest of Spain during that time period. In 1415, Ceuta was conquered by the Portuguese, with Melilla falling to the Spanish in 1497. When the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal united in 1580, Ceuta also came under Spanish control and has remained Spanish ever since. During the Spanish-Moroccan War, both cities gained additional territory to expand to the present boundaries. Autonomy was granted to both cities in 1995. Today, Morocco still claims that the two cities are part of Moroccan territory, which has created tension between the neighboring countries.^[19][20]

Both cities' governments are parliamentary in nature, with an additional mayor-council system acting as the executive power. The cities have a wide degree of autonomy, with responsibility vested in the central government only in areas concerning communication and trade affairs. They both have fiscal autonomy which allows them to tax residents in order to fund many of the city services such as police.^[21][22]

Tribal monarchies

Former monarchies

Pre-colonial Africa

• Iron Age empires of North Africa
• Medieval (8th to 13th century) Islamic empires (caliphates)^[23] in North Africa
• the medieval Sahelian kingdoms
• The Ethiopian Empire is notable as an empire in continuous existence from the 13th to the 20th centuries, succumbing neither to the Islamic conquests nor to European colonialism.
• empires of the "transitional period" of the 15th to 19th centuries.
  • Islamic sultanates of the Sudan and the great Somali Empire (Golden Empire)
  • kingdoms of West Africa succeeding the Sahelian kingdoms
  • kingdoms of Central and Southern Africa such as the Kongo Kingdom and the Mutapa Empire.
• The Merina Kingdom of Madagascar.

20th century

• Ankole (Uganda) (abolished 1967)
• Burundi (Kingdom of) (abolished 1966)
• Central African Empire (abolished 1979)
•  Congo Free State (annexed by Belgium 1908)
•  Egypt (Kingdom of) (abolished 1953)
•  Ethiopia (Empire of) (abolished 1975)^[24]
•  Libya (Kingdom of) (abolished 1969)
•  Rwanda (Kingdom of) (abolished 1961)
•  Tunisia (Kingdom of) (abolished 1957)
• Zanzibar (Sultanate of) (abolished 1964)

Former Commonwealth realms

Country	Head of State	Representative	Abolished
The Gambia	Elizabeth II	Governor-General Sir Farimang Mamadi Singateh	abolished 1970
Ghana		Governor-General The Earl of Listowel	abolished 1960
Kenya		Governor-General Malcolm MacDonald	abolished 1964
Malawi		Governor-General Sir Glyn Smallwood Jones	abolished 1966
Mauritius		Governor-General Sir Veerasamy Ringadoo	abolished 1992
Nigeria		Governor-General Nnamdi Azikiwe	abolished 1963
Rhodesia		Officer Administering the Government Clifford Dupont	not recognised; abolished 1970
Sierra Leone		Governor-General Christopher Okoro Cole	abolished 1971
Union of South Africa		Governor-General Charles Robberts Swart	abolished 1961
Tanganyika		Governor-General Sir Richard Turnbull	abolished 1962
Uganda		Governor-General Sir Walter Coutts	abolished 1963

See also

• List of political parties in Africa by country
• Politics of Africa

References

External links